This article is about government action. Policy, both public and private, is a broader concept. The article on public policy doctrine discusses the use of the phrase 'public policy' in legal doctrine. For other uses, see Public policy (disambiguation).
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Public policy as government action is generally the principled guide to action taken by the administrative or executive branches of the state with regard to a class of issues in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs. In general, the foundation is the pertinent national and substantial constitutional law and implementing legislation such as the US Federal code. Further substrates include both judicial interpretations and regulations which are generally authorized by legislation.[1] Other scholars define it as a system of "courses of action, regulatory measures, laws, andfunding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a governmental entity or its representatives."[2] Public policy is commonly embodied "in constitutions, legislative acts, and judicial decisions." [3]
In the United States, this concept refers not only to the result of policies, but more broadly to the decision-making andanalysis of governmental decisions. As an academic discipline, public policy is studied by professors and students atpublic policy schools of major universities throughout the country. The U.S. professional association of public policy practitioners, researchers, scholars, and students is the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.[4]
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[edit]Government actions
Shaping public policy is a complex and multifaceted process that involves the interplay of numerous individuals and interest groups competing and collaborating to influence policymakers to act in a particular way. These individuals and groups use a variety of tactics and tools to advance their aims, including advocating their positions publicly, attempting to educate supporters and opponents, and mobilizing allies on a particular issue.[5]
In this context, advocacy can be defined as attempting to influence public policy through education, lobbying, or political pressure. Advocacy groups "often attempt to educate the general public as well as public policy makers about the nature of problems, what legislation is needed to address problems, and the funding required to provide services or conduct research. Although advocacy is viewed as unseemly by some in the professional and research community, it is clear that public policy priorities are influenced by advocacy. Sound research data can be used to educate the public as well as policy makers, thereby improving the public policy process."[5]
[edit]As an academic discipline
Main article: Public policy school
As an academic discipline, public policy brings in elements of many social science fields and concepts, includingeconomics, sociology, political economy, program evaluation, policy analysis, and public management, all as applied to problems of governmental administration, management, and operations. At the same time, the study of public policy is distinct from political science or economics, in its focus on the application of theory to practice. While the majority of public policy degrees are master's and doctoral degrees, several universities also offer undergraduate education in public policy.
Policy schools tackle policy analysis differently. The Harris School of Public Policy Studies at the University of Chicago has a more quantitative and economics approach to policy, the Heinz College at Carnegie Mellon usescomputational and empirical methods, while the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University has a more political science and leadership based approach. The Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs provides traditional public policy training with multidisciplinary concentrations available in the environmental sciences and nonprofit management. The Jindal School of Government and Public Policy in India offers an interdisciplinary training in public policy with a focus on the policy making processes in developing and BRIC countries. In Europe, the School of Government of LUISS Guido Carli offers a multidisciplinary approach to public policy combining economics, political sciences, new public management and policy analysis.
Traditionally, the academic field of public policy focused on domestic policy. However, the wave of economicglobalization, which ensued in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, created a need for a subset of public policy that focuses on global governance, especially as it relates to issues that transcend national borders such as climate change, terrorism, nuclear proliferation, and economic development.[6] Consequently, many traditional public policy schools had to tweak their curricula to adjust to this new policy landscape. In contrast, some specialty schools that were conceived to be "international policy" schools from the start had less of an adjustment to make. These programs typically require mastery of a second language and take a cross-culturalapproach to public policy to address national and cultural biases. For example, the Monterey Institute of International Studies at Middlebury Collegefocuses almost exclusively on international public policy through a mix of interdisciplinary and cross-cultural analysis called the "Monterey Way".[7]
[edit]Further reading
- David B. Audretsch , Gilbert, Brett Anitra; McDougall, Patricia P. (2004), The Emergence of Entrepreneurship Policy, Small Business Economics 22
- David B. Audretsch ; Grilo, Isabel; Thurik, A. Roy (2007), Explaining entrepreneurship and the role of policy: a framework, in: David Audretsch, Isabel Grilo and A. Roy Thurik (eds.), Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship Policy, Edward Elgar Publishing
- David B. Audretsch und Beckmann, Iris A.M. (2007), From Small Business to Entrepreneurship Policy, in: David Audretsch, Isabel Grilo and A. Roy Thurik (eds.), Handbook of Research on Entrepreneurship Policy, Edward Elgar Publishing
[edit]See also
- Policy
- List of public policy topics by country
- List of public administration schools
- Mandate (politics)
- Overton window
- Public comment
- Advocacy
- Advocacy evaluation
[edit]References
- ^ Wolf, Robert, "Definitions of Policy Analysis"
- ^ Kilpatrick, Dean, "Definitions of Public Policy and Law"
- ^ Schuster II, W. Michael, "For the Greater Good: The Use of Public Policy Considerations in Confirming Chapter 11 Plans of Reorganization"
- ^ Surhone, Lambert M. (2010). Public Policy. VDM Verlag Dr. Mueller e.K.. pp. 63. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/6130990316|6130990316]].
- ^ a b Kilpatrick
- ^ http://www.gppi.net/fileadmin/gppi/Global_Public_Policy_Foreign_Affairs.pdf
- ^ The Monterey Way
[edit]External links
- Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
- National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration
- National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
- Harris School of Public Policy
- NYU's Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service
- John Glenn School of Public Affairs, OSU
- Department of Public Policy, Central European University
- School of Government, LUISS Guido Carli
reference : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy
