tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37592351702286442522024-03-05T05:25:13.851-08:00..Public Administration and Political Science Approaches.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger60125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-60036590717186354712012-06-19T22:38:00.001-07:002015-10-30T03:19:14.957-07:00.<div style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; line-height: 21px;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1uaVTltaAjOEwzyJlzDCuzOxsFoD04j98U4udpHL79U7PFSd__7geCyCUGJyi7CV_x9M5d6pNxlhK_AxVdb7IEe6q7vRDguA1riO_nRjGmMinoU44I47Aj9Bl7AY0DKn2AWiK9dqZGaDP/s1600/2015-10-30_17-04-44.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="114" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1uaVTltaAjOEwzyJlzDCuzOxsFoD04j98U4udpHL79U7PFSd__7geCyCUGJyi7CV_x9M5d6pNxlhK_AxVdb7IEe6q7vRDguA1riO_nRjGmMinoU44I47Aj9Bl7AY0DKn2AWiK9dqZGaDP/s320/2015-10-30_17-04-44.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; line-height: 21px;"> Welcome all of you to honor the visit of this website. This sites established with the main aim is to crawl a reference for academic work such as articles, reports, thesis and dissertation. In Political Science and Public Administration, as well as other related disciplines </span></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"> Hope you all continue to benefit from using this social networking site. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"> Yours faithfully</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; line-height: 21px;"> </span><b style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; line-height: 21px;"> Witchaphon Polmag</b></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"> Website Blogger</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 21px;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: large; line-height: 21px;"><b>Portal:Thailand ค้นคว้าข้อมูล : ประเทศไทยและทั่วโลก</b></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b>Frequently searched topics : หัวข้อที่สืบค้นบ่อยครั้ง</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">*<b> <a href="http://thaionlinepaa.blogspot.com/2012/06/politics-of-thailand.html">Thai Politics</a></b> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">* </span><a href="http://thaionlinepaa.blogspot.com/2012/04/anthem-from-chess.html" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">National Assembly of Thailand or Parliament of Thailand</a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">* </span><a href="http://thaionlinepaa.blogspot.com/2012/03/categorypolitical-science.html" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="line-height: 19px;">The</span><span style="line-height: 19px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 19px;">Siamese Revolution of 1932</span></b></a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">* <a href="http://thaionlinepaa.blogspot.com/2012/04/statistics.html">1. List of Prime minister of Thailand<span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="694a3b83-d09b-4b6f-9600-19102648c1cd" id="a9d67700-29ab-48b4-9856-77b90b2eb855">(</span>Eng)</a> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">* </span><a href="http://thaionlinepaa.blogspot.com/2012/03/categorypublic-administration-from.html" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2<span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="694a3b83-d09b-4b6f-9600-19102648c1cd" id="faadb011-0a39-4555-932f-3ffe66944cbc">.</span>รายนามนายกรัฐมนตรีแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทย-ประวัติศาสตร์ไทย<span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="694a3b83-d09b-4b6f-9600-19102648c1cd" id="40d93fe8-e1ed-413c-a04a-5814797e293c">(</span>Thai language)</a><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Thailand">* Administrative division of Thailand</a> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">* </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">province in Thailand</a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">* </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ministries_of_Thailand" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of ministries of Thailand</a><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<b style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Related :</b><br />
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">* </span><a href="http://thaionlinepaa.blogspot.com/2012/05/categorypublic-administration.html" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Category<span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="7f66ba53-8a69-439d-837b-cd9b58c68fe0" id="fe97d3cf-14e9-487a-b964-d5a81404eded">:</span>Public administration</b></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">* </span><a href="http://thaionlinepaa.blogspot.com/2012/05/categorypolitical-science.html" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Category<span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="7f66ba53-8a69-439d-837b-cd9b58c68fe0" id="e334ac13-2b27-4827-ac7e-325153ce591d">:</span>Political science</b></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">*<b> </b></span><a href="http://thaionlinepaa.blogspot.com/2012/04/public-administration.html" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Public administration</b></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>* <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science">Political Science</a></b>*</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Business Administration</b></a> <span style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">or<b> </b></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Administration" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="7f66ba53-8a69-439d-837b-cd9b58c68fe0" id="c0b9aaae-0427-40c5-9a5a-5bb82f19df13">(</span>A of Biz<span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="7f66ba53-8a69-439d-837b-cd9b58c68fe0" id="38d03885-b5a2-4043-9d0d-c1e27c56ba91">)</span></b></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -1px; text-align: center;">* </span><a href="http://www.academicearth.org/lectures/american-foreign-policy-in-historical-perspective" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -1px; text-align: center;">the world's top scholars.</a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -1px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; letter-spacing: -1px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">* <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States">List of Political Parties in America</a> </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -1px; text-align: center;">* </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_country" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -1px; text-align: center;">List of Political Parties by Country</a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -1px; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -1px; text-align: center;">* </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -1px; text-align: center;">Portal : Asia</a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -1px; text-align: center;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Asia" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -1px; text-align: center;">Economic of Asia</a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -1px; text-align: center;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN_Economic_Community" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; letter-spacing: -1px; text-align: center;"><b>Association of Southeast Asian Nations</b></a><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"><u>Top Hit</u></span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"><u><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" target="_blank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a></u></span></b></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.aiib.org/" target="_blank"><img alt="http://www.aiib.org/ ธนาคารเพื่อการลงทุนโครงสร้างพื้นฐานเอเชีย (Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank) หรือ เอไอไอบี (AIIB) คือสถาบันการเงินในระดับระหว่างประเทศที่รัฐบาลจีนเป็นผู้ริเริ่ม มีวัตถุประสงค์หลักในการเสนอความช่วยเหลือด้านการเงินและแหล่งเงินทุนทางเลือกให้แก่ประเทศต่างๆ ในภูมิภาคเอเชีย เพื่อนำไปลงทุนในการพัฒนาโครงสร้างพื้นฐานที่สำคัญ" border="0" height="56" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhqDprhQzhfgu_0PPQaeCN-VK4yHsao12pJWejFnbsY-o6j_uAFFmbLW5Y5PweuZapKeNhPqyElrgj7Tjk6nca6dvhLIKtWu6AivPRdWRzU7H0MT08HIevo9wXFEe6OVNK_AEM6NkHC8rq/s320/AIIB.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> ธนาคารเพื่อการลงทุนโครงสร้างพื้นฐานเอเชีย <a href="http://www.aiib.org/" target="_blank">(Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank)</a> หรือ <a href="http://www.aiib.org/" target="_blank">เอไอไอบี (AIIB)</a> คือสถาบันการเงินในระดับระหว่างประเทศที่รัฐบาลจีนเป็นผู้ริเริ่ม มีวัตถุประสงค์หลักในการเสนอความช่วยเหลือด้านการเงินและแหล่งเงินทุนทางเลือกให้แก่ประเทศต่างๆ ในภูมิภาคเอเชีย เพื่อนำไปลงทุนในการพัฒนาโครงสร้างพื้นฐานที่สำคัญ </span><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.aiib.org/">http://www.aiib.org/</a></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL0VerN0mGlk1g900enflXtRr-53Fd4WcbvHjN5BY7ndA2AyoxxcrC-ejqHMfzXvX6hyphenhyphenfwasA0buoe1sT9oV5GPhJ0sbIB0hnsWm9AAF4qUv_VShMAjFFoQ03IyfF_xMezyDAXVai3BuW8/s1600/2015-10-30_2-55-42.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL0VerN0mGlk1g900enflXtRr-53Fd4WcbvHjN5BY7ndA2AyoxxcrC-ejqHMfzXvX6hyphenhyphenfwasA0buoe1sT9oV5GPhJ0sbIB0hnsWm9AAF4qUv_VShMAjFFoQ03IyfF_xMezyDAXVai3BuW8/s1600/2015-10-30_2-55-42.png" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Thailand#mw-head" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Thailand#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; line-height: 19px;">
<table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background-color: #ccddee; border: 1px solid red;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="55%"><div class="hlist" id="browsebar" style="margin: -3px auto 0.2em; text-align: center;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Wikipedia portals</a>:</li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#Culture_and_the_arts" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Culture</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#Geography_and_places" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Geography</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#Health_and_fitness" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Health</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#History_and_events" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">History</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#Mathematics_and_logic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Mathematics</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#Natural_and_physical_sciences" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Natural sciences</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#People_and_self" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">People</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#Philosophy_and_thinking" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Philosophy</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#Religion_and_belief_systems" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Religion</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Society</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">Technology</a></li>
</span></ul>
</div>
<div style="float: right; width: 810px;">
<div style="background-color: #aaccff; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: both; color: white; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0.1em; text-align: center;">
<div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Thailand/Intro&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="31eebcf3-5839-4d3c-bf88-7450f2303c43" id="596b8244-b665-4c69-91da-43a2d550cc5d">edit</span></span></a> </span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: currentColor; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 0.1em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.B8.AA.E0.B8.96.E0.B8.B2.E0.B8.99.E0.B8.B5.E0.B8.A2.E0.B9.88.E0.B8.AD.E0.B8.A2.E0.B8.9B.E0.B8.A3.E0.B8.B0.E0.B9.80.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.A8.E0.B9.84.E0.B8.97.E0.B8.A2.2FThe_Thailand_Portal"><big><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">สถานีย่อยประเทศไทย/The Thailand Portal</span></big></span></h2>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px 0px 10px; opacity: 1; padding: 0.3em 1em 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<div class="floatright" style="border: 0px currentColor; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em; position: relative;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thailand_portal_by_Melanochromis.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Portal:thailand" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Thailand_portal_by_Melanochromis.jpg/100px-Thailand_portal_by_Melanochromis.jpg" height="58" style="border: currentColor; vertical-align: middle;" width="100" /></span></a></div>
<div class="floatleft" style="border: 0px currentColor; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; position: relative;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LocationThailand.svg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="LocationThailand.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/LocationThailand.svg/150px-LocationThailand.svg.png" height="75" style="border: currentColor; vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></span></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Kingdom of <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_alphabet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai alphabet">Thai</a>: ราชอาณาจักรไทย) is a country in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. The country traces its origin to the <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a></b> founded in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1238" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1238">1238</a> and its <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="d08409d1-3061-4996-8464-98acc50e4acb" id="ba24b991-4cd7-4fa2-bae8-bd8befba527c">successive<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a></b></span><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom"></a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom"></a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom"></a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom"></a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom"> Kingdom</a></b>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="920931b3-80e3-4a08-ac3e-516e59c477c2" id="d6a041db-e611-443e-809a-bfb7a2f281b7">heart-land</span> of the country is the <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_Phraya" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chao Phraya">Chao Phraya</a></b> plain around its capital <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></b>. It has a coast to both <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="8a6921d2-fe07-41bf-a002-3fd0820c894c" id="b4147f9f-4743-4285-8c00-4baca4c33a64">the<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf</a></b></span><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gulf of Thailand"></a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gulf of Thailand"></a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gulf of Thailand"></a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gulf of Thailand"></a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gulf of Thailand"> of Thailand</a></b> as well as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Sea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a>, bordering the countries <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> to the south, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> to the west and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambodia"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambodia"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambodia"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambodia"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambodia"></a><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="8a6921d2-fe07-41bf-a002-3fd0820c894c" id="c5f4fc49-903d-4093-96c4-3bc22dcf6d64"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>to</span> the east.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Thai political system is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional Monarchy">Constitutional Monarchy</a> with HM King <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a></b> as the head of the state and <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingluck_Shinawatra">Yingluck Chinawatra</a></b> as the <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of prime ministers of Thailand">prime minister</a></b>. With a population of more than 60 million, Thailand's <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="GDP">GDP</a> is ranked <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">21st</a> in the world. The people speak <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai language">Thai</a></b> and the overwhelming majority are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhists" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> tradition.</span></div>
<div class="noprint" style="margin: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align: right;">
<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">More about Thailand ...</span></a></b></div>
<div style="clear: both;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="float: left; width: 486px;">
<div style="background-color: #aaccff; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: both; color: white; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0.1em; text-align: center;">
<div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Thailand/Selected_article/January_2007&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="3115c9dc-c4f1-4e6f-9777-f4b9ee10c1de" id="78f967d3-bcf2-4493-9da2-e14d03df23d0">edit</span></span></a> </span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: currentColor; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 0.1em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Selected_article"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Selected article</span></i></span></h2>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px 0px 10px; opacity: 1; padding: 0.3em 1em 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<div style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Souththailandmap.GIF" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The southern provinces of Thailand showing the Malay-Muslim majority areas"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="The southern provinces of Thailand showing the Malay-Muslim majority areas" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Souththailandmap.GIF/230px-Souththailandmap.GIF" height="157" style="border: currentColor; vertical-align: middle;" width="230" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></b> is <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="a70c0e57-8db9-40fd-99ec-b5c2969d6b3f" id="51436b8d-72a3-4052-b16e-e55c401508e4">a<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatist" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Separatist">separatist</a></span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatist" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Separatist"></a><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatist" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Separatist"></a><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatist" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Separatist"></a><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatist" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Separatist"></a><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatist" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Separatist"></a> campaign which took place in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattani_%28region%29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pattani (region)">Pattani region</a>, the three southernmost provinces of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, with violence increasingly spilling over into neighboring provinces and threatening to extend up to the national capital in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>. A long series of conflicts has resulted in over 2,500 deaths in the past decade, with more than 2,300 occurring since an escalation of violence in January of 2004.</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In July <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2005">2005</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Prime Ministers of Thailand">Prime Minister</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a> assumed wide-ranging emergency powers to deal with the insurgency. <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="6d9a5245-9562-43d0-80b0-1df8d04f150c" id="4e459baf-8439-46f3-8a48-02ede3934eac">In</span> September 2006, Army Commander <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonthi_Boonyaratkalin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sonthi Boonyaratkalin">Sonthi Boonyaratkalin</a> was granted <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="6d9a5245-9562-43d0-80b0-1df8d04f150c" id="939bbfce-fe8a-444a-863b-db21451984af">extraordinary increase</span> in executive powers to combat the unrest. On September 19, Sonthi and the Thai military seized power from Thaksin. Despite <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="98d71b2d-a309-446a-b376-5a3d664c4805" id="03b90d6f-d584-4a0d-b40d-f4a099162625">reconciliatory</span> gestures from the junta, the insurgency continued.</span></div>
<table border="0" class="noprint" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div style="text-align: left;">
<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Thailand/Selected_article" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Thailand/Selected article"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">...Archive</span></a></b></div>
</td><td><div style="margin-bottom: 4px; margin-right: 10px; text-align: right;">
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="South Thailand insurgency"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Read more...</span></a></b></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<small><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Thailand/randomization_enabled_version" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Thailand/randomization enabled version"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Show a random article</span></a></b></small></div>
<div class="noprint" style="margin: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align: right;">
</div>
<div style="clear: both;">
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #aaccff; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: both; color: white; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0.1em; text-align: center;">
<div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Thailand/Selected_picture&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="87e9d559-7e20-4aaa-8651-7cc103af7a03" id="3d559e73-5339-4313-9a76-125fffea00b0">edit</span></span></a> </span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: currentColor; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 0.1em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Selected_picture"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Selected picture</span></i></span></h2>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px 0px 10px; opacity: 1; padding: 0.3em 1em 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://thai.tourismthailand.org/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="128" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigkAAUTDxjuJOC3BagOGDWlXE3JAFFuYqmHQOnGw37SmVr0Ree9V6sah1kBSUKGmNGDUJbCOuIYm6PH3p9Pb9z99TPn7mQuBo5MAyNK5qL4jXqGtSGv20cY8YvoBIWfR_0sYEWBDEDWuAu/s320/saq.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://thai.tourismthailand.org/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.aseanconsumer.org/" target="_blank"><br /></a> </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="http://www.aseanconsumer.org/" target="_blank"><img border="0" height="99" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx9ozzFGxcKLu-KMKtFTc7JSgfCdyrxyEgueAiPmpcXaYVUet4FzJjJD_xvbSUwNxukPi4WKOo3xuL6bG_55AnF8PROkzhWuh-VneVm0aJ3w0k1MW8oSA1UJIViBGQiPxX_4D-__9cqONO/s320/ACCP+__+Consumer+Redress.png" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><a href="http://www.aseanconsumer.org/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Claims and Complaints for ASEAN Consumers</span></a></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<center>
<div class="center" style="width: 460px;">
<div class="floatnone" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Lumphini_Park.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Aerial view of Lumphini Park.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Aerial_view_of_Lumphini_Park.jpg/340px-Aerial_view_of_Lumphini_Park.jpg" height="230" style="border: currentColor; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; vertical-align: middle;" width="340" /></span></a></div>
</div>
</center>
<center>
<small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Credit: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Terence_Ong" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="User:Terence Ong">User<span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="5fc5acda-3c45-42a5-8b38-525af082cf96" id="18d1d4d4-34e1-4277-b5dc-ed9e82dc7d2c">:</span>Terence Ong</a></span></small></center>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Aerial view of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumphini_Park" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lumphini Park">Lumphini Park</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="be68a540-78c2-473d-a855-c7af02beb578" id="337063fd-2976-47cd-ab94-80e9a1d1f7ee">taken</span> from The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusit_Thani_Hotel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dusit Thani Hotel">Dusit Thani Hotel</a>.</span></div>
<table border="0" class="noprint" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div style="text-align: left;">
<small><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Thailand/Selected_picture/Archive" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Thailand/Selected picture/Archive"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">...Archive</span></a></b></small></div>
</td><td><div style="text-align: right;">
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<small><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumphini_Park" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lumphini Park"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Read more...</span></a></b></small></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="noprint" style="margin: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align: right;">
</div>
<div style="clear: both;">
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #aaccff; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: both; color: white; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0.1em; text-align: center;">
<div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Thailand/Selected_list&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="0e2b4198-c742-490b-997d-1f8b585e6ae7" id="2aca17e7-f233-4e8b-a004-a40d834e6c83">edit</span></span></a> </span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: currentColor; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 0.1em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Selected_list"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Selected list</span></i></span></h2>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px 0px 10px; opacity: 1; padding: 0.3em 1em 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of birds of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of birds of Thailand</span></a></b></div>
<div class="floatright" style="border: 0px currentColor; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em; position: relative;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Painted_stork_foraging.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Painted stork foraging.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Painted_stork_foraging.jpg/222px-Painted_stork_foraging.jpg" height="148" style="border: currentColor; vertical-align: middle;" width="222" /></span></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Thailand is home to 982 species of birds that have been recorded in the wild, of which three are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism_in_birds" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Endemism in birds">endemic</a>, one has <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="752b08d1-3c4a-414d-9b04-1d22a18379b3" id="61162f14-0b5e-4ec7-acf8-fac02f364129">been<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Introduced species">introduced</a></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Introduced species"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Introduced species"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Introduced species"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Introduced species"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Introduced species"></a> by humans, and 45 are rare or accidental. Seven species listed <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="59de8a19-4bf2-47b7-9202-8dbecbf5ed93" id="d8c1a9a7-7010-43c5-a888-993d80d259c5">are<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extirpation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Extirpation">extirpated</a></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extirpation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Extirpation"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extirpation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Extirpation"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extirpation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Extirpation"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extirpation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Extirpation"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extirpation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Extirpation"></a> in Thailand and are not included in the species count. Forty-nine species are globally threatened.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In 1991, it was estimated that 159 <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="ccd99d6f-b68f-430d-ad35-fadfa0c24a54" id="37eb06ae-44b7-42fd-a19c-c153414127d1">resident</span> and 23 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bird migration">migratory</a> species were endangered or vulnerable, due to forest clearance, illegal logging, hunting, and habitat degradation, especially in the lowlands. Those species most affected are large water birds, whose wetland habitat is lost to agriculture, and forest species, where deforestation for agriculture and logging have removed or degraded the woodlands.</span></div>
<table border="0" class="noprint" style="background-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div style="text-align: left;">
<small><b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Thailand/Selected_list/Archive" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Thailand/Selected list/Archive">...Archive</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thailand-related_lists" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thailand-related lists">...More lists</a></span></b></small></div>
</td><td><div style="text-align: right;">
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<small><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of birds of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Read more...</span></a></b></small></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="noprint" style="margin: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align: right;">
</div>
<div style="clear: both;">
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #aaccff; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: both; color: white; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0.1em; text-align: center;">
<div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Thailand/Categories&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="3f05a22f-0a5a-4eb7-9118-68ace967f58e" id="b238e631-1888-4b8b-b8ed-10b8ccb43cd9">edit</span></span></a> </span></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px 0px 10px; opacity: 1; padding: 0.3em 1em 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<div style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 3pt; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 21.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 3pt; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Category:Southeast Asian countries</b></span><span style="font-size: 21.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<table align="right" border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: #F9F9F9; border: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-left: right; mso-table-lspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-overlap: never; mso-table-rspace: 9.0pt; mso-table-top: 6.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 238px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: none; padding: 1.5pt 0cm 1.5pt 10.8pt;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: 6.4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe"
filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
</v:formulas>
<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png"
style='width:22.5pt;height:30pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png"
o:title="30px-Commons-logo.svg"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" height="40" src="file:///C:\Users\ADMINI~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="30" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 3.0pt 10.8pt 3.0pt 10.8pt; width: 125.15pt;" width="167"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-left: right; mso-element-top: 6.4pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-size: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <b><i><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Southeast_Asia" title="commons:Category:Countries in Southeast Asia"><span style="color: #663366;">Southeast Asian countries</span></a></i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="border-bottom: solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #AAAAAA .75pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin: 12pt 0cm 3pt; padding: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pages in category "Southeast Asian countries"<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: #252525;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The following 11 pages are in this category, out of 11 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date.3F" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization"><span style="color: #0b0080;">learn more</span></a>).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #0645ad;">►</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Brunei</span></a></span><b><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #0645ad;">►</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Cambodia</span></a></span><b><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #0645ad;">►</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor"><span style="color: #0b0080;">East Timor</span></a></span><b><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #0645ad;">►</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Indonesia</span></a></span><b><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #0645ad;">►</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Laos</span></a></span><b><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #0645ad;">►</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Malaysia</span></a></span><b><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #0645ad;">►</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Philippines</span></a></span><b><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #0645ad;">►</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Singapore</span></a></span><b><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #0645ad;">►</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Thailand</span></a></span><b><span lang="EN"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #0645ad;">►</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #252525;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><span style="color: #0b0080;">Vietnam</span></a></span></span><b style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 3.6pt 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: currentColor; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 0.1em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Categories"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;">Categories</span></i></span></h2>
<br />
<center>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thailand">Thailand</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bangkok" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Bangkok">Bangkok</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Thailand">Buildings and structures in Thailand</a> • <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Cities_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Cities in Thailand (page does not exist)">Cities in Thailand</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thai_culture" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thai culture">Thai culture</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Economy of Thailand">Economy of Thailand</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Education_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Education in Thailand">Education in Thailand</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Geography of Thailand">Geography of Thailand</a> <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="50474d81-913a-4d5b-b1a2-7d7dd8c10789" id="dd7391eb-f78d-4e78-a0b9-80a55c8d64d9">•</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:History of Thailand">History of Thailand</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Isan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Isan">Isan</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thai_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thai law">Thai law</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thai_media" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thai media">Thai media</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thai_monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thai monarchy">Thai monarchy</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chakri_Dynasty" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Chakri Dynasty">Chakri Dynasty</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thai_people" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thai people">Thai people</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thailand-related_lists" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thailand-related lists">Thailand-related lists</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Government_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Government of Thailand">Politics and government of Thailand</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Provinces_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Provinces of Thailand">Provinces of Thailand</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Religion in Thailand">Religion in Thailand</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Science and technology in Thailand">Science and technology in Thailand</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thai_society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thai society">Thai society</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Sport in Thailand">Sport in Thailand</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Tourism_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Tourism in Thailand">Tourism in Thailand</a> • <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Transportation_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Transportation in Thailand (page does not exist)">Transportation in Thailand</a></span>
<div class="noprint" style="margin: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align: right;">
</div>
<div style="clear: both;">
</div>
</center>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #aaccff; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: both; color: white; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0.1em; text-align: center;">
<div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Thailand/WikiProjects&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="8d687fcb-7261-46cb-b7ac-98dbe8598369" id="94165bef-0a69-4518-8ac2-c903fd58acdd">edit</span></span></a> </span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: currentColor; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 0.1em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="WikiProjects"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="99212f07-5c8b-4c71-823f-aad164b314af" id="b9841ed7-0541-455f-b101-5eafb4fa1dbf">WikiProjects</span></span></i></span></h2>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px 0px 10px; opacity: 1; padding: 0.3em 1em 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Currently active is the <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="c8f3c06b-01ad-4ad1-8b6a-1ddc2ece33d8" id="b2551aed-5e01-4657-8fff-28871d017fb5">Wikiproject</span> <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Thai_districts" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Thai districts">Thai districts</a></b>, targeting to give all of <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="c8f3c06b-01ad-4ad1-8b6a-1ddc2ece33d8" id="47470bfc-c166-4988-9b93-b0b8c063354f">the<i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amphoe">Amphoe</a></b></i></span><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amphoe"></a></b></i><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amphoe"></a></b></i><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amphoe"></a></b></i><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amphoe"></a></b></i><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amphoe"></a></b></i>, <i><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Amphoe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King Amphoe">King Amphoe</a></b></i> and <i><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Bangkok" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Districts of Bangkok">Khet</a></b></i> an article.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">More or less finished is <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Thai_provinces" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Thai provinces">Thai provinces</a></b>, but as usual the articles can still be further enlarged.</span></div>
<div class="noprint" style="margin: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align: right;">
</div>
<div style="clear: both;">
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #aaccff; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: both; color: white; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0.1em; text-align: center;">
<div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Thailand/Things_you_can_do&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="1cb2124f-15b5-4283-bab7-96d49242b621" id="ee954e1a-8425-4649-82ee-c0bcf57a2922">edit</span></span></a> </span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: currentColor; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 0.1em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Things_you_can_do"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Things you can do</span></i></span></h2>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px 0px 10px; opacity: 1; padding: 0.3em 1em 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Enlarge the articles listed in <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thailand_stubs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thailand stubs">Thailand-related stub</a></b>, <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thai_people_stubs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thai people stubs">Thai biography </a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thai_people_stubs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thai people stubs"></a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thai_people_stubs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thai people stubs"></a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thai_people_stubs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thai people stubs"></a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thai_people_stubs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thai people stubs"></a></b><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="12249fef-4536-40f0-9d6f-635c094db5e7" id="3735776d-a5cf-4206-a589-cfa347b2d034"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thai_people_stubs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thai people stubs">stubs</a></b>or</span> <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thailand_geography_stubs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thailand geography stubs"><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="12249fef-4536-40f0-9d6f-635c094db5e7" id="21203688-614e-432b-b50d-e7c9ca680ed4">geographical</span> stubs</a></b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List new articles <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="49de34e4-2839-4adb-b411-d9d48d828561" id="3ea0a147-7467-44ab-b0eb-b935d358aa0e">or</span> not yet listed in <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thailand-related_topics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Thailand-related topics">List of Thailand-related topics</a></b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Check out the <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Thailand-related_topics_notice_board" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Thailand-related topics notice board">Thailand-related topics notice board</a></b></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="noprint" style="margin: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align: right;">
</div>
<div style="clear: both;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="float: right; width: 316px;">
<div style="background-color: #aaccff; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: both; color: white; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0.1em; text-align: center;">
<div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Thailand/Thailand_news&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="3f05b97b-034c-4b56-ade1-33d609c71acd" id="8bc0c7e7-e1df-415b-9682-3b69c61014e3">edit</span></span></a> </span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: currentColor; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 0.1em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Thailand_news"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Thailand news</span></i></span></h2>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px 0px 10px; opacity: 1; padding: 0.3em 1em 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">January</span></b></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Southeast_Asia/January_2008#2008_January_28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Southeast Asia/January 2008">28</a></b>: <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Power_Party_%28Thailand%29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Power Party (Thailand)">People's Power Party</a></b> leader <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samak_Sundaravej" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Samak Sundaravej">Samak Sundaravej</a></b> is named <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Prime Ministers of Thailand">prime minister of Thailand</a></b> in a 310-163 vote by the <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Assembly of Thailand">National Assembly</a></b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Southeast_Asia/January_2008#2008_January_21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Southeast Asia/January 2008">21</a></b>: The <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Assembly of Thailand">National Assembly of Thailand</a></b>convenes for the first time since the <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">2006 coup d'état</a></b>. The majority of seats are held by <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="445272c8-7d25-41e8-8c56-a7cfc4eed981" id="fdbb7139-cab6-40bc-9422-69be16d32865">the<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Power_Party_%28Thailand%29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Power Party (Thailand)">People's</a></b></span><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Power_Party_%28Thailand%29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Power Party (Thailand)"></a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Power_Party_%28Thailand%29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Power Party (Thailand)"></a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Power_Party_%28Thailand%29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Power Party (Thailand)"></a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Power_Party_%28Thailand%29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Power Party (Thailand)"></a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Power_Party_%28Thailand%29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Power Party (Thailand)"> Power Party</a></b>, which is allied with ousted former prime minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a>. It has formed a coalition government with five smaller parties.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Southeast_Asia/January_2008#2008_January_14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Southeast Asia/January 2008">14</a></b>: <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></b>: Eight soldiers are killed when their vehicle is hit by a roadside bomb in <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoe_Chanae" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amphoe Chanae">Chanae</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narathiwat_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Narathiwat Province">Narathiwat</a></b>. One soldier is beheaded.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Southeast_Asia/January_2008#2008_January_14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Southeast Asia/January 2008">14</a></b>: Television station <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TITV" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="TITV">TITV</a></b> is closed. The channel will become a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_broadcasting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public broadcasting">public </a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_broadcasting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public broadcasting"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_broadcasting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public broadcasting"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_broadcasting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public broadcasting"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_broadcasting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public broadcasting"></a><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="c2de4638-284f-4b23-bbaa-c7ef0216ce70" id="026acdde-ee74-4b1a-8993-203756af4e78"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_broadcasting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public broadcasting">broadcasting</a>station</span> as part of the Thai Public Broadcasting Service Act. In the interim, commercial-free programming will be provided by <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of television stations in Thailand">Channel 11</a></b>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Southeast_Asia/January_2008#2008_January_2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Southeast Asia/January 2008">2</a></b>: Her Royal Highness Princess <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galyani_Vadhana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Galyani Vadhana">Galyani Vadhana</a></b> <i>(pictured)</i> dies at age 84. She had been treated cancer since June 15 at <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siriraj_Hospital" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Siriraj Hospital">Siriraj Hospital</a></b>. Government workers are ordered to wear <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black#Usage.2C_symbolism.2C_colloquial_expressions" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black">black</a> for a 15-day mourning period. The palace will observe a 100-day mourning period.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">December 2007</span></b></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Southeast_Asia/December_2007#2007_December_31" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Southeast Asia/December 2007">31</a></b>: <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a>:</b> Three men are arrested in a series of blasts at two hotels and a disco in <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoe_Su-ngai_Kolok" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amphoe Su-ngai Kolok">Amphoe Su-<span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="97b436b1-945e-49ff-9cff-fa84e5524ec3" id="3e23c9b0-9a10-4a69-9001-6097d7c3f03e">ngai</span> Kolok</a></b><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="97b436b1-945e-49ff-9cff-fa84e5524ec3" id="11a84509-02cd-49ab-8058-b8bedceaad27">,</span><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narathiwat_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Narathiwat Province">Narathiwat</a></b>. At least 58 people are injured.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.portal.tailandiapara.com/" rel="nofollow">[1]</a>] ([[<span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="87f9ee2f-b65b-4855-9b2f-2288d9820cc0" id="46cdeaea-51bc-4bc3-8e19-5870644121c2">:</span>Página do Portal Tailândia|]])</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Southeast_Asia/December_2007#2007_December_29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Southeast Asia/December 2007">29</a></b>: <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_national_football_team" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand national football team">Thailand</a></b> wins the 38th <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Cup" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King's Cup">King's Cup</a></b>, defeating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_national_football_team" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iraq national football team">Iraq</a> 1-0.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Southeast_Asia/December_2007#2007_December_23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Southeast Asia/December 2007">23</a></b>: The <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Party_%28Thailand%29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People Power Party (Thailand)">People Power Party</a></b>, led by <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samak_Sundaravej" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Samak Sundaravej">Samak Sundaravej</a></b>, wins a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_%28voting%29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a> in the <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_general_election,_2007" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai general election, 2007">general election</a></b>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Southeast_Asia/December_2007#2007_December_21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Southeast Asia/December 2007">21</a></b>: A bridge is opened on the <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia-Thailand_border" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia-Thailand border">Malaysia-Thailand border</a></b> between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukit_Bunga" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bukit Bunga">Bukit Bunga</a><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="a9b184c5-b85e-41b5-a692-9193377df32c" id="06a813e4-5815-4a8d-a541-b89480568a7b">,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a> and <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Buketa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ban Buketa">Ban Buketa</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoe_Waeng" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amphoe Waeng">Amphoe Waeng</a><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="a9b184c5-b85e-41b5-a692-9193377df32c" id="54c8adb2-50cb-4928-82b5-3eb3a2bbc1ad">,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narathiwat_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Narathiwat Province">Narathiwat</a></b>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Southeast_Asia/December_2007#2007_December_20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Southeast Asia/December 2007">20</a></b>: The <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_National_Security" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Council for National Security">junta</a></b>-appointed <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Assembly of Thailand">National Legislative Assembly</a></b> passes a measure giving increased powers to the military's <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Security_Operations_Command" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internal Security Operations Command">Internal Security Operations Command</a></b>.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Thailand/Thailand_news/Archive" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Thailand/Thailand news/Archive">Archive...</a></b> | <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/Southeast_Asia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Current events/Southeast Asia">More current events...</a> | <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:Portal:Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="wikinews:en:Portal:Thailand">Current events</a> on <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="wikinews:en">Wikinews</a></b></span></div>
<div class="noprint" style="margin: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align: right;">
</div>
<div style="clear: both;">
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #aaccff; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: both; color: white; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0.1em; text-align: center;">
<div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Thailand/Did_you_know&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="100b911d-4cb1-4a19-b331-af367a294cf6" id="cfdaff30-4427-41e3-a660-6ce837170b8b">edit</span></span></a> </span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: currentColor; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 0.1em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Did_you_know..."><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Did you know...</span></i></span></h2>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px 0px 10px; opacity: 1; padding: 0.3em 1em 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<div class="floatright" style="border: 0px currentColor; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em; position: relative;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opisthorchis_viverrini_3.png" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Opisthorchis viverrini 3.png" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Opisthorchis_viverrini_3.png/29px-Opisthorchis_viverrini_3.png" height="90" style="border: currentColor; vertical-align: middle;" width="29" /></span></a></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">... <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="219c90c0-6ea0-4069-976a-775cc789dfd9" id="0c2276dc-1499-4dea-9f44-48b22d39f4a2">that</span> about 6 million people are infected with <i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthorchis_viverrini" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Opisthorchis viverrini">Opisthorchis viverrini</a></b></i> <i>(pictured)</i> in Thailand?</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">... <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="628e8f09-7499-46f4-b715-a94abd3c97d5" id="4a137c2f-a672-4af2-b293-02e575da5e0f">that</span> the <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Bangkok_International_Film_Festival" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2003 Bangkok International Film Festival">2003 Bangkok International Film Festival</a></b> hosted the world premiere of <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong-Bak" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ong-Bak">Ong-Bak</a></i>, the lead-acting debut by Thai action star <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Jaa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tony Jaa">Tony Jaa</a>?</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="floatright" style="border: 0px currentColor; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em; position: relative;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thail%C3%A4ndische_Sch%C3%BCler_in_Pfadfinderkluft.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Thailändische Schüler in Pfadfinderkluft.JPG" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thail%C3%A4ndische_Sch%C3%BCler_in_Pfadfinderkluft.JPG/124px-Thail%C3%A4ndische_Sch%C3%BCler_in_Pfadfinderkluft.JPG" height="90" style="border: currentColor; vertical-align: middle;" width="124" /></span></a></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">... <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="98d1c64b-917c-4bca-94a9-3e56e6cd5925" id="34efe49e-147a-4fdf-97d8-6e86acb1b8ee">that</span> <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Scout_Organization_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The National Scout Organization of Thailand">Scouting in Thailand</a></b> <i>(Scouts pictured)</i> was introduced on July 1, 1911 by King<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajiravudh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vajiravudh">Vajiravudh</a>, who is known as the "Father of Thai Scouting"?</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">... <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="ec944867-6162-4338-8d4e-6fd5eceb61b5" id="59bebba6-12f5-428d-be27-90966707e8b4">that</span> the <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Christ_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Church of Christ in Thailand">Church of Christ in Thailand</a></b> is the largest <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Christianity">Christian</a> denomination in Thailand?</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="floatright" style="border: 0px currentColor; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em; position: relative;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wat_Rong_Khun_2006.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Wat Rong Khun 2006.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wat_Rong_Khun_2006.jpg/127px-Wat_Rong_Khun_2006.jpg" height="90" style="border: currentColor; vertical-align: middle;" width="127" /></span></a></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">... <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="9c0caa12-4bb2-45a6-991c-a97fb00b41d3" id="147af364-5f9c-494d-8f19-f5e19e6f344a">that</span> <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="9c0caa12-4bb2-45a6-991c-a97fb00b41d3" id="ea215dab-e6c9-435b-ba58-975d42a69a96">painter<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalermchai_Kositpipat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chalermchai Kositpipat">Chalermchai</a></b></span><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalermchai_Kositpipat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chalermchai Kositpipat"></a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalermchai_Kositpipat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chalermchai Kositpipat"></a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalermchai_Kositpipat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chalermchai Kositpipat"></a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalermchai_Kositpipat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chalermchai Kositpipat"></a></b><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalermchai_Kositpipat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chalermchai Kositpipat"> Kositpipat</a></b> is the designer of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Rong_Khun" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wat Rong Khun"><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="9c0caa12-4bb2-45a6-991c-a97fb00b41d3" id="9809a0ae-50da-4dbc-8c91-886637163648">Wat</span> Rong Khun</a> <i>(pictured)</i> <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="9c0caa12-4bb2-45a6-991c-a97fb00b41d3" id="f7632e44-33cc-4183-b601-0d056979d4a0">in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Rai_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chiang Rai Province">Chiang</a></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Rai_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chiang Rai Province"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Rai_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chiang Rai Province"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Rai_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chiang Rai Province"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Rai_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chiang Rai Province"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Rai_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chiang Rai Province"> Rai Province</a>, on which construction was started in 1997 and is not expected to be completed in his lifetime?</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">... <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="995918d3-cb7f-46dc-a0f9-656d6c107479" id="ff842bca-8c70-4206-8afa-1b471e8c799d">that</span> the wildly popular <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatukham_Rammathep" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jatukham Rammathep">Jatukham Rammathep</a></b> amulet was created by a policeman in 1987 who believed the amulet's spirit helped him solve a murder case?</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">... <span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="b75acd8a-2b94-4528-b812-6c2c3a56bc19" id="080e6abc-8bd4-438f-8926-d7da79efc352">that</span> the neighborhood <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phahurat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phahurat">Phahurat</a></b>, before it became <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_India_%28location%29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Little India (location)">Little India</a>, was an enclave of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_people" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> immigrants until a fire burned it down in 1898?</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<small><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Thailand/Did_you_know/Archive" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Thailand/Did you know/Archive"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Archive...</span></a></b></small></div>
<div class="noprint" style="margin: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align: right;">
</div>
<div style="clear: both;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="float: right; width: 810px;">
<div style="background-color: #aaccff; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: both; color: white; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0.1em; text-align: center;">
<div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Thailand_topics&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="f9c1dc4f-7e12-46b3-8b94-0490568b3305" id="3981066a-59dd-42b1-b23b-3789685196ee">edit</span></span></a> </span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: currentColor; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 0.1em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Thailand.2Ftopics"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Thailand/topics</span></i></span></h2>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px 0px 10px; opacity: 1; padding: 0.3em 1em 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<table style="background-color: transparent;"><tbody>
<tr align="center"><th align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of Thailand">History</a>:</span></th><td align="left" valign="top"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakri_Dynasty" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chakri Dynasty">Chakri Dynasty</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitution of Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_history_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Early history of Thailand">Early history of Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_of_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_on_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Thailand">Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Thailand</a><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="d45bbcd7-115b-45d1-8ca5-943c46914e62" id="0543d99e-c28d-4c01-b9f4-307f324d0821">,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hariphunchai" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hariphunchai">Hariphunchai</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thailand_%281768-1932%29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of Thailand (1768-1932)">History of Thailand (1768-1932)</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thailand_%281932-1973%29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of Thailand (1932-1973)">History of Thailand (1932-1973)</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thailand_since_1973" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of Thailand since 1973">History of Thailand since 1973</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanna" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lanna">Lanna</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat kingdom">Nakhon Si Thammarat kingdom</a><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="d45bbcd7-115b-45d1-8ca5-943c46914e62" id="d44e8763-4b7b-4406-8ce2-e1e2995268be">,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pattani Kingdom">Pattani Kingdom</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaek_Pibulsonggram" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plaek Pibulsonggram">Plaek Pibulsonggram</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridi_Phanomyong" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pridi Phanomyong">Pridi Phanomyong</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarit_Dhanarajata" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sarit Dhanarajata">Sarit Dhanarajata</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1932" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Siamese coup d'état of 1932">Siamese coup d'état of 1932</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politics of Thailand">Politics</a>:</span></th><td align="left" valign="top"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1997 Constitution of Thailand">1997 Constitution of Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Interim_Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2006 Interim Constitution of Thailand">2006 Interim Constitution of Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Administrative divisions of Thailand">Administrative divisions of Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cabinet of Thailand">Cabinet of Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitution of Thailand</a><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="8dd71509-3024-4e5b-8636-e0e78a393e3d" id="a952bc38-013f-4143-a1e3-b67789e3ddd7">,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional Court of Thailand">Constitutional Court of Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Foreign relations of Thailand">Foreign relations of Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Assembly of Thailand">National Assembly of Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">People's Alliance for Democracy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonthi_Boonyaratglin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sonthi Boonyaratglin">Sonthi Boonyaratglin</a><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="8dd71509-3024-4e5b-8636-e0e78a393e3d" id="5a18c31b-42d0-4bf6-b11b-c1bdf8ffd3f2">,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridiyathorn_Devakula" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pridiyathorn Devakula">Pridiyathorn Devakula</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prem_Tinsulanonda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prem Tinsulanonda">Prem Tinsulanonda</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surayud_Chulanont" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Surayud Chulanont">Surayud Chulanont</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">2006 Thai coup d'état</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_2006_interim_civilian_government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai 2006 interim civilian government">Thai 2006 interim civilian government</a><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="8dd71509-3024-4e5b-8636-e0e78a393e3d" id="3513f026-fb53-4fed-bd68-199d76289d8a">,</span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Rak_Thai" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai Rak Thai">Thai Rak Thai</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samak_Sundaravej" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Samak Sundaravej">Samak Sundaravej</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Economy of Thailand">Economy</a>:</span></th><td align="left" valign="top"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Agriculture in Thailand">Agriculture in Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_baht" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai baht">Baht</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bank of Thailand">Bank of Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of banks in Thailand">List of banks in Thailand</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Crown_Property" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bureau of the Crown Property">Bureau of the Crown Property</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_Exchange_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stock Exchange of Thailand">Stock Exchange of Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvarnabhumi_Airport" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Suvarnabhumi Airport">Suvarnabhumi Airport</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Airways_International" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai Airways International">Thai Airways International</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaksinomics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thaksinomics">Thaksinomics</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tourism in Thailand">Tourism in Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Transport in Thailand">Transport in Thailand</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US-Thailand_Free_Trade_Agreement" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="US-Thailand Free Trade Agreement">US-Thailand Free Trade Agreement</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rail transport in Thailand">Rail transport in Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_motorway_network" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai motorway network">Thai motorway network</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Geography of Thailand">Geography</a>:</span></th><td align="left" valign="top"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Area" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Area">Bangkok Metropolitan Area</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chao Phraya River">Chao Phraya River</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Demographics of Thailand">Demographics of Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_Inthanon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Doi Inthanon">Doi Inthanon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khao_Lak" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Khao Lak">Khao Lak</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khao_Yai_National_Park" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Khao Yai National Park">Khao Yai National Park</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorat_Plateau" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Khorat Plateau">Khorat Plateau</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Chang" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ko Chang">Ko Chang</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Samet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ko Samet">Ko Samet</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Samui" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ko Samui">Ko Samui</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kra_Isthmus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kra Isthmus">Kra Isthmus</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwae_Noi_River" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Khwae Noi River">Kwai river</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mekong">Mekong</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patong_Beach" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Patong Beach">Patong Beach</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Phi_Islands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phi Phi Islands">Phi Phi Islands</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Pagodas_Pass" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Three Pagodas Pass">Three Pagodas Pass</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Provinces of Thailand">Provinces</a>:</span></th><td align="left" valign="top"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chiang Mai Province">Chiang Mai Province</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Rai_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chiang Rai Province">Chiang Rai Province</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chonburi_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chonburi Province">Chonburi Province</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchanaburi_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kanchanaburi Province">Kanchanaburi Province</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khon_Kaen_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Khon Kaen Province">Khon Kaen Province</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhon_Ratchasima_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nakhon Ratchasima Province">Nakhon Ratchasima Province</a><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="fabc8ffe-729e-43ab-a661-e255b314f46f" id="74323f64-c632-4688-a7e6-903a661a81ae">,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nakhon Si Thammarat Province">Nakhon Si Thammarat Province</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narathiwat_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Narathiwat Province">Narathiwat Province</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattani_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pattani Province">Pattani Province</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuket_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phuket Province">Phuket Province</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songkhla_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Songkhla Province">Songkhla Province</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubon_Ratchathani_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ubon Ratchathani Province">Ubon Ratchathani Province</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udon_Thani_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Udon Thani Province">Udon Thani Province</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yala_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yala Province">Yala Province</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Culture of Thailand">Culture</a>:</span></th><td align="left" valign="top"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_art" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai art">Thai art</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Buddhism in Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Buddhist temples in Thailand">Buddhist temples in Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cinema of Thailand">Cinema of Thailand</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cuisine of Thailand">Cuisine of Thailand</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dance of Thailand">Dance of Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Education in Thailand">Education in Thailand</a><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="32858872-f5c0-4945-bd0f-ecd657994d1f" id="138c98cd-1f79-496e-99ec-4a80cbf5581b">,</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farang" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Farang">Farang</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flag of Thailand">Flag of Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathoey" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakorn" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lakorn">Lakorn</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Literature in Thailand">Literature in Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai language">Thai language</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loy_Krathong" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Loy Krathong">Loy Krathong</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Media of Thailand">Media of Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muay_Thai" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Music of Thailand">Music of Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of television stations in Thailand">List of television stations in Thailand</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_names" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai names">Thai names</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_%28Thailand%29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Museum (Thailand)">National Museum</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_New_Year" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai New Year">Thai New Year</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public holidays in Thailand">Public holidays in Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakien" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flags_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Flags of Thailand">Royal Flags of Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Flora_Ratchaphruek" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Flora Ratchaphruek">Royal Flora Ratchaphruek</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_greeting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai greeting">Thai greeting</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai-style_dresses" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai-style dresses">Thai-style dresses</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Thai_musical_instruments" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Traditional Thai musical instruments">Traditional Thai musical instruments</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thai_hand_puppets&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai hand puppets (page does not exist)">Traditional Thai puppets</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><th align="left" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Others:</span></th><td align="left" valign="top"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridi_Banomyong" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pridi Banomyong">Pridi Banomyong</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">King Bhumibol Adulyadej</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Communications in Thailand">Communications in Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_Nature_Park" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Elephant Nature Park">Elephant Nature Park</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Environmental issues in Thailand">Environmental issues in Thailand</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Palace,_Bangkok" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grand Palace, Bangkok"><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="4839f364-2b19-4006-82da-ba1061416af2" id="d4b2ff02-631c-4249-8163-2c6c812b7a16">Grand Palace</span>, Bangkok</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prostitution in Thailand">Prostitution in Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirikit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sirikit">Queen Sirikit</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Military of Thailand">Military of Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_royal_and_noble_titles" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai royal and noble titles">Thai royal and noble titles</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of shopping malls in Thailand">List of shopping malls in Thailand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_studies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai studies">Thai studies</a></span></small></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="noprint" style="margin: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align: right;">
</div>
<div style="clear: both;">
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #aaccff; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: both; color: white; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0.1em; text-align: center;">
<div class="plainlinks" style="float: right; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:WikimediaForPortals&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="GINGER_SOFATWARE_mark" ginger_sofatware_uiphraseguid="2f580153-d6de-4278-919a-10c8cd480701" id="2426c24c-0ac0-4cc7-8034-2296938b8091">edit</span></span></a> </span></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: #f9f9ff; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px 0px 10px; opacity: 1; padding: 0.3em 1em 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">
<div class="noprint" style="margin: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align: left;">
<div class="mw-normal-catlinks" id="mw-normal-catlinks" style="line-height: 1.25em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:Categories">ategories</a>: </span><br />
<ul style="display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<li style="border-left-style: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.12em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thailand-related_lists" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thailand-related lists">Thailand-related lists</a></li>
<li style="border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thailand" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li style="border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Asian_portals" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Asian portals">Asian portals</a></li>
</span></ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br /></div>
<div class="mw-normal-catlinks" id="mw-normal-catlinks">
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932</span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div class="mw-normal-catlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: both; margin-top: 1em; padding: 5px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> </span> <span class="GingerNoCheckEnd"></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-35911195553919968172012-06-19T22:08:00.001-07:002013-11-30T17:51:55.765-08:00The politics of Thailand<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 19.19791603088379px;">
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The <b>politics of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></b> are currently conducted within the framework of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, whereby the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a> is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Head of government">head of government</a> and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary monarch</a> is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. The<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> is independent of the executive and the legislative branches.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Thai kingdoms and late Kingdom of Siam were under absolute rule of the kings. However, after the '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">democratic revolution</a>' in 1932, led by westernized bureaucrats and traditional-oriented military, the country officially became under a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with a prime minister as the head of government. The first written constitution was issued. Yet the politics became the arena of fighting factions among old and new elites, bureaucrats, and generals. Coups happened from time to time, often bringing the country under the rule of yet another <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_junta" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Military junta">junta</a>. To date Thailand has had seventeen charters and constitutions, reflecting a high degree of political instability. After successful coups, military regimes have abrogated existing constitutions and promulgated interim charters. Negotiation among politicians, men of influence and generals has become the prime factor for restoration of temporary political stability.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
</div>
<div class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); display: table; padding: 7px; zoom: 1;">
<div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#Politics_of_Constitutions" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Politics of Constitutions</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#Thailand_and_Democracy_after_1932" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Thailand and Democracy after 1932</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#Government_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Government of Thailand</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#Corruption" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Corruption</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#Foreign_relations_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Foreign relations of Thailand</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#Political_parties_and_elections" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Political parties and elections</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#Political_history_of_the_democratic_era" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Political history of the democratic era</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#Transition_to_Democracy_after_1932" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Transition to Democracy after 1932</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#2001.E2.80.932006.2C_the_Tenure_of_Thaksin_Shinawatra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">2001–2006, the Tenure of Thaksin Shinawatra</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#2006_coup" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">2006 coup</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#2008_political_crisis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">2008 political crisis</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#2009.E2.80.932010_protests_and_crackdowns" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">2009–2010 protests and crackdowns</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#Resolution_to_conflict" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Resolution to conflict</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#See_also" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#External_links" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
</div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics_of_Constitutions">Politics of Constitutions</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Politics of Constitutions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Before the Revolution of 1932, the kingdom had no written constitution. The monarch was the originator of all laws and the head of the government. In 1932 the first written constitution was promulgated, expected to be the most important guideline of the kingdom. However when political disputes took place among the elites, the first military coup was effected in 1933. The first official constitution was removed, a new one was promulgated. The constitution has traditionally been considered to be the symbol of 'democracy' in Thailand, and certainly the public has been indoctrinated to believe this.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">All of Thailand's charters and constitutions have recognized a unified kingdom with a constitutional monarchy, but with widely differing balances of power between the branches of government. Most Thai governments have stipulated parliamentary systems; however, several of them also called for dictatorships, e.g., the 1957 Constitution. Both unicameral and bicameral parliaments have been used, and members of parliament have been both elected and appointed. The direct powers of the monarch have also varied considerably.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Thailand's 'popular Constitution', called the "People's Constitution" was successfully promulgated in 1997 after the 1992 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_May" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bloody May">Bloody May</a> incident. Publicly, constitutional devices have often charged as the root of political turmoil. The 1997 Constitution was considered a landmark in terms of the degree of public participation involved in its drafting as well as the democratic nature of its articles. It stipulated a bicameral legislature, both houses of which are elected. Many civil rights were explicitly acknowledged, and measures were established to increase the stability of elected governments while new organs supervising the administrative power also emerged for the first time such as The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional Court">Constitutional Court</a>, The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Court" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Administrative Court">Administrative Court</a> and The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombudsman" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ombudsman">Ombudsman</a>. These organs later became a threat for the politicians particularly when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a>, one of the most popular politicians in Thai history, was trialled with the case relating to his assets.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">However, following an army-led coup on 19 September 2006, the 1997 Constitution was abrogated. The junta ruled the country by martial law and executive decree for weeks, until it promulgated an interim constitution on 2006-10-01. The Interim Constitution allowed the junta to appoint a Prime Minister, legislature, and drafting committee for a permanent constitution. Though decrees on mass media control were declared, the political skirmishes and rally happened. The critics on the papers were seen. With the changing political atmosphere, seemingly, pressed the junta to comply, local and municipal elections were held as usual. In 2007 the new constitution was eventually issued, said 'junta-support constitution' for many critics.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of Thailand">King of Thailand</a> has little direct power under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitution of Thailand">constitution</a> but is a symbol of national identity and unity. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">King Bhumibol</a> — who has been on the throne since 1946 — commands enormous popular respect and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_authority" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moral authority">moral authority</a>, which he has used on occasion to attempt to resolve political crises that have threatened national stability.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Thailand_and_Democracy_after_1932">Thailand and Democracy after 1932</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Thailand and Democracy after 1932">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Thailand had been a kingdom under absolute monarchy for over seven centuries before 1932.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">As a result of imperialism, the kings began a reform at some degrees. The king was the president of the government, consulted with his counsillors, mainly his relatives. Though the significant reform happened in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_V" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rama V">Rama V</a>'s reign, the kingdom still had no national assembly. The men of the royal blood held the positions in the government as ministers. The situation became tense after the World War I. The economic crisis attacked the country. The young generation of students and intellectuals studying in Europe began criticizing the crown's government as backward, corrupt, and ineffective. On June 24, 1932, troops in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> seized government buildings and some key ministers. The so-called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">1932 Revolution</a> took place. Its leaders were both bureaucrats and young military officers, crying for the national reform, including the first written constitution. After negotiation with the king,<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_VII" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rama VII">Rama VII</a>, and the kingdom's elite, the changes took place, ending absolute rule by the king. The king remained the titular head of state, but the constitutional government ruled the country with the prime minister as its head. The general election was held with the birth of the first national assembly.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Despite the efforts of previous kings, western, democratic style of the government was alien to the kingdom. Thailand had insufficient time to educate its population in preparation for western political, industrial and economic changes, albeit female vote was granted since the first general election.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Since becoming a western style constitutional democratic monarchy in 1932, for most of the time the country has been ruled by military governments. The disputes and struggles among the elites; old and new, civilian, politicians, and military happened from times to time since 1932. The first military coup staged by the 1932 revolutionary, military 'wing' itself, occurred in 1933. The military mean has become a necessary tool for political stability. Political freedom, freedom of speech and basic human rights were strongly compromised in the first three quarters of the twentieth century.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Due to the pressure of outside events during the Vietnam War, the politics of the kingdom became even more tense. The military government, with support of the US, tightened its control over the country's politics, while intellectuals and leftist students strongly opposed the junta.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Communist insurgency led by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Communist Party of Thailand">Communist Party of Thailand</a> staged armed struggle in the countryside in the 60s. Communist and radical ideas attracted a handful of intellectuals. The communist movement was seen collateral with the independent movement in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochinese" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indochinese">Indochinese</a>countries, waging war against the US. As a result, military junta expanded its grip. Intellectual as well as violent clashes between the junta and the intellectual sparked in the urban and the countryside respectively.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Student-led uprisings in October 1973 led to a new vision of liberating the country from military government for a short period. The media received more freedom to criticize politicians and governments, while revolutionary and socialist movements became more apparent. The new civilian government officially shut the U.S. bases amid the fear of the communist victory in the Indochinese countries in 1975. In 1976, Admiral <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa-ngad_Chaloryu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sa-ngad Chaloryu">Sa-ngad Chaloryu</a>, the armed forces commander, staged a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_October_1976_Massacre" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="6 October 1976 Massacre">massacre and coup</a> that brought hardline anti-communists to power and reversed these reforms.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">At the end of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Indochina_War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="First Indochina War">Indochina War</a>, investment by foreign businesses helped alleviate poor infrastructure and social problems. The middle classes constituted only ten per cent of the sixty million population; they enjoyed wealth and increasing freedom, leaving the majority poor in the rural areas and slums.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The system of rule fluctuated between unstable civilian governments and interludes of military takeover. During democratic periods, the middle-class in the cities ignored the poor in the rural areas. The media accepted bribes. To corrupt bureaucrats and politicians became well accepted business practice. The military would take over as a measure of <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultima_ratio&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Ultima ratio (page does not exist)">ultima ratio</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Every time a coup was staged, some scapegoats or excuses were always found to justify it. Eventually, the ensuing junta government would hand the government back to elected officials. As a result, there have been 18 coups and resultant 18 constitutions in the history of Thai politics.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">From 1932, bureaucrats, generals, and businessmen have run most of the political parties. While the 'grassroots' are always the target of the political parties, no 'grassroot' party has ever led the country. Money seems to be the major factor of gaining power in the country. Political power means control over the national resource.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_May_(1992)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black May (1992)">Black May</a> uprising, in 1992, lead to more reform when promulgating the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1997 Constitution of Thailand">1997 constitution</a> – "The People's Constitution" – aiming to create checks and balance of powers between strengthened government, separately elected senators and anti-corruption institutes. Administrative courts, Constitutional Courts and election-control committee were established to strengthen the checks and balance of politics.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2007 Constitution of Thailand">2007 constitution</a>, following <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin's</a> ouster, was particularly designed to be tighter in its control of corruptions and conflicts of interests while reducing the authority of the government.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Government_of_Thailand">Government of Thailand</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Government of Thailand">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government of Thailand">Government of Thailand</a></span></div>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thai_Parliament_House.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="123" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Thai_Parliament_House.JPG/220px-Thai_Parliament_House.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Thai_Parliament_House.JPG/330px-Thai_Parliament_House.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Thai_Parliament_House.JPG/440px-Thai_Parliament_House.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right; margin-left: 3px;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thai_Parliament_House.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.23wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Thailand">Parliament of Thailand</a>.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">According to the constitution, the three major independent authorities holding the balance of power are executive, legislative, and judicial.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Although the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Kings of Thailand">King</a> has little direct power under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitution">constitution</a> and Thailand categorizes itself as a constitutional monarchy, the King is more than a symbol of national identity and unity. The present monarch has a great deal of popular respect and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_authority" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moral authority">moral authority</a>, which has been used to intervene in political crises and influence the course of the government.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Head of government">head of government</a> is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Prime Ministers of Thailand">Prime Minister</a>. Under the present constitution, the Prime Minister must be a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a>. Cabinet members do not have to be <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_Parliament" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Members of Parliament">Members of Parliament</a>. The legislature can hold a vote of no-confidence against the Premier and members of his Cabinet if it has sufficient votes. If the votes pass, the king keeps the government and king how it is, if they don't, then everything changes.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Corruption">Corruption</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Corruption">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Thailand has had a long history of corruption, and the types regularly seen range from extortion and bribery to use of insider information to buy land. These kinds of corruption are deeply embedded in the Thai society for many reasons. For one, officials were traditionally not paid in salaries, but instead entitled to 10-30% of expenditures for rendering their services. Traditions of giving gifts to high officials also exist. These practices are not directly corrupting, but their continuation when officials actually do receive salaries is a major basis of corruption and how it is perceived as otherwise.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">One big area of corruption popular in today's developing countries, including Thailand, is in the energy sector. Millions and billions of dollars are spent all over the world to develop "Clean Energy." Thailand’s power development planning process is premised on perpetuating gains for vested interests and designed to continue providing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perverse_incentive" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perverse incentive">perverse incentives</a> to extractive and nuclear industries. On top of wrong allocation of finances, large bribes are given to and received by officials (or their families) in charge of choosing contractors for the jobs, like in the recent Suvarnabhumi Airport project, where a car park contractor allegedly gave $250 million USD to an the prime minister's sister in order to secure acquisition of the job.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_relations_of_Thailand">Foreign relations of Thailand</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Foreign relations of Thailand">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Foreign relations of Thailand">Foreign relations of Thailand</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>'s foreign policy includes support for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> – in the interest of regional stability - and emphasizes a close and longstanding security relationship with the United States.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Thailand participates fully in international and regional organizations. It has developed increasingly close ties with other ASEAN members—Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, Laos, Cambodia, Burma, and Vietnam—whose foreign and economic ministers hold annual meetings. Regional cooperation is progressing in economic, trade, banking, political, and cultural matters. In 2003, Thailand served as APEC host. Supachai Panitchpakdi, the former Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand, currently serves as Director-General of the World Trade Organization (WTO). In 2005 Thailand attended the inaugural <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_parties_and_elections">Political parties and elections</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Political parties and elections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="1" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 1em 1em 1em 0px; text-align: right;"><caption><span class="editlink noprint plainlinks nourlexpansion" style="float: left;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Thai_general_election,_2007&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">e</a> • <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Thai_general_election,_2007&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #a55858; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template talk:Thai general election, 2007 (page does not exist)">d</a></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <b>Summary of the 23 December 2007 House of Representatives of Thailand <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thai</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_general_election,_2007" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai general election, 2007">general election results</a></b></span></caption><tbody>
