26/3/55

List of countries by GDP/Association of Southeast Asian Nations





Countries by 2011 GDP (nominal) per capita [1].
  > $102 400
  $51 200 – $102 400
  $25 600 – $51 200
  $12 800 – $25 600
  $6 400 – $12 800
  $3 200 – $6 400
  $1 600 – $3 200
  $800 – $1 600
  $400 - $800
  < $400
  unavailable
This data set includes three lists of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product per capita atnominal values, the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year, converted at marketexchange rates to current U.S. dollars, divided by the average (or mid-year) population for the same year.
The figures presented here do not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency. Such fluctuations may change a country's ranking from one year to the next, even though they often make little or no difference to the standard of living of its population. Therefore these figures should be used with caution. GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a country'sstandard of living;[2][3] although this can be problematic because GDP per capita is not a measure of personal income. See Standard of living and GDP.
Comparisons of national wealth are also frequently made on the basis of purchasing power parity (PPP), to adjust for differences in the cost of living in different countries. (See List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita.) PPP largely removes the exchange rate problem, but has its own drawbacks; it does not reflect the value of economic output in international trade, and it also requires more estimation than GDP per capita. On the whole, PPP per capita figures are more narrowly spread than nominal GDP per capita figures.
Great care should be taken when using either set of figures to compare the wealth of two countries. Often people who wish to promote or denigrate a country will use the figure that suits their case best and ignore the other one, which may be substantially different, but a valid comparison of two economies should take both rankings into account, as well as utilising other economic data to put an economy in context.
Non-sovereign entities (the world, the EU, and some dependent territories) are included in the list because they appear in the sources. These economies are not ranked in the charts here, but are listed in sequence by GDP for comparison. They are marked in italics.
  • The first table includes data for the year 2011 from the International Monetary Fund, including IMF members (plus Hong Kong) for which information is available.
  • The second table includes data (mostly) for the year 2010 from the World Bank.
  • The third table includes data from The World Factbook, provided by the US Central Intelligence Agency. Data between countries are not comparable as it may refer to different years. Figures are mostly estimates for 2010.
reference : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita     : English
reference : http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/  : Thai
..........................................................................................................

Association of Southeast Asian Nations


The Association of Southeast Asian Nations[5] (ASEAN play /ˈɑːsi.ɑːn/ ah-see-ahn,[6] rarely /ˈɑːzi.ɑːn/ ah-zee-ahn)[7][8] is a geo-political and economic organization of ten countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore andThailand.[9] Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Its aims include acceleratingeconomic growth, social progress, cultural development among its members, protection of regional peace and stability, and opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully.[10]
ASEAN covers a land area of 4.46 million km², which is 3% of the total land area of Earth, and has a population of approximately 600 million people, which is 8.8% of the world's population. The sea area of ASEAN is about three times larger than its land counterpart. In 2010, its combined nominal GDP had grown to US$1.8 trillion.[11] If ASEAN were a single entity, it would rank as the ninth largest economy in the world, behind the United States, China, Japan,Germany, France, Brazil, the United Kingdom, and Italy.

Contents

  [hide] 

[edit]History

See also: List of ASEAN member states
ASEAN was preceded by an organisation called the Association of Southeast Asia, commonly called ASA, an alliance consisting of the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand that was formed in 1961. The bloc itself, however, was established on 8 August 1967, when foreign ministers of five countries – Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand – met at the Thai Department of Foreign Affairs building in Bangkok and signed the ASEAN Declaration, more commonly known as the Bangkok Declaration. The five foreign ministers – Adam Malik of Indonesia, Narciso Ramos of the Philippines, Abdul Razak of Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, and Thanat Khoman of Thailand – are considered the organisation's Founding Fathers.[12]
The motivations for the birth of ASEAN were so that its members’ governing elite could concentrate on nation building, the common fear of communism, reduced faith in or mistrust of external powers in the 1960s, and a desire for economic development; not to mention Indonesia’s ambition to become a regional hegemonthrough regional cooperation and the hope on the part of Malaysia and Singapore to constrain Indonesia and bring it into a more cooperative framework.
Papua New Guinea was accorded Observer status in 1976 and Special Observer status in 1981.[13] Papua New Guinea is aMelanesian state. ASEAN embarked on a program of economic cooperation following the Bali Summit of 1976. This floundered in the mid-1980s and was only revived around 1991 due to a Thai proposal for a regional free trade area. The bloc grew whenBrunei Darussalam became the sixth member on 8 January 1984, barely a week after gaining independence on 1 January.[14]

[edit]Continued expansion

See also: Enlargement of Association of Southeast Asian Nations
On 28 July 1995, Vietnam became the seventh member.[15] Laos and Myanmar (Burma) joined two years later on 23 July 1997.[16] Cambodia was to have joined together with Laos and Burma, but was deferred due to the country's internal political struggle. The country later joined on 30 April 1999, following the stabilisation of its government.[16][17]
During the 1990s, the bloc experienced an increase in both membership and drive for further integration. In 1990, Malaysia proposed the creation of an East Asia Economic Caucus[18] comprising the then members of ASEAN as well as the People's Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea, with the intention of counterbalancing the growing influence of the United States in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and in the Asian region as a whole.[19][20] This proposal failed, however, because of heavy opposition from the United States and Japan.[19][21] Despite this failure, member states continued to work for further integration and ASEAN Plus Three was created in 1997.
In 1992, the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme was signed as a schedule for phasing tariffs and as a goal to increase the region’s competitive advantage as a production base geared for the world market. This law would act as the framework for the ASEAN Free Trade Area. After the East Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, a revival of the Malaysian proposal was established in Chiang Mai, known as the Chiang Mai Initiative, which calls for better integration between the economies of ASEAN as well as the ASEAN Plus Three countries (China, Japan, and South Korea).[22]
Aside from improving each member state's economies, the bloc also focused on peace and stability in the region. On 15 December 1995, the Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty was signed with the intention of turning Southeast Asia into a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone. The treaty took effect on 28 March 1997 after all but one of the member states have ratified it. It became fully effective on 21 June 2001, after the Philippines ratified it, effectively banning all nuclear weapons in the region.[23]

Satellite image of the 2006 haze overBorneo
East Timor submitted a letter of application to be the eleventh member of ASEAN at the summit in Jakarta in March 2011. Indonesia has shown a warm welcome to East Timor.[24][25][26]