<tr><td></td></tr>
<tr><th align="left" rowspan="2" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Party</span></th><th align="center" colspan="3" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Constituency</span></th><th align="center" colspan="3" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Proportional</span></th><th align="center" rowspan="2" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;" valign="center"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">TOTAL</span></th></tr>
<tr><th align="left" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Votes</span></th><th align="left" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">%</span></th><th align="left" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Seats</span></th><th align="left" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Votes</span></th><th align="left" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">%</span></th><th align="left" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Seats</span></th></tr>
<tr><td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Power_Party_(Thailand)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Power Party (Thailand)"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">People's Power Party</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">26,293,456</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">36.63</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">199</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">14,071,799</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">39.60</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">34</span></td><td><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">233</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Thailand)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democrat Party (Thailand)"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Democrat Party</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">21,745,696</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">30.30</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">132</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">14,084,265</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">39.63</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">33</span></td><td><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">165</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Nation_Party" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai Nation Party"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Thai Nation Party</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">6,363,475</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">8.87</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">33</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1,545,282</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">4.35</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">4</span></td><td><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">37</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_Motherland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="For the Motherland"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">For the Motherland</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">6,599,422</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">9.19</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">17</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1,981,021</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">5.57</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">7</span></td><td><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">24</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thais_United_National_Development_Party" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thais United National Development Party"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Thais United National Development Party</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">3,395,197</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">4.73</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">8</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">948,544</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">2.67</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></td><td><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">9</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_Democratic_Party" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neutral Democratic Party"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Neutral Democratic Party</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">3,844,673</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">5.36</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">7</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">528,464</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1.49</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">0</span></td><td><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">7</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalist_People%27s_Party" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royalist People's Party"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Royalist People's Party</span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1,632,795</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">2.27</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">4</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">750,158</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">2.11</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1</span></td><td><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">5</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Others</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1,897,953</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">2.64</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">—</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">1,626,234</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">4.58</span></td><td><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">—</span></td><td><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">0</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Valid votes</span></b></td><td align="right" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">71,772,667*</span></td><td align="right" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">100</span></td><td align="right" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">400</span></td><td align="right" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">35,535,767</span></td><td align="right" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">100</span></td><td align="right" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">80</span></td><td align="right" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">480</span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">No Votes</span></b></td><td colspan="3" rowspan="3" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"></td><td align="right" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">906,216</span></td><td align="right" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">2.32</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Invalid Votes</span></b></td><td align="right" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">2,539,429</span></td><td align="right" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">6.51</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Total Turnout</span></b></td><td align="right" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">38,981,412</span></td><td align="right" style="background-color: #e9e9e9;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">85.38</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="8"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Source: <a class="external text" href="http://203.150.244.10/reports/eng/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The Nation</a></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">* As constituencies elect between one and three MPs, some people have two or three votes.</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_history_of_the_democratic_era">Political history of the democratic era</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Political history of the democratic era">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Transition_to_Democracy_after_1932">Transition to Democracy after 1932</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Transition to Democracy after 1932">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Following the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">1932 revolution</a> which imposed constitutional limits on the monarchy, Thai politics were dominated for a half century by a military and bureaucratic elite, with support of businessmen and big <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneurs</a>. Changes of government were effected primarily by means of a long series of mostly bloodless coups.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Beginning with a brief experiment in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democracy">democracy</a> during the mid-1970s, civilian democratic political institutions slowly gained greater authority, culminating in 1988 when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatichai_Choonhavan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chatichai Choonhavan">Chatichai Choonhavan</a> — leader of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart_Thai_Party" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chart Thai Party">Chart Thai Party</a> (Thai Nation Party) — assumed office as the country's first democratically elected <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Prime Ministers of Thailand">prime minister</a> in more than a decade. Three years later, yet another bloodless coup ended his term.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Shortly afterward, the royally appointed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Panyarachun" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anand Panyarachun">Anand Panyarachun</a>, a businessman and former diplomat, headed a largely civilian interim government and promised to hold elections in the near future. However, following inconclusive elections, former army commander <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchinda_Kraprayoon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Suchinda Kraprayoon">Suchinda Kraprayoon</a> was appointed prime minister. Thais reacted to the appointment by demanding an end to military influence in government. Demonstrations were violently suppressed by the military; in May 1992. According to eyewitness reports of action near the Democracy Monument in Bangkok, soldiers may have killed seven hundred and fifty protesters after only two days of protests.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Domestic and international reaction to the violence forced Suchinda to resign, and the nation once again turned to Anand Panyarachun, who was appointed interim prime minister until new elections in September 1992. In those elections, political parties that had opposed the military in May 1992 won by a narrow majority, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuan_Leekpai" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chuan Leekpai">Chuan Leekpai</a>, a leader of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Thailand)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democrat Party (Thailand)">Democrat Party</a>, became <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Prime Ministers of Thailand">prime minister</a> at the head of a five-party coalition. Following the defection of a coalition partner, Chuan dissolved Parliament in May 1995, and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart_Thai_Party" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chart Thai Party">Chart Thai Party</a> won the largest number of parliamentary seats in the subsequent election. Party leader <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banharn_Silpa-archa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Banharn Silpa-archa">Banharn Silpa-archa</a> became Prime Minister but held the office for only little more than a year. Following elections held in November 1996, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavalit_Youngchaiyudh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chavalit Youngchaiyudh">Chavalit Youngchaiyudh</a> formed a coalition government and became Prime Minister. The onset of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_financial_crisis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a> caused a loss of confidence in the Chavalit government and forced him to hand over power to Chuan Leekpai in November 1997. Chuan formed a coalition government based on the themes of economic crisis management and institution of political reforms mandated by Thailand's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitution of Thailand">1997 constitution</a>. It collapsed just days before its term was scheduled to end.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="2001.E2.80.932006.2C_the_Tenure_of_Thaksin_Shinawatra">2001–2006, the Tenure of Thaksin Shinawatra</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: 2001–2006, the Tenure of Thaksin Shinawatra">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h3>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; margin: 0px 83.0625px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="Question book-new.svg" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="50" /></span></a></div>
</td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 576.5416870117188px;"><span class="mbox-text-span" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This section <b>does not <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references or sources</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help improve this section by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <small><i>(October 2010)</i></small></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">See also: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%932006_Thai_political_crisis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2005–2006 Thai political crisis">2005–2006 Thai political crisis</a></span></div>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="" height="22" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></span></td><td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 160.3958282470703px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Wikinews has related news: <i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Thai_snap-election_set_for_April_2,_2006" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #663366; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="wikinews:Thai snap-election set for April 2, 2006">Thai snap-election set for April 2, 2006</a></b></i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_legislative_election,_2001" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand legislative election, 2001">January 2001 elections</a>, telecommunications 'multimillionaire' <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a>, who had relation with the 1990s junta, and his <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Rak_Thai" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai Rak Thai">Thai Rak Thai</a> (TRT) party won an overwhelming victory on a populist platform of economic growth and development.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Thaksin also marginally escaped (8:7) a guilty verdict in the Constitutional Court where he was charged by the Board of Anti-Corruption of hiding hundreds-of-million-baht-worth of shares with several of his employees. A decade later, a Supreme Court ruling in another case accepted a possibility of bribery in the Constitutional Court case.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After absorbing several smaller parties, TRT gained an absolute majority in the lower house of the Parliament, controlling 296 of 500 seats. In a cabinet reshuffle of October 2002, the Thaksin administration further put its stamp on the government. A package of bureaucratic reform legislation created six new ministries in an effort to streamline the bureaucratic process and increase efficiency and accountability.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_legislative_election,_2005" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand legislative election, 2005">general election held on 6 February 2005</a> resulted in another landslide victory for Thaksin and TRT, which controlled 374 seats in Parliament's lower house. Thaksin's populist policies found great favour in rural areas which aided him. Thaksin introduced government programs which greatly benefited rural areas of the country. These programs included debt relief for farmers still reeling from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Financial_Crisis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asian Financial Crisis">Asian Financial Crisis</a> and a new health care program which brought coverage to all Thais for 30-baht per visit(about 1 dollar).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Despite the majority and surging popularity amongst rural Thais, Thaksin came under severe questioning for selling telecommunication shares to Temasek, a Singapore investor for about 70,000 million baht without paying any tax. More complex and high-level corruption and conspiracies were discovered and exposed by Sonthi Limthongkul, Manager Media Group owner, who reached the middle class in the capital and the cities through the only small satellite and internet media channel, ASTV.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Thaksin refused to publicly answer PAD's questions. Because of failure to clear himself in the alleged corruptions, Thaksin's regime fell apart during<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_political_crisis_2005-2006" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand political crisis 2005-2006">public protests</a> led by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">People's Alliance for Democracy</a> which led to widespread calls for his resignation and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Impeachment">impeachment</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">People's Alliance for Democracy</a>, a large group of the middle class and a coalition of anti-Thaksin protesters, led by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonthi_Limthongkul" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sonthi Limthongkul">Sonthi Limthongkul</a>, gathered in Bangkok, demanded that Thaksin resign as prime minister so that the King could directly appoint someone else. Thaksin refused and protests continued for weeks.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Thaksin <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolved parliament</a> on 24 February 2006 and called a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap_election" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Snap election">snap election</a> for 2 April 2006. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_legislative_election,_April_2006" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand legislative election, April 2006">The election</a> was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Boycott">boycotted</a> by the opposition parties, leading to unopposed TRT candidates for 38 seats failing to get the necessary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quorum">quorum</a> of 20% of eligible votes. As the Thai constitution requires all seats be filled from the beginning of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Assembly of Thailand">parliament</a>, this produced a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a>. After floating several suggestions, on 4 April 2006, Thaksin announced that he would step down as prime minister as soon as parliament had selected a successor.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In a televised speech to senior judges, King Bhumibol requested them to execute their duty justly.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Criminal charges and allegations of administrative abuse cases were brought against the Election Committee. The courts voided the election results, jailed the committee for abuse of power, and ordered <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_legislative_election,_October_2006" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand legislative election, October 2006">a new round of elections for 15 October 2006</a>. Thaksin continued to work as caretaker prime minister.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Civil movements in Thailand were active in 2000s, with some groups perceiving the Thaksin government as authoritarian, citing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a> in his War on Drugs, special security laws passed by the administration, and the government's increasingly hardline responses to the insurgency in the southern provinces. Thaksin's government was facing mounting opposition from the urban middle classes, while continuing to remain popular in the predominantly poor and rural North and Northeastern regions. However, the most severe critic of Thaksin seemed to be Sondhi Limthongkul, a media tycoon and former colleague.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="2006_coup">2006 coup</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: 2006 coup">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h3>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; margin: 0px 83.0625px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="Question book-new.svg" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="50" /></span></a></div>
</td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 576.5416870117188px;"><span class="mbox-text-span" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This section <b>does not <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references or sources</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help improve this section by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <small><i>(October 2008)</i></small></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Thailand_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2006 Thailand coup d'état">2006 Thailand coup d'état</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">While Thaksin was in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New York City">New York City</a> to make a speech at UN Headquarters, there was a conspiracy to create a violent clash to brutally end the month-long PAD protest. Just in time to prevent the alleged clash, the military seized power on 19 September 2006.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_Democratic_Reform_under_Constitutional_Monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Council for Democratic Reform under Constitutional Monarchy">Council for Democratic Reform under Constitutional Monarchy</a> (CDRM) led by General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonthi_Boonyaratglin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sonthi Boonyaratglin">Sonthi Boonyaratglin</a> was formed. Political activities were banned by the junta after the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Thailand_coup" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2006 Thailand coup">coup on 19 September 2006</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1997 Constitution of Thailand">1997 Constitution</a> was abrogated, although most of the institutions of government remained intact. A new constitution was drafted and promulgated in late 2007.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A month after the coup, an interim civilian government was formed, including an appointed House of Representatives from a variety of professions and an appointed Constitutional Court. Freedom of speech was restored.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">During 2006 and 2007, organized underground terrorist activities took place, including the burning numerous schools in rural areas of the north and the northeast of Thailand and the planting of bombs in ten locations in Bangkok, the latter of which killed and injured several people on New Year's Eve in 2006.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A national referendum for the 2007 constitution was called by the military and the 2007 constitution was accepted by the majority of the voters. The junta promised a democratic general election, which was finally held on 23 December 2007, sixteen months after the coup.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The constitutional court unanimously dissolved the populist Thai Rak Thai party following punishment according to the 1997 constitution, banning 111 TRT members from politics for five years.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The military drafted a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2007 Constitution of Thailand">controversial new constitution</a> following allegation of Thaksin's corruption and abuse of power. This constitution was particularly designed to increase control of corruption and of conflicts of interests of politicians while decreasing the previously strengthened authority of the government. A national referendum accepted the 2007 constitution, although there was significant disapproval in Thaksin's stronghold, the north and northeast.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On 23 December 2007, a national parliamentary election was held, based on the new constitution, and the People Power Party (Thai Rak Thai's and Thaksin's proxy party), led by former Bangkok governor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samak_Sundaravej" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Samak Sundaravej">Samak Sundaravej</a>, began taking the reins of government. Thailand's new Parliament convened on January 21, 2008.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The People Power Party (PPP), or Thaksin's proxy party, gained the majority, yet under the half of the total seats in the Parliament, and the general election by a solid margin after five minor parties joined it to form a coalition government.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A complaint was filed against PPP in the Thai Supreme Court, charging PPP of being the TRT nominee party. Moreover, in 2008, one of its leading members was charged with electoral fraud. The Election Committee also proposed that the PPP should be dissolved due to the violation of the constitution.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="2008_political_crisis">2008 political crisis</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: 2008 political crisis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In 2008, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> saw increasing political turmoil, with the PPP government facing pressure to step down amid mounting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrest" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unrest">unrest</a> led by the PAD. The conflict centred on the constitution. The PPP supported the amendment of the 2007 constitution, while anti-government protesters considered it to be a political amnesty of Thaksin and his followers verdicted previously.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The anti-government protesters were, said, mostly better educated, more affluent, urban Thais criticizing a Western-style electoral system corrupted by rich politicians. Thaksin was accused of having exploited to buy votes, bureaucrats, policemen, military officers and even political factions. Thaksin became the example of the businessman autocrat, launching so-called populist projects, some of which were controversial, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Drugs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a>. Hundreds of killings and murder cases noted by the police were said by them to be merely fighting among the drug traffickers, but no further investigation ever occurred. The judicial process was seen as useless; instead, decisive justice was seen to be in the hands of the police.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">As the anti-government movement had criticized Thaksin as an example of corrupted politician, it discredited the present election system, suggesting at once a system in which part of the representatives in the national assembly would be chosen by certain professions or social groups.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The anti-Thaksin protesters were vastly outnumbered by Thaksin's supporters in the rural majority, who delivered to his party two resounding election victories. Their loyalty was rewarded by generous social and economic welfare programs for previously neglected provincial areas. The anti-government forces were well-organized, and had been criticized that the behind-the-scenes support of elements of the military, the country's most influential institution, seeing Thaksin supported by anti-royalists, former revolutionaries and ex-commnunists, aming at the regime change, purporting an autocratic government through the parliamentary system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samak_Sundaravej" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Samak Sundaravej">Samak Sundaravej</a> was elected Prime Minister of the first government under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2007 Constitution of Thailand">2007 constitution</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Samak Sundaravej, who is an articulate politician, acknowledged being the "nominee" of fugitive Mr. Thaksin Shinawatra, personally approved by him. Samak Sundaravej's position in power, however, did not put an end to the conflict. The people claimed that Thanksin still influenced Thai politics even though he was in exile.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In 1973, he ran a prominent month-long propaganda campaign, accusing democratic students' movements of being communist rebellions, traitors and spies. The event ended in a massacre of hundreds of students at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thammasat_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thammasat University">Thammasat University</a> on October 14, 1973, and a further military coup was conducted, giving him the interior minister position in the junta.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">While Prime Minister, PM Samak held daily national state television broadcasts with his own political messages. These were not well areceived by PAD. NBT, the National Broadcasting Television, the state-owned media enterprise, was openly used to counter the PAD's message, which emphasises the overturning of the current democratic system.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Former PM Thaksin had welcomed the offers to come back to Thailand in February 2008 to face corruption charges and to get close control of the PPP party, successor of his Thai Rak Thai Party.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The opposition forced a no-confidence vote on a constitutional amendment which may have resulted in the reinstatement of Thaksin's reputation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup>The failure to address dramatically rising food and energy prices, and a temple dispute with Cambodia damaged the coalition government's reputation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Street protests led by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">PAD</a>, the major opposition movement, began in late May after the ruling party agreed to amend the constitution. Their main objective was to block any constitutional amendment aimed chiefly at reinstating Thaksin's reputation and saving the PPP from dissolution after one of its leaders was charged with electoral fraud.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Another of PAD's objectives was to support the courts and the judicial system in justly carrying out hearing Thaksin's cases. While PM Samak has been successful in controlling the police and civil service, various courts remain independent and have issued several independent verdicts.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Constitution Court concluded that PPP's second-in-command, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yongyuth_Tiyapairat&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Yongyuth Tiyapairat (page does not exist)">Yongyuth Tiyapairat</a>, who pressured the local officers to support his party in the previous election, would subject the party to dissolution. Both the Constitution Court. The Administrative Court also ruled that his government seriously violated the constitution and might have prejudiced national sovereignty in negotiating over the sovereignty of territory immediately adjacent to the Preah Vihear Temple with Cambodia. The case brought the resignation of his first foreign minister, Nopadon Patama. Several other ministers found wrongfully informing the Anticorruption Board or Election Governing Board of important information, were discharged when this was discovered.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Previously Thaksin and Pojaman's three lawyers were caught red-handedly attempting to bribe Supreme Court judges and were given jail sentences.. That was an ominous sign for Thaksin. Later a criminal court returned a verdict against Pojaman, of tax evasion, to be jailed for three years. Days later, Thaksin and Pojaman jumped bail and issued a statement from London announcing through Thai TVs his decision to seek political asylum in the UK in an attempt to avoid what he called "biased" treatment under Thailand's current judicial system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Thaksin and his family fled to Great Britain on August 11, 2008, to apply for political asylum<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> after his wife was convicted of tax evasion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">PM Samak Sundaravej, through his parliamentary, was able to complete budget bills for megaprojects which cost so much that the King of Thailand spoke out to protest and to thank the head of the National Bank of Thailand (under threats from the government) that the country was on the brink of disaster because of too high and careless expenditure.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">From August 26, 2008, 30'000 protesters, led by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">People's Alliance for Democracy</a>, occupied Sundaravej's Government House compound in central <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, forcing him and his advisers to work at <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Muang_International_Airport" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Don Muang International Airport">Don Muang International Airport</a>, Bangkok's old international airport. Thai riot police entered the occupied compound and delivered a court order for the eviction of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">PAD</a> protesters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamlong_Srimuang" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chamlong Srimuang">Chamlong Srimuang</a>, a leader of the PAD, ordered 45 PAD guards to break into the main government building on Saturday.