[edit]Environment and democracy

At the turn of the 21st century, issues shifted to involve a more environmental perspective. The organisation started to discuss environmental agreements. These included the signing of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in 2002 as an attempt to control haze pollution in Southeast Asia.[27] Unfortunately, this was unsuccessful due to the outbreaks of the 2005 Malaysian haze and the 2006 Southeast Asian haze. Other environmental treaties introduced by the organisation include the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security,[28] the ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network in 2005,[29] and the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, both of which are responses to the potential effects of climate change. Climate change is of current interest.
Through the Bali Concord II in 2003, ASEAN has subscribed to the notion of democratic peace, which means all member countries believe democratic processes will promote regional peace and stability. Also, the non-democratic members all agreed that it was something all member states should aspire to.[30]
The leaders of each country, particularly Mahathir Mohamad of Malaysia, also felt the need to further integrate the region. Beginning in 1997, the bloc began creating organisations within its framework with the intention of achieving this goal. ASEAN Plus Three was the first of these and was created to improve existing ties with the People's Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea. This was followed by the even larger East Asia Summit, which included these countries as well as India, Australia, and New Zealand. This new grouping acted as a prerequisite for the planned East Asia Community, which was supposedly patterned after the now-defunct European Community. The ASEAN Eminent Persons Group was created to study the possible successes and failures of this policy as well as the possibility of drafting an ASEAN Charter.
In 2006, ASEAN was given observer status at the United Nations General Assembly.[31] As a response, the organisation awarded the status of "dialogue partner" to the United Nations.[32] Furthermore, on 23 July that year, José Ramos-Horta, then Prime Minister of East Timor, signed a formal request for membership and expected the accession process to last at least five years before the then-observer state became a full member.[33][34]
In 2007, ASEAN celebrated its 40th anniversary since its inception, and 30 years of diplomatic relations with the United States.[35]On 26 August 2007, ASEAN stated that it aims to complete all its free trade agreements with China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand by 2013, in line with the establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community by 2015.[36][37] In November 2007 the ASEAN members signed the ASEAN Charter, a constitution governing relations among the ASEAN members and establishing ASEAN itself as an international legal entity.[citation needed] During the same year, the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security was signed in Cebu on 15 January 2007, by ASEAN and the other members of the EAS (Australia, People's Republic of China, India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea), which promotes energy security by finding energy alternatives to conventional fuels.[citation needed]
On 27 February 2009 a Free Trade Agreement with the ASEAN regional block of 10 countries and New Zealand and its close partner Australia was signed, it is estimated that this FTA would boost aggregate GDP across the 12 countries by more than US$48 billion over the period 2000–2020.[38][39]

[edit]The ASEAN way


The flags of 10 ASEAN members.
In the 1960s, the push for decolonisation[citation needed] promoted the independence and establishment of sovereign nations such as Indonesia and Malaysia. Since the beginning phases of these nations, efforts were made to implement independent policies with a unifying focus of refrain from interference in regional domestic affairs.
There was a move to unify the region under what was called the ‘ASEAN Way’[citation needed] based on the ideals of non-interference, informality, minimal institutionalisation, consultation and consensus, non-use of force and non-confrontation. ASEAN members (especially Singapore) approved of the term ‘ASEAN Way’[citation needed] to describe a regional method of multilateralism.
Thus the signing of the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia adopted fundamental principles[40]:
  • Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of all nations
  • The right of every State to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion or coercion
  • Non-interference in internal affairs
  • Settlement of differences or disputes in a peaceful manner
  • Renunciation of the threat or use of force
  • Effective regional cooperation
The ‘ASEAN way’ is said to contribute durability and longevity within the organization, by promoting regional identity and enhancing a spirit of mutual confidence and cooperation. ASEAN agreements are negotiated in a close, interpersonal process. The process of consultations and consensus is designed to engender a democratic approach to decision making. These leaders are wary of any effort to legitimize efforts to undermine their nation or contain regional co-operation.[citation needed]

[edit]Critical receptions

The ASEAN way can be seen as divergent from the contextual contemporary political reality at the formative stages of the association. A critical distinction is made by Amitav Acharya, that the ‘ASEAN Way’ indicates “a process of ‘regional interactions and cooperation based on discreteness, informality, consensus building and non-confrontational bargaining styles’ that contrasts with ‘the adversarial posturing, majority vote and other legalistic decision-making procedures in Western multilateral organizations.’"[41]
However, critics argue[who?] that the ASEAN Way serves as the major stumbling-block to it becoming a true diplomacy mechanism. Due to the consensus-based approach every member has a veto, so contentious issues must remain unresolved until agreements can be reached. Moreover, it is claimed that member nations are directly and indirectly advocating that ASEAN be more flexible and allow discourse on internal affairs of member countries.[citation needed]
Additionally, the preference for informal discussions to adversarial negotiations limits the leverage of diplomatic solutions within ASEAN.

[edit]Meetings

[edit]ASEAN Summit


A Billboard in Jakarta welcoming ASEAN Summit 2011 delegates.
The organisation holds meetings, known as the ASEAN Summit, where heads of government of each member meet to discuss and resolve regional issues, as well as to conduct other meetings with other countries outside of the bloc with the intention of promoting external relations.
The ASEAN Leaders' Formal Summit was first held in Bali, Indonesia in 1976. Its third meeting was held in Manila in 1987 and during this meeting, it was decided that the leaders would meet every five years.[42] Consequently, the fourth meeting was held in Singapore in 1992 where the leaders again agreed to meet more frequently, deciding to hold the summit every three years.[42] In 2001, it was decided to meet annually to address urgent issues affecting the region. Member nations were assigned to be the summit host in alphabetical order except in the case of Burma which dropped its 2006 hosting rights in 2004 due to pressure from the United States and the European Union.[43]
By December 2008, the ASEAN Charter came into force and with it, the ASEAN Summit will be held twice in a year.
The formal summit meets for three days. The usual itinerary is as follows:
  • Leaders of member states would hold an internal organisation meeting.
  • Leaders of member states would hold a conference together with foreign ministers of the ASEAN Regional Forum.
  • A meeting, known as ASEAN Plus Three, is set for leaders of three Dialogue Partners (People's Republic of China, Japan, South Korea)
  • A separate meeting, known as ASEAN-CER, is set for another set of leaders of two Dialogue Partners (Australia, New Zealand).[citation needed]
ASEAN Formal Summits
NoDateCountryHostHost leader
1st23–24 February 1976 IndonesiaBaliSoeharto
2nd4–5 August 1977 MalaysiaKuala LumpurHussein Onn
3rd14–15 December 1987 PhilippinesManilaCorazon Aquino
4th27‒29 January 1992 SingaporeSingaporeGoh Chok Tong
5th14‒15 December 1995 ThailandBangkokBanharn Silpa-archa
6th15‒16 December 1998 VietnamHanoiPhan Văn Khải
7th5‒6 November 2001 BruneiBandar Seri BegawanHassanal Bolkiah
8th4‒5 November 2002 CambodiaPhnom PenhHun Sen
9th7‒8 October 2003 IndonesiaBaliMegawati Soekarnoputri
10th29‒30 November 2004 LaosVientianeBounnhang Vorachith
11th12‒14 December 2005 MalaysiaKuala LumpurAbdullah Ahmad Badawi
12th11‒14 January 20071 Philippines2CebuGloria Macapagal-Arroyo
13th18‒22 November 2007 SingaporeSingaporeLee Hsien Loong
14th327 February – 1 March 2009
10–11 April 2009		 ThailandCha Am, Hua Hin
Pattaya		Abhisit Vejjajiva
15th23 October 2009 ThailandCha Am, Hua Hin
16th8–9 April 2010 VietnamHanoiNguyễn Tấn Dũng
17th28–31 October 2010 VietnamHanoi
18th47–8 May 2011 IndonesiaJakartaSusilo Bambang Yudhoyono
19th414–19 November 2011 IndonesiaBali
20th3–4 April 2012 CambodiaPhnom PenhHun Sen
1 Postponed from 10‒14 December 2006 due to Typhoon Utor.
2 hosted the summit because Burma backed out due to enormous pressure from US and EU
3 This summit consisted of two parts.
The first part was moved from 12‒17 December 2008 due to the 2008 Thai political crisis.
The second part was aborted on 11 April due to protesters entering the summit venue.
4  Indonesia hosted twice in a row by swapping years with  Brunei, as it will play host to APEC (and possibly the G20summit) in 2013.
ASEAN Summits held once or twice a year in a same venue/host nation. Example, Indonesia is the host for 2011 ASEAN Summit; all summits, formal or informal this year 2011 must be held in Indonesia.
During the fifth Summit in Bangkok, the leaders decided to meet "informally" between each formal summit:[42]
ASEAN Informal Summits
NoDateCountryHostHost leader
1st30 November 1996 IndonesiaJakartaSoeharto
2nd14‒16 December 1997 MalaysiaKuala LumpurMahathir Mohamad
3rd27‒28 November 1999 PhilippinesManilaJoseph Estrada
4th22‒25 November 2000 SingaporeSingaporeGoh Chok Tong

[edit]East Asia Summit


Participants of the East Asia Summit:
  ASEAN
  ASEAN Plus Three
  Additional members
  Observer
Main article: East Asia Summit
The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a pan-Asian forum held annually by the leaders of 16 countries in East Asia and the region, with ASEAN in a leadership position. The summit has discussed issues including trade, energy and security and the summit has a role in regional community building.
The members of the summit are all 10 members of ASEAN plus China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand. These nations represent nearly half of the world's population. In October 2010, Russia and the United States were formally invited to participate as full members, with presidents of both countries to attend the 2011 summit.[44]
The first summit was held in Kuala Lumpur on 14 December 2005 and subsequent meetings have been held after the annual ASEAN Leaders’ Meeting.
MeetingCountryLocationDateNote
First EAS MalaysiaKuala Lumpur14 December 2005Russia attended as a guest.
Second EAS PhilippinesCebu City15 January 2007Rescheduled from 13 December 2006.
Third EAS SingaporeSingapore21 November 2007Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment[45]
Fourth EAS ThailandCha-amand Hua Hin25 October 2009The date and location of the venue was rescheduled several times, and then a Summit scheduled for 12 April 2009 at Pattaya, Thailand was cancelled when protesters stormed the venue. The Summit has been rescheduled for October 2009 and transferred again from Phuket[46] to Cha-am and Hua Hin.[47]
Fifth EAS Viet NamHanoi30 October 2010[48]Officially invited the US and Russia to participate in future EAS as full-fledged members[44]
Sixth EAS IndonesiaBali19 November 2011The United States and Russia to join the Summit.

[edit]Commemorative summit

A commemorative summit is a summit hosted by a non-ASEAN country to mark a milestone anniversary of the establishment of relations between ASEAN and the host country. The host country invites the heads of government of ASEAN member countries to discuss future cooperation and partnership.
MeetingHostLocationDateNote
ASEAN – Japan Commemorative Summit JapanTokyo11, 12 December 2003To celebrate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of relations between ASEAN and Japan. The summit was also notable as the first ASEAN summit held between ASEAN and a non-ASEAN country outside the region.
ASEAN–China Commemorative Summit People's Republic of ChinaNanning30, 31 October 2006To celebrate the 15th anniversary of the establishment of relations between ASEAN and China
ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit South KoreaJeju-do1, 2 June 2009To celebrate the 20th anniversary of the establishment of relations between ASEAN and Republic of Korea

[edit]Regional Forum


█ ASEAN full members
█ ASEAN observers
█ ASEAN candidate members
██ ASEAN Plus Three
███ East Asia Summit
██████ ASEAN Regional Forum
The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) is a formal, official, multilateral dialogue in Asia Pacific region. As of July 2007, it is consisted of 27 participants. ARF objectives are to foster dialogue and consultation, and promote confidence-building and preventive diplomacy in the region.[49] The ARF met for the first time in 1994. The current participants in the ARF are as follows: all the ASEAN members, Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, the People's Republic of China, theEuropean Union, India, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, East Timor, United States and Sri Lanka.[50] The Republic of China (also known as Taiwan) has been excluded since the establishment of the ARF, and issues regarding the Taiwan Strait are neither discussed at the ARF meetings nor stated in the ARF Chairman's Statements.

[edit]Other meetings

Aside from the ones above, other regular[51] meetings are also held.[52] These include the annual ASEAN Ministerial Meeting[53]as well as other smaller committees.[54] Meetings mostly focus on specific topics, such as defence[51] or the environment,[51][55]and are attended by Ministers, instead of heads of government.