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup> 3 regional airports were closed for a short period and 35 trains between Bangkok and the provinces were canceled. Protesters raided the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuket_International_Airport" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phuket International Airport">Phuket International Airport</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarmac" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tarmac">tarmac</a> on the resort island of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuket_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phuket Province">Phuket Province</a> resulting to 118 flights canceled or diverted, affecting 15,000 passengers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Protesters also blocked the entrances of the airports in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Krabi">Krabi</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat_Yai" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hat Yai">Hat Yai</a> (which were later re-opened). Police issued <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_warrants" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arrest warrants">arrest warrants</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondhi_Limthongkul" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sondhi Limthongkul">Sondhi Limthongkul</a> and the 8 other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">PAD</a> leaders on charges of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Insurrection">insurrection</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_(political)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Conspiracy (political)">conspiracy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlawful_assembly" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unlawful assembly">unlawful assembly</a> and refusing orders to disperse.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> Meanwhile, General Anupong Paochinda stated: "The army will not stage a coup. The political crisis should be resolved by political means." Samak and the ruling coalition called for an urgent parliamentary debate and session for August 31.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">PM Samak Sundaravej tried using legal means involving through civil charges, criminal charges and violent police force to remove the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">PAD</a>protesters from the government office on August 29.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup> However, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">PAD</a> managed to get temporary reliefs from courts enabling them to legally continue the siege of the government office.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">One person died and forty people were wounded in a clash, which occurred when the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_for_Democracy_Against_Dictatorship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship">DAAD</a> (NohPohKoh) protesters, supported by Thaksin and the PPP party moved toward PAD at about 3am of September 2 without adequate police intervention.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By the second of half of September 2008, PM Samak Sundaravej was the subject of several court cases for his past actions. An Appeal Court verdict upon a long-standing criminal charge of slander may jail him. A Constitutional Court will return verdict upon whether he has a conflict of interest by being a private employee while holding a PM position. The Anti-Corruption Board may bring a charge of abuse of power in the Preah Vihear case to the Constitutional Court. These instantaneously terminated PM Samak's political role. While fugitive ex-PM Thaksin and Pojaman would also face verdicts from the Supreme Court.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Party_(Thailand)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People Power Party (Thailand)">People Power Party</a>'s deputy spokesman Kuthep Suthin Klangsang, on September 12, 2008, announced: "Samak has accepted his nomination for prime minister. Samak said he is confident that parliament will find him fit for office, and that he is happy to accept the post. A majority of party members voted on Thursday to reappoint Samak. Samak is the leader of our party so he is the best choice." Despite objections from its five coalition partners, the PPP, in an urgent meeting, unanimously decided to renominate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samak_Sundaravej" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Samak Sundaravej">Samak Sundaravej</a>. 5 coalition parties, namely <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart_Thai" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chart Thai">Chart Thai</a>, Matchima Thipataya, Pracharaj, Puea Pandin and Ruam Jai Thai Chart Pattana, unanimously agreed to support the People Power party (PPP) to set up the new government and vote for the person who should be nominated as the new prime minister. Chart Thai deputy leader Somsak Prissananantakul and Ruam Jai Thai Chart Pattana leader Chettha Thanajaro said the next prime minister was nominated. Caretaker prime minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somchai_Wongsawat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Somchai Wongsawat">Somchai Wongsawat</a>said PPP secretary-general Surapong Suebwonglee will notify the 5 parties who the PPP nominated, to take office again.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup> Some lawmakers, however, said they will propose an alternate candidate. Meanwhile, Thailand's army chief General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anupong_Paochinda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anupong Paochinda">Anupong Paochinda</a> said he backed the creation of a national unity government that would include all the country's parties, and he also asked for the lifting of a state of emergency that Samak imposed on September 2.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Embattled <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samak_Sundaravej" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Samak Sundaravej">Samak Sundaravej</a> abandoned his bid to regain his Thailand <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> post, and he also resigned the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Power_Party_(Thailand)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Power Party (Thailand)">People's Power Party</a> (PPP) leadership.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup> Meanwhile, PPP's chief party spokesman Kudeb Saikrachang and Kan Thiankaew announced on September 13 that caretaker prime minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somchai_Wongsawat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Somchai Wongsawat">Somchai Wongsawat</a>, caretaker justice minister Sompong Amornwiwat and PPP Secretary-General Surapong Suebwonglee were PPP's candidates for premiership post.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup> However, Suriyasai Katasila of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">People's Alliance for Democracy</a> (a group of royalist businessmen, academics and activists), vowed to continue its occupation of Government House if a PPP candidate would be nominated: "We would accept anyone as prime minister, as long as he is not from the People's Power Party."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On September 14 the state of emergency was lifted.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-27" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup> The ruling <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Party_(Thailand)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People Power Party (Thailand)">People Power Party</a>, on September 15, 2008, named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somchai_Wongsawat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Somchai Wongsawat">Somchai Wongsawat</a>, candidate for prime minister to succeed Samak Sundaravej.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup> The PPP will endorsed Somchai, and his nomination will be set for a parliamentary vote on Wednesday. Meanwhile the Supreme Court ruled on Wednesday in a corruption case against Thaksin and his wife, to be promulgated after the parliament vote for the new prime minister.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On October 4, 2008, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamlong_Srimuang" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chamlong Srimuang">Chamlong Srimuang</a> and rally organiser, Chaiwat Sinsuwongse of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">People's Alliance for Democracy</a>, were detained by the Thai police led by Col. Sarathon Pradit, by virtue of August 27 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest_warrant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arrest warrant">arrest warrant</a> for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Insurrection">insurrection</a>, conspiracy, illegal assembly and refusing orders to disperse (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Treason">treason</a>) against him and 8 other protest leaders. At the Government House, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondhi_Limthongkul" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sondhi Limthongkul">Sondhi Limthongkul</a>, however, stated demonstrations would continue: "I am warning you, the government and police, that you are putting fuel on the fire. Once you arrest me, thousands of people will tear you apart."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-31" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup> Srimuang's wife, Ying Siriluck visited him at the Border Patrol Police Region 1, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathum_Thani" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pathum Thani">Pathum Thani</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-32" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-33" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup> Other PAD members still wanted by police include Sondhi, activist MP Somkiat Pongpaibul and PAD leaders Somsak Kosaisuk and Pibhop Dhongchai.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-34" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On October 7, 2008, Deputy Prime Minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavalit_Yongchaiyudh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chavalit Yongchaiyudh">Chavalit Yongchaiyudh</a> resigned and admitted partial responsibility for violence due to police tear gas clearance of the blockade of the parliament, causing injuries to 116 protesters, 21, seriously injured. His resignation letter stated: "Since this action did not achieve what I planned, I want to show my responsibility for this operation."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-35" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-36" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-37" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a></sup> But after dispersal, 5'000 demonstrators returned and blocked all 4 entries to the parliament building.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-38" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[38]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The protesters attempted to hold 320 MPs and senators as hostages inside the Parliament building, cutting off the power supply, and forcing<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somchai_Wongsawat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Somchai Wongsawat">Somchai Wongsawat</a> to escape by jumping a back fence after his policy address. But other trapped MPs failed to leave and flee from the mob. The<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Siege">siege</a> on the area beside the near prime minister’s office forced the government to transfer its activities to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Muang_International_Airport" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Don Muang International Airport">Don Muang International Airport</a>, Bangkok's former international airport.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-39" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="line-height: 1em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_note-40" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On November 26, 2008, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Human_Rights_Commission" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asian Human Rights Commission">Asian Human Rights Commission</a> (AHRC) issued a statement saying that <a class="external text" href="http://www.ahrchk.net/statements/mainfile.php/2008statements/1779/," rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the current crisis is a watershed moment for democracy and rule of law in Thailand</a>. It contains harsh critique of PAD and the criminal justice system of Thailand. This critique should not be seen as one-sided as AHRC have a history of also being critical of the current government (per nov 2008), the Thai Supreme Court, the earlier military junta and the former Prime Minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a>.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="2009.E2.80.932010_protests_and_crackdowns">2009–2010 protests and crackdowns</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: 2009–2010 protests and crackdowns">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%932010_Thai_political_crisis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2008–2010 Thai political crisis">2008–2010 Thai political crisis</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Abhisit's rise to power was controversial and opposed from the beginning. In April 2009, anti-government protesters, known as 'The Red Shirts', began its huge demonstration aiming at the resignation of the prime minister and fresh elections. The major site of the demonstration was in Bangkok. From April 8, the demonstrators spread their activities to significant location such as main intersections. The streets were also blocked and barricaded. The demonstration took place at the same time of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> summit in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattaya" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pattaya">Pattaya</a>. The demonstrators also moved to protest, aiming at barring the summit. Eventually a handful of protesters stormed the hotel, the site of the summit, causing the cancellation of the summit.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In Bangkok, the protest became fiercer because of the arrest of the leaders of the Pattaya protest. The protesters blocked the entrances of the Criminal Court, urging the release of their leaders. In the afternoon, the premier Abhisit, at The Ministry of Interior, declared the State of Emergency. The protesters blocked the entrance of the Ministry, aiming at 'seizing' the premier and other ministers. However the premier could escape. In the late afternoon, the government briefed the situation. The government began to deploy anti-riot troops. The armor vehicles were seen in downtown Bangkok without a clear reason. However the anti-riot action took place in the early morning of the next day. The anti-riot troops, armed with shields, batons and M-16 guns, said with paper bullets, started dispersing the protesters on the Bangkok's streets. Clashes were seen in major streets. In some areas, the rioters in red shirts also clashed with the people as the rioters attempted to storm their living area, leaving two people living in the area killed.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The protesters also claimed that some of the protesters were killed while the government denied the charge. Although two bodies of men were found, the government found no evidence that it was involved in the killings. On the major avenues and streets in the metropolitan, burning buses were seen as well as wounded people were carried to the hospitals, but the government reported no serious cases.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In the afternoon of April 14, the military controlled all main streets. The leaders of the protest decided to give up their activity. The Thai politics after the pro-Thaksin Protest has yet been the stage of the two opposing factions; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Thailand)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democrat Party (Thailand)">Democrat Party</a>-led government allied with their coalition partners, who also have the tacet support of the PAD, the military, and the police, against the Thaksin loyalists, the UDD. Both sides have claimed the fighting as the struggle for democracy, and the nation.</span></div>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Resolution_to_conflict">Resolution to conflict</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Resolution to conflict">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h4>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; margin: 0px 83.0625px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img alt="Question book-new.svg" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="50" /></span></a></div>
</td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 576.5416870117188px;"><span class="mbox-text-span" style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">This section <b>does not <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references or sources</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help improve this section by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <small><i>(October 2010)</i></small></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="rellink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_general_election,_2011" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai general election, 2011">Thai general election, 2011</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On May 3, the Thai Prime Minister announced he was willing to hold elections on November 14 should the opposition <i>red shirts</i> accept the offer. The following day <i>red shirt</i> leaders accepted the proposal to leave the occupied parts of Bangkok in return for election on the scheduled date.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">However, one week later, May 10, protesters had yet to disband despite accepting the 'road map' proposed by the prime minister for early 2010 November elections. They placed new demands upon the Prime minister that Deputy Prime Minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suthep_Thaugsuban" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Suthep Thaugsuban">Suthep Thaugsuban</a>, who was in charge of security operations on the clash of April 10, must first turn himself in for prosecution before they willingly disperse.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">May 11 Suthep presented himself to the Department of Special Investigation. The red-shirt protesters however were not satisfied and demanded Suthep be formally charged instead by police. The red shirts failure to disperse was taken as a decline of the conciliatory 'road map' and Prime minister Abhisit's proposal of early parliamentary elections were withdrawn. This was followed by a warning issued from the Prime minister that protesters must disperse or face imminent military action. Furthermore the 'red shirts' led another protest on the 19th May. Over 90 protesters people were killed and thousands injured in the subsequent military crackdown.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Thailand</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">History of Thailand</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Media in Thailand"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Media in Thailand</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitution of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Constitution of Thailand</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
<ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/1126/breaking1.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Protesters shut Thailand's international airport</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">news.bbc.co.uk <a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7212516.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Thaksin Ally Elected as PM</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7429435.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Thai Protestors Defy PM's Warning</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7476836.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Embattled PM Survives Vote</a> 28 June 2008</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://itn.co.uk/news/83fe215f8935befce7e48a5efa4bbd2c.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://itn.co.uk/news/83fe215f8935befce7e48a5efa4bbd2c.html</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7553028.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Former Thai PM Fled to the UK</a> 11 August 2008</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7534374.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Ex-Thai PM's wife guilty of fraud</a> 31 July 2008</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.gulfnews.com/world/Thailand/10241274.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">gulfnews.com/world, Thai minister to stay despite protests</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gvt2G9EPA9UPyXWKie_ZyeeIcsig" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">afp.google.com, Thai protesters break into government office as PM heads to consult king</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.eleconomista.es/mundo/noticias/726786/08/08/I-will-never-resign-says-besieged-Thai-PM.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">eleconomista.es, "I will never resign" says besieged Thai PM</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/30/world/asia/30thai.html?ref=asia" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">nytimes.com, Thai Protest of Premier Stops Trains and Planes</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7588114.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">news.bbc.co.uk, Pressure mounts on Thailand's PM</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&sid=aGbXEEO82GFM&refer=asia" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">bloomberg.com, Thai Party Calls Urgent Session as Protests Spread</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.manager.co.th/Politics/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9510000103116&Keyword=%c0%d2%be+%b7%d3%e0%b9%d5%c2%ba" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.manager.co.th/Politics/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9510000103116&Keyword=%c0%d2%be+%b7%d3%e0%b9%d5%c2%ba</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://mgr.manager.co.th/Politics/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9510000102992" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://mgr.manager.co.th/Politics/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9510000102992</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.manager.co.th/Politics/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9510000103556" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.manager.co.th/Politics/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9510000103556</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.manager.co.th/Crime/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9510000100395" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.manager.co.th/Crime/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9510000100395</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/breaking_news/breakingnews.php?id=130591bangkokpost.com," rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Coalition parties to hold meeting this evening</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD934BSU00" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">ap.google.com, Thai ruling party re-nominates leader as PM</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since November 2012">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/11/content_9921780.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">news.xinhuanet, Party spokesman: Samak accepts PM nomination</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/09/11/thailand.pm/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">edition.cnn.com, Thai ruling party nominates Samak for PM</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.presstv.ir/detail.aspx?id=69262&sectionid=351020406" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">www.presstv.ir, Samak pulls out of Thai PM vote</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/12/AR2008091203451.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">washingtonpost.com, Ousted Premier Ends Attempt to Get Job Back</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/breaking_news/breakingnews.php?id=130625" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">bangkokpost.com, Somchai, Sompong are candidates for PM</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSSP26321320080913" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">reuters.com, Thai ruling coalition begins search for new PM</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ecb0b936-82bb-11dd-a019-000077b07658.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">www.ft.com, Bangkok state of emergency lifted</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-27" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2008/09/15/Bangkok_state_of_emergency_lifted/UPI-16921221457669/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">upi.com, Bangkok state of emergency lifted</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7615950.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">news.bbc.co.uk, Thai party names nominee for PM</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-35476420080915" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">reuters.com, Thai ruling party picks Thaksin in-law for PM</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5grZc7lS-rU5NUlyW52b8q83IoY-w" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">afp.google.com, Thai ruling party leaders back Somchai for PM</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-31" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/world/asia/05thai.html?ref=asia" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">nytimes.com, Police Arrest Leader of Thai Protests</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-32" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122319521018405425.html?mod=googlenews_wsj" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">online.wsj.com, Thai Police Arrest Another Leader Of Protest as Crackdown Continues</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-33" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bangkokpost.com/breaking_news/breakingnews.php?id=131121" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">bangkokpost.com, Wife of Chamlong visits him after arrest</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-34" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5i6cHuNxaKfhLhcrr25HH_XCCQWMw" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">afp.google.com, Thai police arrest second anti-govt protest leader</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-35" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSSP26598420081007" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">reuters.com, 6-Thai deputy PM quits after Bangkok clashes</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-36" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hMF9SXQgcjmOw2uLVow4mnqJULMwD93LHGQG0" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">ap.google.com, Thai deputy prime minister resigns</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since November 2012">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-37" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&sid=aaSpVlNMZwbM&refer=asia" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">bloomberg.com, Thai deputy prime minister resigns</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-38" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/oct/07/thailand" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">guardian.co.uk, Bangkok protesters hurt in anti-government clashes</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-39" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/08/world/asia/08thai.html?ref=world" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">nytimes.com, Thai Protesters Trap Legislators</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#cite_ref-40" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/world/thai-pm-jumps-fence-to-flee-protesters-20081007-4vsn.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">theage.com.au, Thai PM jumps fence to flee protesters</a></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<table class="vertical-navbox floatright" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; line-height: 1.32; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em 0.5em; position: relative;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" style="background-color: #ccccff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_Thai_flag.svg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Nuvola Thai flag.svg" height="50" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Nuvola_Thai_flag.svg/50px-Nuvola_Thai_flag.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Nuvola_Thai_flag.svg/75px-Nuvola_Thai_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Nuvola_Thai_flag.svg/100px-Nuvola_Thai_flag.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="50" /></a><br />Life in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></span></th></tr>
<tr><td align="center" class="plainlist"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_cuisine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai cuisine"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Cuisine</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Culture of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Culture</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dance of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Thai_musical_instruments" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Traditional Thai musical instruments"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Instruments</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Demographics of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Demographics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Economy of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Economy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Education in Thailand"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Education</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cinema of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Film</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public holidays in Thailand"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Holidays</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Languages of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Languages</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_literature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai literature"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Literature</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Media of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Media</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thai_monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thai monarchy"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Monarchy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Music of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Music</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><strong class="selflink"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Politics</span></strong></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Religion in Thailand"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Religion</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thai_society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Thai society"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Society</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Sport in Thailand"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Sport</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tourism in Thailand"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Tourism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="right"><div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="display: inline;">
<ul style="display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
<li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Life_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template:Life in Thailand"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Life_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template talk:Life in Thailand"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;" title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Life_in_Thailand&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li>
</span></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding-right: 0.25em; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/11/26/f-thailand.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">In depth - Thailand - Political turmoil in the streets of Bangkok</a>, CBC News, 14 May 2010.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/5361008.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Thailand Calls State of Emergency</a>, BBC News, accessed 2006-09-19.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thaiswatch.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">[1]</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://thailandcoup.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Live Blog</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://marketingstreet.blogspot.com/2006/09/military-stages-coup-in-thailand.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Blog</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://thailand.ahrchk.net/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Asian Human Rights Commission - Thailand homepage</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://ratchasima.net/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Rule of Lords</a> Weekly column on human rights & the rule of law in Thailand and Burma</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://southernunrest.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Southern Thailand insurgency news</a> Page archiving daily news about the violence in southern Thailand</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.article2.org/pdf/v02n03.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Extrajudicial Killings</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external free" href="http://www.cns.go.th/party_english.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">http://www.cns.go.th/party_english.pdf</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/anglais/actu/articles/112/article_3492.asp" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Interview with Thaksin Shinawattra by Radio Frane Internationale/France 24 in English April 2009</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/112/article_3450.asp" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Interview with Red Shirt leader Jakkraphob Bhenkair by Radio France Internationale in English April 2009</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external autonumber" href="http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/TH/Corruption_in_Thailand.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">[2]</span></a></li>
</ul>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: both; margin: 0.5em auto auto; padding: 1px; text-align: center; width: 827.3333129882813px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" id="collapsibleTable0" style="background-color: transparent; border-spacing: 0px; width: 824px;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col" style="background-color: #ccccff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: center;"><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 6em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand#" id="collapseButton0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">hide</a>]</span></span><br />