[edit]Another Three

The ASEAN Plus Three is a meeting between ASEAN, China, Japan, and South Korea, and is primarily held during each ASEAN Summit. Until now China, Japan and South Korea have not yet formed Free Trade Area (FTA), the meeting about FTA among them will be held at end of 2012.[56]

[edit]Asia–Europe Meeting

The Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM) is an informal dialogue process initiated in 1996 with the intention of strengthening cooperation between the countries of Europe and Asia, especially members of the European Union and ASEAN in particular.[57]ASEAN, represented by its Secretariat, is one of the 45 ASEM partners. It also appoints a representative to sit on the governing board of Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF), a socio-cultural organisation associated with the Meeting.

[edit]ASEAN–Russia Summit

The ASEAN–Russia Summit is an annual meeting between leaders of member states and the President of Russia.

[edit]ASEAN Foreign Ministers Meeting

The 44th annual meeting was held in Bali on 16 to 23 July 2011. Indonesia proposed a unified ASEAN travel visa to ease travel within the region for citizens of ASEAN member states.[58] The 45th annual meeting was held in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. For the first time in the history of ASEAN there was no diplomatic statement issued by the bloc at the end of the meeting. This was due to tensions over China's claim of ownership over near the entirety of the South China Sea and the counterclaim to such ownership by neighboring states.

[edit]Economic Community

ASEAN has emphasised regional cooperation in the “three pillars”, which are security, sociocultural integration, and economic integration.[59] The regional grouping has made the most progress in economic integration by creating an ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by 2015.[60] The average economic growths of ASEAN's member nations during 1989–2009 was Singapore with 6.73 percent, Malaysia with 6.15 percent, Indonesia with 5.16 percent, Thailand with 5.02 percent, and the Philippines with 3.79 percent. This economic growth was greater than the average Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) economic growth, which was 2.83 percent.[61]

[edit]From CEPT to AEC

A Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme to promote the free flow of goods within ASEAN lead to the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA).[60] The AFTA is an agreement by the member nations of ASEAN concerning local manufacturing in all ASEAN countries. The AFTA agreement was signed on 28 January 1992 in Singapore.[62] When the AFTA agreement was originally signed, ASEAN had six members, namely, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Vietnam joined in 1995, Laos and Burma in 1997, and Cambodia in 1999. The latecomers have not fully met the AFTA's obligations, but they are officially considered part of the AFTA as they were required to sign the agreement upon entry into ASEAN, and were given longer time frames in which to meet AFTA's tariff reduction obligations.[63]
The next step is ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) with main objectives are to create a:
  • single market and production base
  • highly competitive economic region
  • region of equitable economic development
  • region fully integrated into the global economy
Since 2007, the ASEAN countries gradually lower their import duties among them and targeted will be zero for most of the import duties at 2015.[64]
Since 2011, AEC has agreed to strengthen the position and increase the competitive edges of small and medium enterprises(SME) in the ASEAN region.[65]
aseanblogger.com has agreed to set up online ASEAN community with aim to raise people's awareness on the issue of AEC by 2015. The content of the portal currently consisted of subjects varying from security to culinary and in the future will also touch tourist sites and local culture.[66]

[edit]Comprehensive Investment Area

The ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Area (ACIA) will encourage the free flow of investment within ASEAN. The main principles of the ACIA are as follows[67]
  • All industries are to be opened up for investment, with exclusions to be phased out according to schedules
  • National treatment is granted immediately to ASEAN investors with few exclusions
  • Elimination of investment impediments
  • Streamlining of investment process and procedures
  • Enhancing transparency
  • Undertaking investment facilitation measures
Full realisation of the ACIA with the removal of temporary exclusion lists in manufacturing agriculture, fisheries, forestry and mining is scheduled by 2010 for most ASEAN members and by 2015 for the CLMV (Cambodia, Lao PDR, Burma, and Vietnam) countries.[67]

[edit]Trade in Services

An ASEAN Framework Agreement on Trade in Services was adopted at the ASEAN Summit in Bangkok in December 1995.[68]Under AFAS, ASEAN Member States enter into successive rounds of negotiations to liberalise trade in services with the aim of submitting increasingly higher levels of commitments. The negotiations result in commitments that are set forth in schedules of specific commitments annexed to the Framework Agreement. These schedules are often referred to as packages of services commitments. At present, ASEAN has concluded seven packages of commitments under AFAS.[69]

[edit]Single Aviation Market

The ASEAN Single Aviation Market (SAM), proposed by the ASEAN Air Transport Working Group, supported by the ASEAN Senior Transport Officials Meeting, and endorsed by the ASEAN Transport Ministers, will introduce an open-sky arrangement to the region by 2015.[70] The ASEAN SAM will be expected to fully liberalise air travel between its member states, allowing ASEAN to directly benefit from the growth in air travel around the world, and also freeing up tourism, trade, investment and services flows between member states.[70][71] Beginning 1 December 2008, restrictions on the third and fourth freedoms of the air between capital cities of member states for air passengers services will be removed,[72] while from 1 January 2009, there will be full liberalisation of air freight services in the region, while[70][71] By 1 January 2011, there will be liberalisation of fifth freedom traffic rights between all capital cities.[73]

[edit]Free Trade Agreements With Other Countries

ASEAN has concluded free trade agreements with China (expecting bilateral trade of $500 billion by 2015),[74] Korea, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and most recently India.[75] The agreement with People's Republic of China created the ASEAN–China Free Trade Area (ACFTA), which went into full effect on 1 January 2010. In addition, ASEAN is currently negotiating a free trade agreement with the European Union.[76] Republic of China (Taiwan) has also expressed interest in an agreement with ASEAN but needs to overcome diplomatic objections from China.[77]

[edit]ASEAN six majors

ASEAN six majors refer to the six largest economies in the area with economies many times larger than the remaining four ASEAN countries.
The ASEAN six majors are (GDP nominal 2011 based on IMF data. The figures in parentheses are GDP PPP.)
  •  Indonesia: 845,680 billions (1,124 billions)
  •  Thailand: 345,649 billions (616 billions)
  •  Malaysia: 278,680 billions (447 billions)
  •  Singapore: 259,849 billions (315 billions)
  •  Philippines: 213,129 billions (390 billions)
  •  Vietnam: 122,722 billions (299 billions)

[edit]From CMI to AMRO

Due to Asian financial crisis of 1997 to 1998 and long and difficult negotiations with International Monetary Fund, ASEAN+3 agreed to set up a mainly bilateral currency swap scheme known as the 2000 Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI) to anticipate another financial crisis or currency turmoil in the future. In 2006 they agreed to make CMI with multilateralisation and called as CMIM. On 3 May 2009, they agreed to make a currency pool consist of contribution $38.4 billion each by China and Japan, $19.2 billion by South Korea and totally $24 billion by all of ASEAN members, so the total currency pool was $120 billion.[78] A key component has also newly been added, with the establishment of a surveillance unit.[79]
The ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic and Research Office (AMRO) will start its operation in Singapore in May 2011.[80] It will perform a key regional surveillance function as part of the $120 billion of Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralisation (CMIM) currency swap facility that was established by Finance Minister and Central Bank Governors of ASEAN countries plus China, Japan and South Korea in December 2009.[81]
According to some analysts, the amount of $120 billion is relatively small (cover only about 20 percent of needs), so coordination or help from International Monetary Fund is still needed.[82] On May 3, 2012 ASEAN+3 finance ministers agreed to double emergency reserve fund to $240 billion.[83]

[edit]Foreign Direct Investment

In 2009, realized Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was $37.9 billion and increase by two-fold in 2010 to $75.8 billion. 22 percent of FDI came form the European Union, followed by ASEAN countries themselves by 16 percent and then followed by Japan and US. European Union and US has debt problems, while Japan should make tsunami recovery. China who helped Asia lead the global post-2008 recovery still grapples with 3-years high inflation. So, in the longterm all of the problems will give negative impact to ASEAN indirectly. There are possibility to push some programs of ASEAN Economic Community before 2015.[84]

[edit]Intra-ASEAN travel

with free visa among ASEAN countries, a huge intra-ASEAN travel occurred and on the right track to establish an ASEAN Community in the years to come. In 2010, 47 percent or 34 million from 73 million tourists were iintra-ASEAN travel.[85]

[edit]Intra-ASEAN trade

Until end of 2010, Intra-Asean trade were still low which mainly of them were mostly exporting to countries outside the region, except Laos and Myanmar were ASEAN-oriented in foreign trade with 80 percent and 50 percent respectively of their exports went to other ASEAN countries.[86]

[edit]Charter

Main article: ASEAN Charter
On 15 December 2008 the members of ASEAN met in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta to launch a charter, signed in November 2007, with the aim of moving closer to "an EU-style community".[87] The charter turns ASEAN into a legal entity and aims to create a single free-trade area for the region encompassing 500 million people. President of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyonostated that "This is a momentous development when ASEAN is consolidating, integrating and transforming itself into a community. It is achieved while ASEAN seeks a more vigorous role in Asian and global affairs at a time when the international system is experiencing a seismic shift," he added, referring to climate change and economic upheaval. Southeast Asia is no longer the bitterly divided, war-torn region it was in the 1960s and 1970s." "The fundamental principles include:
a) respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity and national identity of all ASEAN Member States;
b) shared commitment and collective responsibility in enhancing regional peace, security and prosperity;
c) renunciation of aggression and of the threat or use of force or other actions in any manner inconsistent with international law;
d) reliance on peaceful settlement of disputes;
e) non-interference in the internal affairs of ASEAN Member States;
f) respect for the right of every Member State to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion and coercion;
g) enhanced consultations on matters seriously affecting the common interest of ASEAN;
h) adherence to the rule of law, good governance, the principles of democracy and constitutional government;
i) respect for fundamental freedoms, the promotion and protection of human rights, and the promotion of social justice;
j) upholding the United Nations Charter and international law, including international humanitarian law, subscribed to by ASEAN Member States;
k) abstention from participation in any policy or activity, including the use of its territory, pursued by and ASEAN Member State or non-ASEAN State or any non-State actor, which threatens the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political and economic stability of ASEAN Member States;
l) respect for the different cultures, languages and religions of the peoples of ASEAN, while emphasising their common values in the spirit of unity in diversity;
m) the centrality of ASEAN in external political, economic, social and cultural relations while remaining actively engaged, outward-looking, inclusive and non-discriminatory; and
n) adherence to multilateral trade rules and ASEAN's rules-based regimes for effective implementation of economic commitments and progressive reduction towards elimination of all barriers to regional economic integration, in a market-driven economy".[88]
However, the ongoing global financial crisis was stated as being a threat to the goals envisioned by the charter,[89] and also set forth the idea of a proposed human rights body to be discussed at a future summit in February 2009. This proposition caused controversy, as the body would not have the power to impose sanctions or punish countries who violate citizens' rights and would therefore be limited in effectiveness.[90] The body was established later in 2009 as the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR).

[edit]Cultural activities


Logo of the S.E.A. Write Award
The organisation hosts cultural activities in an attempt to further integrate the region. These include sports and educational activities as well as writing awards. Examples of these include the ASEAN University Network, the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, the ASEAN Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award, and the Singapore-sponsored ASEAN Scholarship.

[edit]ASEAN Media Cooperation

The first media cooperation and dialogue was started by China with ASEAN in 1991 and became ASEAN's dialogue partner in 1996[91].
The ASEAN Media Cooperation (AMC) set digital television standards, policies and create in preparation for broadcasters to transition from analog to digital broadcasting, better promote media collaboration and information exchange to enhance voice, understanding, and perspective between ASEAN peoples on the international stage.
The ASEAN member countries aim media sector towards digitalization and further regional media coaction. AMC establishes partnerships between SEAN news media, and cooperate on information sharing, photo swapping, technical cooperation, exchange programs, facilitating joint news coverage and exchange of news footage.

[edit]S.E.A. Write Award

The S.E.A. Write Award is a literary award given to Southeast Asian poets and writers annually since 1979. The award is either given for a specific work or as a recognition of an author's lifetime achievement. Works that are honoured vary and have included poetry, short stories, novels, plays, folklore as well as scholarly and religious works. Ceremonies are held in Bangkok and are presided by a member of the Thai royal family.

[edit]ASAIHL

ASAIHL or the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning is a non-governmental organisation founded in 1956 that strives to strengthen higher learning institutions, espescially in teaching, research, and public service, with the intention of cultivating a sense of regional identity and interdependence.