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="float: left; font-weight: normal; margin-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; width: 6em;">
<ul style="display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
<li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" style="background-image: none !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template:Asia topic"><span style="background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; font-variant: small-caps;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" style="background-image: none !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><span style="background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; font-variant: small-caps;" title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Asia_topic&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: none; font-variant: small-caps;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li>
</span></ul>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Asia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Asia"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Politics of Asia</span></a></div>
</th></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="background-color: #ddddff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of sovereign states"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Sovereign<br />states</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; line-height: 1.8em; padding: 0px; width: 704px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Azerbaijan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Bahrain" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Bhutan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Brunei" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Burma" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Burma">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Cambodia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of China">China</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Cyprus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_East_Timor" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of India">India</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Jordan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Kazakhstan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Kuwait" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Kyrgyzstan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Laos" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Maldives" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Mongolia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Oman" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Qatar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Tajikistan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><strong class="selflink" style="white-space: nowrap;">Thailand</strong></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Turkmenistan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Uzbekistan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Vietnam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Yemen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Yemen">Yemen</a></li>
</span></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="background-color: #ddddff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of states with limited recognition"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">States with limited<br />recognition</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; line-height: 1.8em; padding: 0px; width: 704px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Abkhazia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (page does not exist)">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Cyprus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Palestinian_territories" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of the Palestinian territories">Palestine</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_South_Ossetia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li>
</span></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="background-color: #ddddff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Territory (country subdivision)">territories</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; line-height: 1.8em; padding: 0px; width: 704px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Macau" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of Macau">Macau</a></li>
</span></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table><tbody>
<tr><td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="catlinks" id="catlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: both; line-height: 19.19791603088379px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 5px;">
<div class="mw-normal-catlinks" id="mw-normal-catlinks">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><ul style="display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="border-left-style: none; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Politics of Thailand">Politics of Thailand</a></li>
<li style="border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em; zoom: 1;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Southeast_Asia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Politics of Southeast Asia">Politics of Southeast Asia</a></li>
</ul>
</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">reference : </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_politics">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_politics</a><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-31652427484987485252012-05-22T05:38:00.001-07:002012-05-30T03:24:12.343-07:00Civil service reform in developing countries<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">
<div style="background-color: white;">
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil service">Civil service</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Reform">reform</a></b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;"> is a deliberate action to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, professionalism, representativity and democratic character of a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil service">civil service</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">, with a view to promoting better delivery of </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_goods" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none;" title="Public goods">public goods</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;"> and services, with increased </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountability" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none;" title="Accountability">accountability</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">. Such actions can include data gathering and analysis, organizational </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restructuring" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none;" title="Restructuring">restructuring</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">, improving </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resource_management" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none;" title="Human resource management">human resource management</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none;" title="Training">training</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">, enhancing </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wages" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none;" title="Wages">pay</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_benefit" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none;" title="Employee benefit">benefits</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;"> while assuring </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none;" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;"> under overall </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none;" title="Finance">fiscal</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;"> constraints, and strengthening measures for </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_participation" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none;" title="Public participation">public participation</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">, transparency, and combating </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none;" title="Political corruption">corruption</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr;">
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Important differences between <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countries" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_countries" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a> require that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil service">civil service</a> and other <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforms" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Reforms">reforms</a> first rolled out in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_countries" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a> be carefully adapted to local conditions in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countries" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>.</span></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
Contents</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries#Data_and_Diagnostics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Data and Diagnostics</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries#Structure_of_the_Public_Sector" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Structure of the Public Sector</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries#Personnel_Management" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Personnel Management</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries#Combating_Corruption" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Combating Corruption</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries#Issues_for_Reform" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Issues for Reform</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries#Engaging_support_for_reform" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Engaging support for reform</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="References"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">References</span></span></h2>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Data and Diagnostics">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Data_and_Diagnostics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Data and Diagnostics</span></span></h3>
<ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Abdollahian, Mark, Michael Baranick, Brian Efird, and Jacek Kugler, 2006. <i>Senturion A Predictive Political Simulation Model</i>. Center for Technology and National Security Policy. National Defense University . <a class="external free" href="http://www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/Def_Tech/DTP%2032%20Senturion.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.ndu.edu/ctnsp/Def_Tech/DTP%2032%20Senturion.pdf</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Global Integrity, 2007. <i>Global Integrity Report</i>. <a class="external free" href="http://report.globalintegrity.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://report.globalintegrity.org/</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International Budget Project, 2006. <i>Open Budget Initiative</i>. Washington, DC. <a class="external free" href="http://www.openbudgetindex.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.openbudgetindex.org/</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hood, Christopher, Craig Beeston and Ruth Dixon. 2007. "Rating the Rankings: Assessing International Rankings of Public Service Performance". Paper prepared for the IPMN Workshop, ‘Ranking and Rating Public Services’, Worcester College, Oxford, 7-9 August 2007</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Polimap, undated. <i>PolicyMaker 2.3 Software Computer-Assisted Political Analysis</i>. <a class="external free" href="http://polimap.books.officelive.com/default.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://polimap.books.officelive.com/default.aspx</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Transparency International, 2007. <i>Corruption Perceptions Index</i>. <a class="external free" href="http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Wescott, C. 2003, “Measuring Governance in the Asia Pacific Region and its relevance for tax administrators”, in <i>Asia-Pacific Tax Bulletin</i> (APTB), Vol 9, No. 2, February 2003<a class="external free" href="http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/ibfd/unpan008618.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/ibfd/unpan008618.pdf</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">World Bank, 2008. <i>Governance Matters</i>. <a class="external free" href="http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">World Bank, 2007. “Actionable Governance Indicators”. <a class="external free" href="http://intresources.worldbank.org/INTANTICORRUPTION/Resources/AGICGAC.ppt" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://intresources.worldbank.org/INTANTICORRUPTION/Resources/AGICGAC.ppt</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">World Bank, 2007. <i>Country Policy And Institutional Assessments 2007 Assessment Questionnaire</i>, pp. 39-40.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">World Bank. 2005. <i>Public Financial Management—Performance Measurement Framework</i>. Washington: <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PEFA&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="PEFA (page does not exist)">PEFA</a> Secretariat. <a class="external free" href="http://www.pefa.org/pfm_performance_frameworkmn.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.pefa.org/pfm_performance_frameworkmn.php</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">World Bank, 2002. <i>Monitoring Comprehensive Reform Programs: The example of Albania</i>. <a class="external free" href="http://go.worldbank.org/DLSI6GXH20" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://go.worldbank.org/DLSI6GXH20</a></span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Structure of the Public Sector">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Structure_of_the_Public_Sector"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Structure of the Public Sector</span></span></h3>
<ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 1996. "Civil Service Legislation Contents Checklist." SIGMA Papers No. 5. Paris:</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">OECD/SIGMA. <a class="external free" href="http://www.sigmaweb.org/dataoecd/53/23/1819160.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.sigmaweb.org/dataoecd/53/23/1819160.pdf</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). 1996. "Civil Service Legislation: Checklist On Secondary Legislation (and other Regulatory Instruments)" SIGMA Papers No. 14. Paris: OECD/SIGMA. <a class="external free" href="http://www.sigmaweb.org/dataoecd/53/23/1819160.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.sigmaweb.org/dataoecd/53/23/1819160.pdf</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Schiavo-Campo, Salvatore and Hazel M. McFerson, 2008. <i>Public Management in Global Perspective</i>. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, pp. 70-123 .</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clay_G_Wescott&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Clay G Wescott (page does not exist)">Clay G Wescott</a> 2006. “Decentralization Policy and Practice in Viet Nam: 1991-2001”, in Paul Smoke, Eduardo Gomez and George Peterson, eds. <i>Decentralization in Asia and Latin America: A Comparative Interdisciplinary Perspective</i>, Edward Elgar Press, Northampton, Mass. <a class="external free" href="http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_Main.lasso?id=3595" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_Main.lasso?id=3595</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clay_G_Wescott&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Clay G Wescott (page does not exist)">Clay G Wescott</a> 2005. "Improving Road Administration in the Asia-Pacific Region: some Lessons from Experience" in Kidd J B & Richter F-J (eds). <i>Infrastructure and Productivity in Asia: Political, Financial, Physical and Intellectual Capital underpinnings</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 123-43.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Wilson, James Q, 1989. <i>Bureaucracy</i>. NY: Basic Books, pp. 154-75.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">World Bank, 2000. <i>Architecture of the Public Sector</i>. <a class="external free" href="http://go.worldbank.org/MJA3YIX2E0" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://go.worldbank.org/MJA3YIX2E0</a></span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Personnel Management">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Personnel_Management"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Personnel Management</span></span></h3>
<ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Victor Lapuente and Marina Nistotskaya, <a class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122466879/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"To The Short-Sighted Victor Belong the Spoils: Politics and Merit Adoption in Comparative Perspective,"</a> Governance 22.3 (July 2009): 431-458</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hood, C. and G. Peters, with G.O.M. Lee, eds. 2003. <i>Reward For High Public Office: Asian And Pacific Rim States</i>, London: Taylor and Francis (Routledge).<a class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=yy_nw5hRdaUC&dq=Reward+For+High+Public+Office&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=NhRvjHQiZ1&sig=5ZR72VvAvj337rVh6NpyQrd5Nbg&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=resultement" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=yy_nw5hRdaUC&dq=Reward+For+High+Public+Office&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=NhRvjHQiZ1&sig=5ZR72VvAvj337rVh6NpyQrd5Nbg&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=resultement</a>,</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mintzberg, Henry. 1996. “Managing Government, Governing Management”. <i>Harvard Business Review</i>. May-June.<a class="external free" href="http://harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu/b02/en/common/item_detail.jhtml;jsessionid=2MVAO11O42FL0AKRGWCB5VQBKE0YOISW?id=96306&referral=2340" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu/b02/en/common/item_detail.jhtml;jsessionid=2MVAO11O42FL0AKRGWCB5VQBKE0YOISW?id=96306&referral=2340</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Perry, James L and Annie Hondeghem, eds. 2008. “Symposium on Public Service Motivation.” <i>International Public Management Journal</i>, 11 (1), pp. 3-167.<a class="external free" href="http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/10967494" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/10967494</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rath, Tom, 2007. <i>Strengths Finder 2.0</i>. NY: Gallup Press. <a class="external free" href="https://www.strengthsfinder.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">https://www.strengthsfinder.com/</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Schiavo-Campo, Salvatore and Hazel M. McFerson, 2008. <i>Public Management in Global Perspective</i>. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, pp. 175-247, 293-322.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clay_G_Wescott&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Clay G Wescott (page does not exist)">Clay G Wescott</a>. and Brinkerhoff, J. (eds), 2006. <i>Converting Migration Drains into Gains Harnessing the Resources of Overseas Professionals</i>. Manila: Asian Development Bank.<a class="external free" href="http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Converting-Migration-Drains-Gains/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Converting-Migration-Drains-Gains/</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clay_G_Wescott&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Clay G Wescott (page does not exist)">Clay G Wescott</a> 2006. "Adapting Asia - Pacific Public Administration to a Globalizing World: Some Lessons From Experience", in Ali Farazmand and Jack</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pinkowski, eds. <i>Handbook of Globalization, Governance, and Public Administration</i>. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Taylor and Francis: 491-518.<a class="external free" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/Handbook-of-Globalization-Governance-and-Public-Administration-ISBN" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.routledge.com/books/Handbook-of-Globalization-Governance-and-Public-Administration-ISBN</a> 978-0-8493-3726-0</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">World Bank, 2008. <i>Using Training to Build Capacity for Development</i>. Independent Evaluation Group. Washington, DC: World Bank. <a class="external free" href="http://www.worldbank.org/ieg/training/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.worldbank.org/ieg/training/</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">World Bank, 2000. <i>Personnel Management</i>. <a class="external free" href="http://go.worldbank.org/MJA3YIX2E0" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://go.worldbank.org/MJA3YIX2E0</a></span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Combating Corruption">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Combating_Corruption"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Combating Corruption</span></span></h3>
<ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bräutigam, D. & Knack, S. 2004. “Foreign Aid, Institutions, and Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa.” <i>Economic Development and Cultural Change</i>, Volume 52, Number 2, January.<a class="external free" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/loi/edcc" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/loi/edcc</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Campos, J. Edgardo and Sanjay Pradhan, 2007. <i>The Many Faces of Corruption</i>. Washington, DC: World Bank. <a class="external free" href="http://go.worldbank.org/OZLE95YA50" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://go.worldbank.org/OZLE95YA50</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ear, Sophal. 2007. "Does Aid Dependence Worsen Governance?" <i>International Public Management Journal</i>, 10 (3): 259–286. <a class="external free" href="http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/10967494" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/10967494</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Wescott, C. 2003. “Combating Corruption in Southeast Asia”, in Kidd J B & Richter F-J, eds. <i>Fighting Corruption In Asia: Causes, Effects and Remedies</i>. Singapore, World Scientific Press, <a class="external free" href="http://www.worldscibooks.com/eastasianstudies/5169.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.worldscibooks.com/eastasianstudies/5169.html</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Robert Williams and Robin Theobald, Eds. 1986. <i>The Politics of Corruption</i> (4 vol). Northampton, Mass.: Elgar Reference Collection.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Issues for Reform">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Issues_for_Reform"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Issues for Reform</span></span></h3>
<ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Batley, Richard and George A. Larbi, 2004. <i>Changing Role of Government The Reform of Public Services in Developing Countries</i>. Basingstoke Hampshire (UK): Palgrave Macmillan.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cheung, Anthony B. L., 2005. "The Politics of Administrative Reforms in Asia: Paradigms and Legacies, Paths and Diversities". <i>Governance</i> April 2005 - Vol. 18 Issue 2: 257-282.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Jenkins, Kate and William Plowden, 2006. <i>Governance and Nationbuilding: the failure of international intervention</i>. Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar. <a class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=324zFs02_DcC&dq=Governance+and+Nationbuilding:+the+failure+of+international+intervention&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=8K8euaZXr6&sig=9Bf6y4PUTOWtWq8wXwJ8TBct2OE&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=324zFs02_DcC&dq=Governance+and+Nationbuilding:+the+failure+of+international+intervention&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=8K8euaZXr6&sig=9Bf6y4PUTOWtWq8wXwJ8TBct2OE&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=2&ct=result</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pollitt, Christopher, and Geert Bouchaert. 2004. <i>Public Management Reform: A Comparative Analysis. Revised edition</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<a class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=PVUC-Pu9ba8C&dq=Public+Management+Reform:+A+Comparative+Analysis&pg=PP1&ots=LhA91B7lOj&sig=sKyUeMXBvGc2zXovsaIUdbpJ-NU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPP11,M1" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://books.google.com/books?id=PVUC-Pu9ba8C&dq=Public+Management+Reform:+A+Comparative+Analysis&pg=PP1&ots=LhA91B7lOj&sig=sKyUeMXBvGc2zXovsaIUdbpJ-NU&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPP11,M1</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Schedler, Kuno and Isabella Proeller, eds. 2007. Cultural Aspects of Public Management reform. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI. <a class="external free" href="http://books.emeraldinsight.com/display.asp?ISB=9780762314003" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://books.emeraldinsight.com/display.asp?ISB=9780762314003</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Schick, Allen. 1998. ‘Why most developing countries should not try New Zealand’s reforms’, <i>The World Bank Research Observer</i>, 13(1):123–31.<a class="external free" href="http://wbro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/13/1/123" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://wbro.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/13/1/123</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clay_G_Wescott&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Clay G Wescott (page does not exist)">Clay G Wescott</a> 2007. “E-Government And The Applications Of Technology To Government Services” in Dennis A. Rondinelli and John M. Heffron, eds. <i>Globalization In Transition: Forces Of Adjustment In The Asia Pacific Region</i>. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Reinner. <a class="external free" href="http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/Other/UNPAN025160.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/Other/UNPAN025160.pdf</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clay_G_Wescott&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Clay G Wescott (page does not exist)">Clay G Wescott</a> 1999. Guiding principles on civil service reform in Africa: an empirical review. <i>The International Journal of Public Sector Management</i>. Volume 12, Number 2 (Online). Available: <a class="external free" href="http://zerlina.emeraldinsight.com/vl=812030/cl=21/nw=1/rpsv/cw/www/mcb/09513558/v12n2/contp1-1.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://zerlina.emeraldinsight.com/vl=812030/cl=21/nw=1/rpsv/cw/www/mcb/09513558/v12n2/contp1-1.htm</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">World Bank, 2008. <i>Public Sector Reform: What Works and Why? An IEG Evaluation of World Bank Support. http</i>://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTPUBSECREF/Resources/psr_eval.pdf</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">World Bank, 2000. “Common Problems”. <a class="external free" href="http://go.worldbank.org/MJA3YIX2E0" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://go.worldbank.org/MJA3YIX2E0</a></span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Engaging support for reform">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Engaging_support_for_reform"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Engaging support for reform</span></span></h3>
<ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bentley, Arthur Fisher, 1908. <i>The Process of Government; a Study of Social Pressures: A Study of Social Pressures</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.<a class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=guwtAAAAIAAJ&dq=bentley+process+of+government&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://books.google.com/books?id=guwtAAAAIAAJ&dq=bentley+process+of+government&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_M._Riccucci" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Norma M. Riccucci">Norma M. Riccucci</a> and Frank J. Thompson, 2008. “The New public management, homeland security and the politics of civil service reform” <i>Public Administration Review</i>. September/October: 877-890. <a class="external free" href="http://www.aspanet.org/scriptcontent/index_par.cfm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.aspanet.org/scriptcontent/index_par.cfm</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clay_G_Wescott&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Clay G Wescott (page does not exist)">Clay G Wescott</a>, 2003. “In Asia, the Web is routing Power to the People”, <i>International Herald Tribune</i>, October 29. <a class="external free" href="http://www.commondreams.org/scriptfiles/views03/1029-10.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.commondreams.org/scriptfiles/views03/1029-10.htm</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">World Bank, 2000. <i>Engaging Support for reform</i>. <a class="external free" href="http://go.worldbank.org/MJA3YIX2E0" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://go.worldbank.org/MJA3YIX2E0</a></span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">reference:</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries</a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">see also : <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" style="background-color: white;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_rankings</a></span></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-87869360635574151232012-05-22T05:34:00.000-07:002012-05-25T09:38:42.725-07:00Civil society<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div id="siteSub" style="background-color: white; display: inline; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"></span></span><br />
<div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
</div>
<div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; height: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#mw-head" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr; font-size: 13px;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-spacing: 0.4em 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 175px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-top: 0.4em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><th class="" style="background-color: #cccccc; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0px 0.4em 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Politics</span></a></th></tr>
<tr><td class="" style="padding-bottom: 0.8em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: left;"><div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Index of politics articles"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of political topics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Outline of political science"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Politics by country</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of country subdivisions"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Politics by subdivision</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Political economy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political economy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Political history"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political history</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Political history of the world"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political history of the world</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Political philosophy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political philosophy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Political science"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political science</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Political system"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political system</span></a><div style="line-height: 1.3em; padding-left: 1em;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Anarchism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Anarchist</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Capitalism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Capitalist</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="City-state"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">City-state</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Communism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Communist</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Democracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Democracy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federacy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Federacy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Federacy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Feudalism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Feudalism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Mixed economy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mixed economy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Dictatorship"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dictatorship</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorial_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Directorial system"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Directorial</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Meritocracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Meritocracy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Monarchy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Monarchy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Parliamentary system"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Parliamentary</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Presidential system"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Presidential</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Semi-presidential system"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Semi-presidential</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Theocracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Theocracy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="International relations">International relations</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</small></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="List of political scientists"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political scientists</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Comparative politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Comparative politics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Public administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public administration</span></a><div style="line-height: 1.3em; padding-left: 1em;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Bureaucracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bureaucracy</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Street-level bureaucracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Street-level bureaucracy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Adhocracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Adhocracy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Public policy doctrine">Legal doctrine</a>)</small></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_interest" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Public interest"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public interest</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Separation of powers"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Separation of powers</span></a></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.3em; padding-left: 1em;">