[edit]Heritage Parks

ASEAN Heritage Parks[92] is a list of nature parks launched 1984 and relaunched in 2004. It aims to protect the region's natural treasures. There are now 35 such protected areas, including the Tubbataha Reef Marine Park and the Kinabalu National Park.[93]

[edit]List

ASEAN Heritage Sites
SiteCountrySiteCountry
Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park BurmaAo Phang-nga Marine National Park Thailand
Apo Natural Park PhilippinesImperial City, Huế Vietnam
Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park IndonesiaGunung Leuser National Park Indonesia
Gunung Mulu National Park MalaysiaHa Long Bay Vietnam
Hoi An Ancient Town VietnamMounts Iglit-Baco National Park Philippines
Indawgyi Lake Wildlife Sanctuary BurmaInlé Lake Wildlife Sanctuary Burma
Kaeng Krachan National Park ThailandKerinci Seblat National Park Indonesia
Khakaborazi National Park BurmaKhao Yai National Park Thailand
Kinabalu National Park MalaysiaKomodo National Park Indonesia
Imperial Citadel of Thang Long VietnamLampi Kyun Wildlife Reserve Burma
Lorentz National Park IndonesiaMeinmhala Kyun Wildlife Sanctuary Burma
Mu Ko Surin-Mu Ko Similan Marine National Park ThailandNam Ha Protected Area Laos
Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park VietnamPreah Monivong (Bokor) National Park Cambodia
Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park PhilippinesSungei Buloh Wetland Reserve Singapore
Taman Negara National Park MalaysiaTarutao Marine National Park Thailand
Tasek Merimbun Wildlife Sanctuary BruneiThung Yai-Huay Kha Khaeng National Park Thailand
Tubbataha Reef Marine Park PhilippinesUjung Kulon National Park Indonesia
Virachey National Park CambodiaKeraton Yogyakarta Indonesia
Mỹ Sơn VietnamCitadel of Ho Dynasty Vietnam

[edit]Official song

[edit]Education and Human Development

[edit]University Network

  • The ASEAN University Network (AUN) is a consortium of Southeast Asian universities. It was originally founded in November 1995 by 11 universities within the member states.[94] Currently AUN comprises 26 Participating Universities.[95]
  • The Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network (SEED-NET) Project, was officially established as an autonomous sub-network of the ASEAN University Network (AUN) in April 2001'. AUN/SEED-Net aimed at promoting human resources development in engineering in ASEAN. The Network consists of 19 leading Member Institutions (selected by the Ministries in charge of higher education of respective countries) from 10 ASEAN countries with the support of 11 leading Japanese Supporting Universities (selected by Japanese Government). AUN/SEED-Net is mainly supported by the Japanese Government through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and partially supported by the ASEAN Foundation. AUN/SEED-Net activities are implemented by the AUN/SEED-Net Secretariat with the support of the JICA Project for AUN/SEED-Net, now based at Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.

[edit]Scholarship

The ASEAN Scholarship is a scholarship program offered by Singapore to the 9 other member states for secondary school, junior college, and university education. It covers accommodation, food, medical benefits & accident insurance, school fees, and examination fees.[96]

[edit]Sports

[edit]Southeast Asian Games

The Southeast Asian Games, commonly known as the SEA Games, is a biennial multi-sport event involving participants from the current 11 countries of Southeast Asia. The games is under regulation of the Southeast Asian Games Federation with supervision by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Olympic Council of Asia.

[edit]ASEAN Para Games


Logo of the ASEAN Para Games
The ASEAN Para Games is a biennial multi-sport event held after every Southeast Asian Games for athletes with physical disabilities. The games are participated by the 11 countries located in Southeast Asia. The Games, patterned after theParalympic Games, are played by physically challenged athletes with mobility disabilities, visual disabilities,

[edit]FESPIC Games/ Asian Para Games

The FESPIC Games, also known as the Far East and South Pacific Games for the persons with disability, was the biggest multi-sports games in Asia and South Pacific region. The FESPIC Games were held nine times and bowed out, a success[97] in December 2006 in the 9th FESPIC Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Games re-emerges as the 2010 Asian Para Games in Guangzhou, China. The 2010 Asian Para Games will debut shortly after the conclusion of the 16th Asian Games, using the same facilities and venue made disability-accessible. The inaugural Asian Para Games, the parallel event for athletes with physical disabilities, is a multi-sport event held every four years after every Asian Games.

[edit]Football Championship

The ASEAN Football Championship is a biennial Football competition organised by the ASEAN Football Federation, accredited byFIFA and contested by the national teams of Southeast Asia nations. It was inaugurated in 1996 as Tiger Cup, but after Asia Pacific Breweries terminated the sponsorship deal, "Tiger" was renamed "ASEAN".

[edit]ASEAN 2030 FIFA World Cup bid

January 2011: As a result of ASEAN Foreign ministers at Lombok meeting, they agreed bid to host the FIFA World Cup in 2030 as a single entity.[98]
May 2011: ASEAN will go ahead with its bid for the FIFA 2030 World Cup. It was a follow up to the agreement reached in January before.[99]

[edit]ASEAN Defense Industry Collaboration

Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand have established defense industries. To cut cost and plan to be self-sufficient by 2030, Indonesia and Malaysia have agreed to promote the creation of the ASEAN Defense Industry Collaboration (ADIC).[100]The United States military reportedly has said that ADIC could have additional benefits beyond cost savings for ASEAN members, including facilitating a set of standards, similar to NATO, that will improve interoperability among ASEAN and U.S. militaries and increase the effectiveness of regional response to threats to Asia-Pacific peace and stability.[101]

[edit]Criticism

Non-ASEAN countries have criticised ASEAN for being too soft in its approach to promoting human rights and democracy in the junta-led Burma.[102] Despite global outrage at the military crack-down on peaceful protesters in Yangon, ASEAN has refused to suspend Burma as a member and also rejects proposals for economic sanctions.[103] This has caused concern as the European Union, a potential trade partner, has refused to conduct free trade negotiations at a regional level for these political reasons.[104]International observers view it as a "talk shop",[105] which implies that the organisation is "big on words but small on action".[106][107] However, leaders such as the Philippines' Foreign Affairs Secretary, Alberto Romulo, said it is a workshop not a talk shop.[108] Others have also expressed similar sentiment.[109]
Head of the International Institute of Strategic Studies – Asia, Tim Huxley cites the diverse political systems present in the grouping, including many young states, as a barrier to far-reaching cooperation outside the economic sphere. He also asserts that in the absence of an external threat to rally against with the end of the Cold War, ASEAN has begun to be less successful at restraining its members and resolving border disputes such as those between Burma and Thailand and Indonesia and Malaysia.[110]
During the 12th ASEAN Summit in Cebu, several activist groups staged anti-globalisation and anti-Arroyo rallies.[111] According to the activists, the agenda of economic integration would negatively affect industries in the Philippines and would cause thousands of Filipinos to lose their jobs.[112] They also viewed the organisation as imperialistic that threatens the country's sovereignty.[112]A human rights lawyer from New Zealand was also present to protest about the human rights situation in the region in general.[113]

[edit]See also

Portal iconGeography portal
Portal iconAsia portal
Portal iconSoutheast Asia portal

[edit]References

  1. ^ "Aseanweb – Asean Motto". Asean.org. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  2. ^ Kavi Chongkittavorn (16). "New chair Cambodia can reset Asean power". The Nation. Retrieved 2012-03-25.
  3. ^ "IMF DataMapper". Imf.org. 4 December 1999. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  4. ^ Calculated using UNDP data from member states.
  5. ^ "Overview". ASEAN. Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  6. ^ VOA.gov, Search Voice of America
  7. ^ "NLS/BPH: Other Writings, The ABC Book, A Pronunciation Guide". 8 May 2006. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  8. ^ Asean.org, ASEAN-10: Meeting the Challenges, by Termsak Chalermpalanupap, Asean.org, ASEAN Secretariat official website. Retrieved 27 June 2008.
  9. ^ Bangkok Declaration. Wikisource. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
  10. ^ Asean.org, Overview, Asean.org, ASEAN Secretariat official website. Retrieved 12 June 2006.
  11. ^ EC.Europa.eu, European Union Relations with ASEAN. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  12. ^ Bernard Eccleston, Michael Dawson, Deborah J. McNamara (1998). The Asia-Pacific Profile. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-17279-9.
  13. ^ "ASEAN secretariat". ASEAN. 23RD JULY 1999. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  14. ^ "Background Note:Brunei Darussalam/Profile:/Foreign Relations". United States State Department. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 6 March 2007.
  15. ^ "Vietnam in ASEAN : Toward Cooperation for Mutual Benefits". ASEAN Secretariat. 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
  16. ^ a b Carolyn L. Gates, Mya Than (2001). ASEAN Enlargement: impacts and implications. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.ISBN 981-230-081-3.
  17. ^ "Statement by the Secretary-General of ASEAN Welcoming the Kingdom of Cambodia as the Tenth Member State of ASEAN : 30 April 1999, ASEAN Secretariat". ASEAN Secretariat. 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
  18. ^ East Asia Economic Caucus. ASEAN Secretariat. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
  19. ^ a b Asiaviews.org, Whither East Asia? Retrieved 14 March 2007.
  20. ^ UNT.edu, Asia's Reaction to NAFTA, Nancy J. Hamilton. CRS – Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
  21. ^ IHT.com, Japan Straddles Fence on Issue of East Asia Caucus. International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
  22. ^ "Regional Financial Cooperation among ASEAN+3". Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 9 October 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
  23. ^ Bangkok Treaty (in alphabetical order) At UNODA United Nations. Retrieved on 4 September 2008.
  24. ^ E.Timor leader pushes for ASEAN membership, date: 1 December 2010.
  25. ^ East Timor Bid to Join ASEAN Wins 'Strong Support', Bangkok Post, date: 31 January 2011.
  26. ^ East Timor to Join ASEAN in Jakarta 2011, Jakarta Globe, date: 1 December 2010.
  27. ^ ASEAN Secretariat. ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. Extracted 12 October 2006
  28. ^ East Asian leaders to promote biofuel, Philippine Daily Inquirer, 13 March 2007.
  29. ^ "ASEAN Statement on Launching of the ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network (ASEAN-WEN)". ASEAN. 1 December 2005. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  30. ^ Luard, Tim (8 October 2003). "Asean: Changing, but only slowly". BBC.
  31. ^ RP resolution for observer status in UN assembly OK’d, Philippine Daily Inquirer, 13 March 2007.
  32. ^ "Philippines to Represent Asean in Un Meetings in Ny, Geneva". Yahoo! News. 7 March 2007. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
  33. ^ "East Timor ASEAN bid". The Sydney Morning Herald. 28 January 2007. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
  34. ^ "East Timor Needs Five Years to Join ASEAN: PM". ASEAN Secretariat. 26 July 2006. Retrieved 3 March 2007.
  35. ^ Forss, Pearl (27 August 2007). "US and ASEAN seeking to enhance relationship: Dr Balaji". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 30 August 2007. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
  36. ^ "ASEAN to complete free trade agreements by 2013". Forbes. 26 August 2007. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
  37. ^ Ong, Christine (27 August 2007). "ASEAN confident of concluding FTAs with partners by 2013". Channel NewsAsia. Archivedfrom the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
  38. ^ "ASEAN, Australia and New Zealand Free Trade Agreement – NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Mfat.govt.nz. Archivedfrom the original on 15 April 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
  39. ^ "Asean, Australia, New Zealand Sign Free-Trade Deal (Update1)". Bloomberg. 27 February 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
  40. ^ "Overview Association of South East Asian Nations", Retrieved on 27 July 2009.
  41. ^ [1], Retrieved on 05 June 2012.
  42. ^ a b c ASEAN Structure, ASEAN Primer
  43. ^ Denis Hew (2005). Roadmap to an Asean Economic Community. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 981-230-347-2.
  44. ^ a b "Invitation to US & Russia". Asean.org. 30 October 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  45. ^ "Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment". ASEAN. 21 November 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  46. ^ Thai PM woos Chinese businesses ASEAN Calendar for October 2009
  47. ^ "Thailand changes venue for ASEAN+3, East Asia summits". Findarticles.com. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  48. ^ ASEAN calendar of events[dead link]
  49. ^ About Us, ASEAN Regional Forum official website. Retrieved 12 June 2006.
  50. ^ Official Website of Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
  51. ^ a b c ASEAN Calendar of Meetings and Events November 2006, ASEAN Secretariat. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
  52. ^ BBC country profile/Asean leaders, BBC. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
  53. ^ ASEAN Ministerial Meetings, ASEAN Secretariat. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
  54. ^ Asean.org, ASEAN Secretariat. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
  55. ^ "Malaysians have had enough of haze woes". The Malaysian Bar. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
  56. ^ "Cina, Jepang dan Korsel Bangun Perdagangan Bebas". May 14, 2012.
  57. ^ Lay Hwee Yeo (2003). Asia and Europe: the development and different dimensions of ASEM. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-30697-3.
  58. ^ "A Unified ASEAN Travel Visa". Philstar.com. 14 July 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  59. ^ "Overview". Asean.org. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  60. ^ a b Sim, Edmund "Introduction to the ASEAN Economic Community", http://www.asil.org/aseanevent/Sim_Intro_to_ASEAN.pdf