</div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_branch" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Electoral branch"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Electoral branch</span></a></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Sovereignty"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sovereignty</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Theories of political behavior"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Theories of political behavior</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Biology and political orientation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Biology and political orientation</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><th class="" style="background-color: #dddddd; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; padding-top: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Subseries</span></th></tr>
<tr><td class="" style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: left;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Election"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Elections</span></a><div style="line-height: 1.3em; padding-left: 1em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Voting system">Electoral systems</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Voting">Voting</a></span></div>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Federalism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Federalism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_of_government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Form of government"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Form of government</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Ideology"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ideology</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_campaign" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Political campaign"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political campaigning</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Political party"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political parties</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="" style="background-color: #dddddd; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.3em 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Portal:Politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Politics portal</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="font-size: 13px; text-align: right;"><div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
<ul style="display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Politics" style="background-image: none !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template:Politics"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Politics" style="background-image: none !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template talk:Politics"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;" title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Politics&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li>
</span></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Civil society</b> is the arena outside of the family, the state, and the market where people associate to advance common interests.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> It is sometimes considered to include the family and the private sphere and then referred to as the "third sector" of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Society">society</a>, distinct from government and business.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CSI_1-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-CSI-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup>Dictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon defines civil society as 1) the aggregate of non-governmental organizations and institutions that manifest interests and will of citizens or 2) individuals and organizations in a society which are independent of the government.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-diccom_2-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-diccom-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> Sometimes the term is used in the more general sense of "the elements such as freedom of speech, an independent judiciary, etc, that make up a democratic society" (Collins English Dictionary).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-diccom_2-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-diccom-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The term entered public discourse in the United States in the 1980s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CSI_1-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-CSI-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> The term was however already coined in the 18th century by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Adam Ferguson">Adam Ferguson</a>, the "father of modern sociology", and used in the title of his <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essay_on_the_History_of_Civil_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Essay on the History of Civil Society">Essay on the History of Civil Society</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteering" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Volunteering">Volunteering</a> is often considered a defining characteristic of the organizations that constitute civil society, which in turn are often called <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="NGO">NGOs</a></i>, or <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Non-profit organization">NPOs</a></i>.</span></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
Contents</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Democracy</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#Constitutional_economics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Constitutional economics</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#Globalization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Globalization</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#History" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#Western_Antiquity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Western Antiquity</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#Early_modern_history" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early modern history</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#Modern_history" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Modern history</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#Marxism_and_Socialism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Marxism and Socialism</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#Post-modernism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Post-modernism</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#Institutions" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Institutions</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#See_also" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#Civil-society_scholars" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Civil-society scholars</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#Notes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#External_links" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Democracy">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Democracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Democracy</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The literature on relations between civil society and democratic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="State (polity)">political society</a> have their roots in early liberal writings like those of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zaleski_3-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-zaleski-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> However they were developed in significant ways by 20th century theorists like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Almond" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gabriel Almond">Gabriel Almond</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Verba" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sidney Verba">Sidney Verba</a>, who identified the role of political culture in a democratic order as vital.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">They argued that the political element of many voluntary organizations facilitates better awareness and a more informed citizenry, who make better voting choices, participate in politics, and hold government more accountable as a result.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> The statutes of these organizations have often been considered micro-constitutions because they accustom participants to the formalities of democratic decision making.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">More recently, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Putnam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert D. Putnam">Robert D. Putnam</a> has argued that even non-political organizations in civil society are vital for democracy. This is because they build<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_capital" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social capital">social capital</a>, trust and shared values, which are transferred into the political sphere and help to hold society together, facilitating an understanding of the interconnectedness of society and interests within it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Others, however, have questioned how democratic civil society actually is. Some have noted that the civil society actors have now obtained a remarkable amount of political <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(philosophy)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Power (philosophy)">power</a> without anyone directly electing or appointing them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-globall_7-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-globall-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup> It has also been argued that civil society is biased towards the global north.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partha_Chatterjee" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Partha Chatterjee">Partha Chatterjee</a> has argued that, in most of the world, "civil society is demographically limited."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> For Jai Sen civil society is a neo-colonial project driven by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_elite" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Global elite">global elites</a> in their own interests.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> Finally, other scholars have argued that, since the concept of civil society is closely related to democracy and representation, it should in turn be linked with ideas of nationality and nationalism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Constitutional economics">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Constitutional_economics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constitutional economics</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_economics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional economics">Constitutional economics</a> is a field of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Economics">economics</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a> which describes and analyzes the specific interrelationships between constitutional issues and functioning of the economy including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_process" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Budget process">budget process</a>. The term “constitutional economics” was used by American economist –<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a> – as a name for a new academic sub-discipline that in 1986 brought him the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences</a> for his “development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making.” Buchanan rejects “any organic conception of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="State (polity)">state</a> as superior in wisdom, to the individuals who are its members.” Buchanan believes that a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, intended for use by at least several generations of citizens, must be able to adjust itself for pragmatic economic decisions and to balance interests of the state and society against those of individuals and their constitutional rights to personal freedom and private happiness<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup>. The standards of constitutional economics when used during annual <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Budget">budget</a> planning, as well as the latter's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Transparency">transparency</a> to the civil society, are of the primary guiding importance to the implementation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>. Also, the availability of an effective court system, to be used by the civil society in situations of unfair government spending and executive <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impoundment" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Impoundment">impoundment</a> of any previously authorized appropriations, becomes a key element for the success of any influential civil society.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Globalization">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Globalization"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Globalization</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Critics and activists currently often apply the term <i>civil society</i> to the domain of social life which needs to be protected against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, and to the sources of resistance thereto, because it is seen as acting beyond boundaries and across different territories.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup> However, as civil society can, under many definitions, include and be funded and directed by those businesses and institutions (especially donors linked to European and Northern states) who support <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, this is a contested use.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> Rapid development of civil society on the global scale after the fall of the communist system was a part of neo-liberal strategies linked to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Consensus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-globall_7-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-globall-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> Some studies have also been published, which deal with unresolved issues regarding the use of the term in connection with the impact and conceptual power of the international aid system (see for example Tvedt 1998). On the other hand, others see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Globalization">globalization</a> as a social phenomenon expanding the sphere of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_liberalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberal</a> values, which inevitably led to a larger role for civil society at the expense of politically derived state institutions.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="History"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">History</span></span></h2>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 104px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Ambox_content.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></span></div>
</td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 748px;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>This section has multiple issues</b>. Please help <b><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Civil_society" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Talk:Civil society">talk page</a></b>.</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="ambox-multiple_issues-essay-like" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It <b>is written like a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#PUBLISHER" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection or essay</a> rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject</b>. <small>Tagged since October 2008.</small></span></li>
<li id="ambox-multiple_issues-original_research" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It <b>may contain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>. <small>Tagged since January 2012.</small></span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">From a historical perspective, the actual meaning of the concept of civil society has changed twice from its original, classical form. The first change occurred after the French Revolution, the second during the fall of communism in Europe.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Western Antiquity">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Western_Antiquity"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Western Antiquity</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The concept of civil society in its pre-modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_republicanism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Classical republicanism">classical republican</a> understanding is usually connected to the early-modern thought of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> in the 18th century. However, it has much older history in the realm of political thought. Generally, civil society has been referred to as a political association governing social conflict through the imposition of rules that restrain citizens from harming one another.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ed6_17-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-Ed6-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> In the classical period, the concept was used as a synonym for the good society, and seen as indistinguishable from the state. For instance, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>taught that conflicts within society should be resolved through public argument using ‘<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a>’, a form of rational dialogue to uncover truth. According to Socrates, public argument through ‘dialectic’ was imperative to ensure ‘civility’ in the polis and ‘good life’ of the people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-O.27Connell_18-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-O.27Connell-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup> For <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plato">Plato</a>, the ideal state was a just society in which people dedicate themselves to the common good, practice civic virtues of wisdom, courage, moderation and justice, and perform the occupational role to which they were best suited. It was the duty of the ‘<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher_king" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philosopher king">Philosopher king</a>’ to look after people in civility. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> thought the polis was an ‘association of associations’ that enables citizens to share in the virtuous task of ruling and being ruled.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ed6_17-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-Ed6-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> His <i>koinonia politike</i> as political<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Community">community</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The concept of <i>societas civilis</i> is Roman and was introduced by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>. The political discourse in the classical period, places importance on the idea of a ‘good society’ in ensuring peace and order among the people. The philosophers in the classical period did not make any distinction between the state and society. Rather they held that the state represented the civil form of society and ‘civility’ represented the requirement of good citizenship.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ed6_17-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-Ed6-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> Moreover, they held that human beings are inherently rational so that they can collectively shape the nature of the society they belong to. In addition, human beings have the capacity to voluntarily gather for the common cause and maintain peace in society. By holding this view, we can say that classical political thinkers endorsed the genesis of civil society in its original sense.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> saw major changes in the topics discussed by political philosophers. Due to the unique political arrangements of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, the concept of classical civil society practically disappeared from mainstream discussion. Instead conversation was dominated by problems of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Just War">just war</a>, a preoccupation that would last until the end of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Early modern history">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_modern_history"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Early modern history</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> and the subsequent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peace of Westphalia">Treaty of Westphalia</a> heralded the birth of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Westphalian sovereignty">the sovereign states system</a>. The Treaty endorsed states as territorially-based political units having sovereignty. As a result, the monarchs were able to exert control domestically by emasculating the feudal lords and to stop relying on the latter for armed troops.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bro70_19-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-Bro70-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup> Hencefore, monarchs could form national armies and deploy a professional bureaucracy and fiscal departments, which enabled them to maintain direct control and supreme authority over their subjects. In order to meet administrative expenditures, monarchs controlled the economy. This gave birth to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutism</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knut80_20-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-Knut80-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup> Until the mid-eighteenth century, absolutism was the hallmark of Europe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Knut80_20-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-Knut80-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The absolutist nature of the state was disputed in the Enlightenment period.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chand88_21-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-Chand88-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup> As a natural consequence of Renaissance, Humanism, and the scientific revolution, the Enlightenment thinkers raised fundamental questions such as “What legitimacy does heredity confer?”, “Why are governments instituted?”, “Why should some human beings have more basic rights than others?”, and so on. These questions led them to make certain assumptions about the nature of the human mind, the sources of political and moral authority, the reasons behind absolutism, and how to move beyond absolutism. The Enlightenment thinkers believed in the inherent goodness of the human mind. They opposed the alliance between the state and the Church as the enemy of human progress and well-being because the coercive apparatus of the state curbed individual liberty and the Church legitimated monarchs by positing the theory of divine origin. Therefore, both were deemed to be against the will of the people.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Strongly influenced by the atrocities of Thirty Years' War, the political philosophers of the time held that social relations should be ordered in a different way from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Natural law">natural law</a> conditions. Some of their attempts led to the emergence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social contract">social contract</a> theory that contested social relations existing in accordance with human nature. They held that human nature can be understood by analyzing objective realities and natural law conditions. Thus they endorsed that the nature of human beings should be encompassed by the contours of state and established <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Positive law">positive laws</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> underlined the need of a powerful state to maintain civility in society. For Hobbes, human beings are motivated by self-interests (Graham 1997:23). Moreover, these self-interests are often contradictory in nature. Therefore, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_nature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="State of nature">state of nature</a>, there was a condition of a war of all against all. In such a situation, life was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short” (Ibid: 25). Upon realizing the danger of anarchy, human beings became aware of the need of a mechanism to protect them. As far as Hobbes was concerned, rationality and self-interests persuaded human beings to combine in agreement, to surrender sovereignty to a common power (Kaviraj 2001:289). Hobbes called this common power, state, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_(book)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leviathan (book)">Leviathan</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> had a similar concept to Hobbes about the political condition in England. It was the period of the Glorious Revolution, marked by the struggle between the divine right of the Crown and the political rights of Parliament. This influenced Locke to forge a social contract theory of a limited state and a powerful society. In Locke’s view, human beings led also an unpeaceful life in the state of nature. However, it could be maintained at the sub-optimal level in the absence of a sufficient system (Brown 2001:73). From that major concern, people gathered together to sign a contract and constituted a common public authority. Nevertheless, Locke held that the consolidation of political power can be turned into autocracy, if it is not brought under reliable restrictions (Kaviraj 2001:291). Therefore, Locke set forth two treaties on government with reciprocal obligations. In the first treaty, people submit themselves to the common public authority. This authority has the power to enact and maintain laws. The second treaty contains the limitations of authority, i. e., the state has no power to threaten the basic rights of human beings. As far as Locke was concerned, the basic rights of human beings are the preservation of life, liberty and property. Moreover, he held that the state must operate within the bounds of civil and natural laws.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Both Hobbes and Locke had set forth a system, in which peaceful coexistence among human beings could be ensured through social pacts or contracts. They considered civil society as a community that maintained civil life, the realm where civic virtues and rights were derived from natural laws. However, they did not hold that civil society was a separate realm from the state. Rather, they underlined the co-existence of the state and civil society. The systematic approaches of Hobbes and Locke (in their analysis of social relations) were largely influenced by the experiences in their period. Their attempts to explain human nature, natural laws, the social contract and the formation of government had challenged the divine right theory. In contrast to divine right, Hobbes and Locke claimed that humans can design their political order. This idea had a great impact on the thinkers in the Enlightenment period.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Enlightenment thinkers argued that human beings are rational and can shape their destiny. Hence, no need of an absolute authority to control them. Both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, a critic of civil society, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> argued that people are peace lovers and that wars are the creation of absolute regimes (Burchill 2001:33). As far as Kant was concerned, this system was effective to guard against the domination of a single interest and check the tyranny of the majority (Alagappa 2004:30).</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Modern history">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_history"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Modern history</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">G.W.F. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> completely changed the meaning of civil society, giving rise to a modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> understanding of it as a form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Free market">market</a> society as opposed to institutions of modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nation state">nation state</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zaleski_3-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-zaleski-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> Unlike his predecessors, the leading thinker of the Romanticism movement considered civil society as a separate realm, a "system of needs", that is the, “[stage of] difference which intervenes between the family and the state.” <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup> Civil society is the realm of economic relationships as they exist in the modern industrial capitalist society <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup>, for it had emerged at the particular period of capitalism and served its interests: individual rights and private property.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup> Hence, he used the German term "bürgerliche Gesellschaft" to denote civil society as "civilian society" – a sphere regulated by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_code" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil code">civil code</a>. This new way of thinking about civil society was followed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> as well.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zaleski_3-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-zaleski-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> For Hegel, civil society manifested contradictory forces. Being the realm of capitalist interests, there is a possibility of conflicts and inequalities within it (ex: mental and physical aptitude, talents and financial circumstances). He argued that these inequalities influence the choices that members are able to make in relation to the type of work they will do. The diverse positions in Civil Society fall into three estates: the substantial estate (agriculture), the formal estate (trade and industry), and the universal estate (civil society). <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup> A man is able to choose his estate, though his choice is limited by the aforementioned inequalities. However, Hegel argues that these inequalities enable all estates in Civil Society to be filled, which leads to a more efficient system on the whole.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Marxism and Socialism">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Marxism_and_Socialism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marxism and Socialism</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> was a Hegelian. For Marx, civil society was the ‘<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Base and superstructure">base</a>’ where productive forces and social relations were taking place, whereas political society was the '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Base and superstructure">superstructure</a>'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zaleski_3-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-zaleski-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> Agreeing with the link between capitalism and civil society, Marx held that the latter represents the interests of the bourgeoisie.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup> Therefore, the state as superstructure also represents the interests of the dominant class; under capitalism, it maintains the domination of the bourgeoisie. Hence, Marx rejected the positive role of state put forth by Hegel. Marx argued that the state cannot be a neutral problem solver. Rather, he depicted the state as the defender of the interests of the bourgeoisie. He considered the state to be the executive arm of the bourgeoisie, which would wither away once the working class took democratic control of society.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-27" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This negative view about civil society was rectified by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> (Edwards 2004:10). Departing somehow from Marx, Gramsci did not consider civil society as coterminous with the socio-economic base of the state. Rather, Gramsci located civil society in the political superstructure. He underlined the crucial role of civil society as the contributor of the cultural and ideological capital required for the survival of the hegemony of capitalism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup> Rather than posing it as a problem, as in earlier Marxist conceptions, Gramsci viewed civil society as the site for problem-solving. Agreeing with Gramsci, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Left" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Left">New Left</a> assigned civil society a key role in defending people against the state and the market and in asserting the democratic will to influence the state.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup> At the same time, Neo-liberal thinkers consider civil society as a site for struggle to subvert Communist and authoritarian regimes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup> Thus, the term civil society occupies an important place in the political discourses of the New Left and Neo-liberals.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Post-modernism">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-modernism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Post-modernism</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There is no data to support the popular opinion, that the post-modern way of understanding civil society was first developed by political opposition in the former Soviet block East European countries in the 1980s. Quite opposite, the research shows that it was communist propaganda that had most important influence on the development and popularization of the idea - in aim to legitimize <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-liberalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neo-liberalism">neoliberal</a> transformation in 1989. Through this a new way of using the concept of civil society became a neoliberal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ideology">ideology</a> legitimizing development of the third sector as a substitute for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-31" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">From that time stems a practice within the political field of using the idea of civil society instead of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="State (polity)">political society</a>. However, in the 1990s with the emergence of the nongovernmental organizations and the New Social Movements (NSMs) on a global scale, civil society as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_sector" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Voluntary sector">third sector</a> became a key terrain of strategic action to construct ‘an alternative social and world order.’ Henceforth, postmodern usage of the idea of civil society became divided into two main : as political society and as the third sector – apart from plethora of definitions.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Consensus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a> of the 1990s, which involved conditioned loans by the World Bank and IMF to debt-laden developing states, also created pressures for states in poorer countries to shrink.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-globall_7-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-globall-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> This in turn led to practical changes for civil society that went on to influence the theoretical debate. Initially the new conditionality led to an even greater emphasis on “civil society” as a panacea, replacing the state's service provision and social care,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-globall_7-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-globall-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> Hulme and Edwards suggested that it was now seen as “the magic bullet.”</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By the end of the 1990s civil society was seen less as a panacea amid the growth of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization movement</a> and the transition of many countries to democracy; instead, civil society was increasingly called on to justify its legitimacy and democratic credentials. This led to the creation by the UN of a high level panel on civil society <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_note-32" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup>. Post-modern civil society theory has now largely returned to a more neutral stance, but with marked differences between the study of the phenomena in richer societies and writing on civil society in developing states.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Institutions">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Institutions"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Institutions</span></span></h2>