  61. ^ "ASEAN economies past and future". The Jakarta Post. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  62. ^ "Agreement on the Common Effective Preferential Tariff Scheme for the ASEAN Free Trade Area, Singapore, 28 January 1992". Asean.org. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  63. ^ "Overview". Asean.org. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  64. ^ [2] ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)
  65. ^ "Economic ministers agree to reinforce SMES". Waspada.co.id. 2011-05-06. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
  66. ^ "RI bloggers set up online ASEAN community". The Jakarta Post. 14 May 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  67. ^ a b "Highlights of the ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement (ACIA)". Asean.org. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  68. ^ "ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (1995)". Asean.org. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  69. ^ "Overview". Asean.org. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  70. ^ a b c "Asean Single Aviation Market". Straits Times. Singapore. 2 February 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
  71. ^ a b "Singaporean PM urges ASEAN to liberalise aviation". chinaview.cn (Xinhua News Agency). 1 November 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
  72. ^ Kaur, Karamjit (25 September 2008). "Tiger offers 50,000 free seats". Straits Times (Singapore). Archived from the original on 27 September 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
  73. ^ "Three quarters of a million more seats and counting- KL-Singapore benefits from liberalisation". Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation. 28 September 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
  74. ^ China signs S.China Sea guidelines, seeks to turn page on row Reuters, Michael Martina, 21 July 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011
  75. ^ "Welcome to Singapore FTA Network". Fta.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  76. ^ "Welcome to Singapore FTA Network". Fta.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  77. ^ "Taipei Times – archives". The Taipei Times. Taiwan (ROC). Archived from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  78. ^ An Asian monetary fund? http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6991/is_6_34/ai_n45060521/
  79. ^ "Does Asia need the IMF?". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  80. ^ "ASEAN’s AMRO may ‘replace’ IMF financial role". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  81. ^ ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic and Research Office (AMRO) http://www.aseansec.org/25193.htm
  82. ^ "Asian financial arrangement: Regionalism vs multilateralism". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  83. ^ "Asean+3 ministers agree to double emergency reserve fund to $240b". May 4, 2012.
  84. ^ "Global debt crisis ‘to affect ASEAN’ sooner or later". 10 August 2011.
  85. ^ "PERFECT 10 PARADISE: ASEAN tourist industry is booming with intra-ASEAN travelers". September 27, 2011.
  86. ^ "ASEAN feared to become multinational companies market only". November 10, 2011.
  87. ^ "'Momentous' day for ASEAN as charter comes into force". Agence France-Presse. 15 December 2008. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
  88. ^ Association of South East Asian Nations.: "The ASEAN Charter", December 2007, p.6-7, ISBN 978-979-3496-62-7. Retrieved on 27 July 2009.
  89. ^ Olivia Rondonuwu and Suhartono, Harry (15 December 2008). "ASEAN launches charter under shadow of crisis". Reuters.Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
  90. ^ "ASEAN charter comes into force". International Herald Tribune. 15 December 2008. Archived from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
  91. ^ [3], China, ASEAN Pledge to Deepen Cooperation in Media and Information Exchange. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  92. ^ AseanBiodiversity.org, ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
  93. ^ ASEAN's Greatest Parks, ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
  94. ^ "ASEAN University Network/Agreement". Aun-sec.org. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2008.[dead link]
  95. ^ "ASEAN University Network/Board Member". Aun-sec.org. Archived from the original on 31 July 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  96. ^ "Ministry of Education, Singapore: ASEAN Scholarships". Moe.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
  97. ^ "Closure of FESPIC Federation". Taiyonoie.or.jp. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
  98. ^ Challenges to ASEAN's bid to host W. Cup http://www.thejakartapost.com/print/302457
  99. ^ "Asean to proceed with bid for 2030 Fifa World Cup". Straits Times. Singapore. 9 May 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  100. ^ "Malaysia, Indonesia pace ASEAN military industry". The Jakarta Post. 19 May 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  101. ^ Eddie Walsh (9 September 2011). "PACOM perspective on ASEAN Defense Industry Collaboration". Asia Pacific Reporting (Blog). Retrieved 9 September 2011.
  102. ^ "ADB president calls for building Asian economic integration". Peace Journalism. 3 January 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
  103. ^ "Japan Cancels Burma Grant". Associated Press. 17 October 2007. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2007.
  104. ^ Silp, Sai (15 February 2007). "Burma an Issue in Asean-EU Trade Talks". The Irawaddy News Magazine Online Edition. Retrieved 4 March 2007.
  105. ^ "Malaysian foreign minister says ASEAN is no 'talk shop'". Asian Political News. 5 December 2005. Retrieved 6 March 2007.[dead link]
  106. ^ "BBC Country/International Organisation Profile: Association of Southeast Asian Nations". BBC News. 11 January 2007.Archived from the original on 15 March 2007. Retrieved 6 March 2007.
  107. ^ Huntington, Samuel. The Clash of Civilizations and the remaking of a New World Order.
  108. ^ "Romulo defends ASEAN as a workshop, not a talkshop – The Philippine Star » News » Headlines". Philstar.com. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  109. ^ McLean, John. "Will ASEAN’s New Charter Bring Greater Cooperation?". Development Asia. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  110. ^ ASEAN's Mixed Bag
  111. ^ "About 100 militants stage protest vs Asean Summit in Cebu". GMA News. 13 January 2007. Retrieved 6 March 2007.
  112. ^ a b "ASEAN protests in Cebu will also underscore massive opposition to Charter Change". Kilusang Mayo Uno. 7 December 2006. Retrieved 6 March 2007.
  113. ^ "NZ rights lawyer to join protests at ASEAN summit". News and Press. 7 December 2006. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 6 March 2007.

[edit]External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: ASEAN
Organization
Summits
ASEAN organisations
เขียนโดย ที่