<table style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Academia"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">academia</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">activist groups</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charitable organization"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">charities</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citizenship">citizens</a>' <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Militia">militia</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">civic groups</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">clubs (sports, social, etc.)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_foundation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Community foundation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">community foundations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">community organizations</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">consumers/consumer organizations</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cooperative"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">cooperatives</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Church (building)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">churches</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">cultural groups</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Environmentalism">environmental</a> groups</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(non-profit)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Foundation (non-profit)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">foundations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">intermediary organizations for the voluntary and non-profit sector</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">men's groups</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a> (NGOs)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit organizations</a> (NPOs)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">policy institutions</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">political parties</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">private voluntary organizations (PVOs)</span></li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">professional associations</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">religious organizations</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_enterprise" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social enterprise"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">social enterprises</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">support groups</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Trade union"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">trade unions</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_association" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Voluntary association"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">voluntary associations</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">women's groups</span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">See also</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Portal:Politics</span></a></li>
</ul>
<table style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associationalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Associationalism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Associationalism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_association" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civic association"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Civic association</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Civics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_virtue" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civic virtue"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Civic virtue</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_affairs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil affairs"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Civil affairs</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_liberties" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil liberties"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Civil liberties</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anarchism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Anarchism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_religion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil religion"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Civil religion</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_societarianism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil societarianism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Civil societarianism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil and political rights"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Civil and political rights</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communitarianism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Communitarianism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Communitarianism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_economics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional economics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constitutional economics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cultural hegemony"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cultural hegemony</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Democracy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault%E2%80%93Habermas_debate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Foucault–Habermas debate"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Foucault–Habermas debate</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_civics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Global civics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Global civics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Global governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Global governance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human rights"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Human rights</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judiciary"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Judiciary</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_nationalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Liberal nationalism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Liberal nationalism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mass society"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mass society</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-state_actor" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Non-state actor"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Non-state actor</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Open society"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Open society</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political science"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political science</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_interest_litigation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public interest litigation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public interest litigation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rule of law"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rule of law</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_According_to_Higher_Law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rule According to Higher Law"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rule According to Higher Law</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_capital" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social capital"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Social capital</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_economy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social economy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Social economy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social entrepreneurship"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Social entrepreneurship</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_innovation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social innovation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Social innovation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sociology"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sociology</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(philosophy)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Power (philosophy)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Power</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_sector" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Voluntary sector"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Voluntary sector</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yearbook_of_International_Organizations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yearbook of International Organizations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Yearbook of International Organizations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Civil-society scholars">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Civil-society_scholars"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Civil-society scholars</span></span></h3>
<table style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Alexander" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jeffrey C. Alexander"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Jeffrey C. Alexander</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Anheier" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Helmut Anheier"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Helmut Anheier</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Arato" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Andrew Arato"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Andrew Arato</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Blond" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phillip Blond"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Phillip Blond</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Barber" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Benjamin Barber"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Benjamin Barber</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bell" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Daniel Bell"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Daniel Bell</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Neelly_Bellah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Neelly Bellah"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Robert N. Bellah</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden_Bello" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Walden Bello"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Walden Bello</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_L._Cohen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jean L. Cohen"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Jean L. Cohen</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Edwards_(academic)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Michael Edwards (academic)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Michael Edwards</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bethke_Elshtain" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jean Bethke Elshtain"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Jean Bethke Elshtain</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitai_Etzioni" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amitai Etzioni"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Amitai Etzioni</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Francis Fukuyama"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Francis Fukuyama</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Gellner" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ernest Gellner"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ernest Gellner</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_George_(political_scientist)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Susan George (political scientist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Susan George (political scientist)</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jürgen Habermas"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Jürgen Habermas</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Dobkin_Hall" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peter Dobkin Hall"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Peter Dobkin Hall</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kaldor" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mary Kaldor"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mary Kaldor</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Dean_Karl" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Barry Dean Karl"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Barry Dean Karl</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keane_(political_theorist)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John Keane (political theorist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">John Keane</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Korten" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="David Korten"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">David Korten</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Meyer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John W. Meyer"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">John W. Meyer</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Moulaert" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Frank Moulaert"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Frank Moulaert</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Michael Oakeshott (political theorist)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_O%27Neill_(educator)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Michael O'Neill (educator)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Michael O'Neill</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Elinor Ostrom"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Elinor Ostrom</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Putnam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert D. Putnam"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Robert D. Putnam</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sandel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Michael Sandel"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Michael Sandel</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Charles Taylor</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td><td><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Trade_Watch" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Global Trade Watch"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lori Wallach</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Notes</span></span></h2>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(244, 196, 48); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 104px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></span></div>
</td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 748px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constructs such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibid." style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Ibid.">ibid.</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loc._cit." style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Loc. cit.">loc. cit.</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idem" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Idem">idem</a></i> are <b>discouraged by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes#Style_recommendations" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">Wikipedia's style guide</a> for footnotes</b>, as they are easily broken. Please <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">improve this article</a> by replacing them with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes#Naming_a_ref_tag_so_it_can_be_used_more_than_once" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Footnotes">named references</a> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Refref" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template:Refref">quick guide</a></i>), or an abbreviated title. <small><i>(December 2011)</i></small></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-webkit-column-count: 2; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
<ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CIVICUS Civil Society Index Methodology -<a class="external free" href="http://www.civicus.org/new/media/CSI_Methodology_and_conceptual_framework.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.civicus.org/new/media/CSI_Methodology_and_conceptual_framework.pdf</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-CSI-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-CSI_1-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-CSI_1-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.civilsoc.org/whatisCS.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>What is Civil Society</i></a> civilsoc.org</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-diccom-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-diccom_2-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-diccom_2-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external autonumber" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/civil+society?r=66" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-zaleski-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-zaleski_3-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-zaleski_3-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-zaleski_3-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-zaleski_3-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Zaleski, Pawel (2008). "Tocqueville on Civilian Society. A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality". <i>Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte</i> (Felix Meiner Verlag) <b>50</b>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tocqueville+on+Civilian+Society.+A+Romantic+Vision+of+the+Dichotomic+Structure+of+Social+Reality&rft.jtitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Begriffsgeschichte&rft.aulast=Zaleski&rft.aufirst=Pawel&rft.au=Zaleski%2C%26%2332%3BPawel&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=50&rft.pub=Felix+Meiner+Verlag&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Civil_society"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Almond, G., & Verba, S.; 'The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes And Democracy In Five Nations; 1989; Sage</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'ibid'</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Robert D. Putnam, Robert Leonardi, Raffaella Y. Nanetti; Robert Leonardi, Raffaella Y. Nanetti (1994). <i>Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-07889-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-07889-0">0-691-07889-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Democracy+Work%3A+Civic+Traditions+in+Modern+Italy&rft.aulast=Robert+D.+Putnam%2C+Robert+Leonardi%2C+Raffaella+Y.+Nanetti&rft.au=Robert+D.+Putnam%2C+Robert+Leonardi%2C+Raffaella+Y.+Nanetti&rft.date=1994&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-691-07889-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Civil_society"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-globall-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-globall_7-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-globall_7-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-globall_7-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-globall_7-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pawel Zaleski <i>Global Non-governmental Administrative System: Geosociology of the Third Sector</i>, [in:] Gawin, Dariusz & Glinski, Piotr [ed.]: “Civil Society in the Making,” IFiS Publishers, Warszawa 2006</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agnew, John; 2002; 'Democracy and Human Rights' in Johnston, R.J., Taylor, Peter J. and Watts, Michael J. (eds); 2002; <i>Geographies of Global Change</i>; Blackwell</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external autonumber" href="http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/default.asp?3,28,11,1994" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a> Pithouse, Richard (2005) Report Back from the Third World Network Meeting Accra, 2005. Centre for Civil Society : 1-6.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Politics of the Governed: Popular Politics in Most of the World, 2004</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://p2pfoundation.net/Engaging_Critically_with_the_Reality_and_Concept_of_Civil_Society" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Paper: Interrogating the Civil. Engaging Critically with the Reality and Concept of Civil Society</a>, 2010</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollock, Graham.'Civil Society Theory and Euro-Nationalism' , Studies In Social & Political Thought, Issue 4, March 2001, pp. 31–56</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1986/buchanan.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Buchanan Entry at Nobel site</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Barenboim, Natalya Merkulova. "<a class="external text" href="http://philosophicalclub.ru/content/docs/worldruleoflaw.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">The 25th Anniversary of Constitutional Economics: The Russian Model and Legal Reform in Russia, in The World Rule of Law Movement and Russian Legal Reform</a>", edited by Francis Neate and Holly Nielsen, Justitsinform, Moscow (2007).</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann, Michael; 1984; The Autonomous Power of The State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results; European Journal of Sociology 25: pp185-213</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/partners/civil_society/home.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">United Nations: Partners in Civil Society</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Ed6-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-Ed6_17-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-Ed6_17-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-Ed6_17-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards 2004. p 6.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-O.27Connell-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-O.27Connell_18-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Connell 1999</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Bro70-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-Bro70_19-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown 2001:70</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Knut80-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-Knut80_20-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-Knut80_20-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Knutsen 1997:80–118</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Chand88-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-Chand88_21-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chandhoke 1995:88</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegel, G. F. W. Philosophy Of Right, edited by Allen W. Wood (Cambridge University Press, 1991) §184</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stillman, Peter G. <i>Hegel’s Civil Society: A Locus of Freedom</i>, appearing in Polity, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Summer 1980) pp. 622 – 646. p. 623</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dhanagare 2001:169</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegel, G. F. W. Philosophy Of Right, edited by Allen W. Wood (Cambridge University Press, 1991) §202</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards 2004:10</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-27" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Lenin, 2010, for a summary of Marx's thought on the State and an introduction to Marxist thought on the state up until 1917. For a detailed discussion of Marx's thought on the state and civil society see Draper, 1977 & 1986 (Volumes 1 and 2)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehrenberg 1999:208</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibid:30</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibid: 33</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-31" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pawel Stefan Zaleski, <i>Neoliberalizm i spoleczenstwo obywatelskie</i>, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, Torun 2012</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society#cite_ref-32" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.un.org/reform/civilsociety/bios.shtml" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="References"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">References</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Alagappa, Muthiah. <i>Civil Society and Political Change in Asia</i>. Stanford: Standford University Press, 2004. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804750971" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-8047-5097-1</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Edwards_(academic)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Michael Edwards (academic)">Edwards, Michael</a>. <i>Civil Society</i>. Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 2004. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0745631339" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-7456-3133-9</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Draper" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hal Draper">Draper, Hal</a> <i>Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution</i> (Volume 1: State and Bureaucracy, Volume 2: The Politics of Social Classes). New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977 & 1986.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Flyvbjerg, Bent. "<a class="external text" href="http://flyvbjerg.plan.aau.dk/CIVSOC5%200PRINTBJS.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Habermas and Foucault: Thinkers for Civil Society?</i></a>, British Journal of Sociology, vol. 49, no. 2, June 1998, pp. 210–233.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Gosewinkel, Dieter: <a class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20101025280" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Civil Society</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_History_Online" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European History Online">European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>, 2011, retrieved: August 24, 2011.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hemmati, Minu. Dodds, Felix. Enayati, Jasmin. and McHarry,Jan <a class="external text" href="http://www.earthsummit2002.org/msp/book.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">downloadable copy of <i>Multistakeholder Processes for Governance and Sustainability:Beyond Deadlock and Conflict</i></a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Interface journal <a class="external text" href="http://interfacejournal.nuim.ie/?p=1127" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">special issue</a> on civil society and social movements</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">O'Connell,Brian.<i>Civil Society: The Underpinnings of American Democracy</i>.Medford, Mass:Tufts University Press, 1999. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874519241" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-87451-924-1</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Perlas, Nicolas, <i>Shaping Globalization – Civil Society, Cultural Power and Threefolding</i>. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/095838858X" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-9583885-8-X</a> .</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pollock, Graham.<a class="external text" href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/cspt/documents/issue4-3.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Civil Society Theory and Euro-Nationalism</i></a>, Studies In Social & Political Thought, Issue 4, March 2001, pp. 31–56</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tvedt, Terje. <i>Angels of Mercy or Development Diplomats. NGOs & Foreign Aid</i>. Oxford: James Currey, 1998.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Whaites, Alan, <i>Let's get civil society straight: NGOs and Political Theory,</i> Development in Practice, 1996, <a class="external autonumber" href="http://publications.oxfam.org.uk/oxfam/results.asp?sf_20=oxfam_archive_flag&st_20=NOT+Y&sf_01=CAUTHOR&TAG=&CID=&st_01=whaites&SORT=SORT_DATE%2FD&x=0&y=0" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since January 2012">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Whaites, Alan, <i>NGOs, Civil Society and the State: Avoiding theoretical extremes in real world issues,' Development in Practice</i> 1998 <a class="external autonumber" href="http://publications.oxfam.org.uk/oxfam/display.asp?K=002J0270&sf_20=oxfam_archive_flag&st_20=NOT+Y&sf_01=CTITLE&st_01=NGOs%2C+civil+society+and+state&sort=SORT_DATE%2FD&x=0&y=0&m=3&dc=3" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since January 2012">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Zaleski, Pawel, <i>Tocqueville on Civilian Society: A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality</i>, Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte Bd. 50/2008</span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_society&action=edit&section=15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">External links</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CCS/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">LSE Centre for Civil Society</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/en/civilsociety/index.shtml" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">UN and Civil Society</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/civil_society/gcsf/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">UNEP Global Civil Society Forum</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/civil_society/index.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">EU relations with Civil Society</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.dfid.gov.uk/aboutdfid/dfidwork/civilsociety.asp" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">UK DFID relations with Civil Society</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.civicus.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Civicus – Worldwide Alliance for Citizen Participation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.pcdf.org/civilsociety/default.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Global civil society (PCDF)</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.oneworldtrust.org/csoproject" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">One World Trust Database of Civil Society Self-regulatory Initiatives</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.wiserearth.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">WiserEarth.org – World Index for Social and Environmental Responsibility</a> – formerly www.civilsociety.org.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.stakeholderforum.org/1index.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Stakeholder Forum for a Sustainable Future engagement in UN stakeholder relations</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.istr.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International Society for Third-Sector Research</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.csf-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/publications-csfd/doc_details/25-bied-charreton-marc-and-requier-desjardins-melanie-2007-science-and-civil-society" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bied-Charreton Marc and Requier-Desjardins Mélanie, 2007. Science and civil society in the fight against desertification. Les dossiers thématiques du CSFD. Issue 6. 40 pp.</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.uia.be/node/164111" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">100 years of trends in international civil society by the Union of International Associations</span></a></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">reference:</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society</a></span></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-74203444277861759762012-05-22T05:29:00.002-07:002012-07-24T01:30:47.535-07:00Outline of public affairs<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div id="siteSub" style="background-color: white; display: inline; line-height: 20px;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em;">The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to public affairs:</span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr;">
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Public affairs</b> – catch-all term that includes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy">public policy</a> as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public administration">public administration</a>, both of which are closely related to and draw upon the fields of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political science">political science</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Economics">economics</a>.</span></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 20px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Contents</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_affairs#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_affairs#Essence_of_public_affairs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Essence of public affairs</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_affairs#Branches_of_public_affairs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Branches of public affairs</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_affairs#General_public_affairs_concepts" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">General public affairs concepts</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_affairs#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_affairs#External_links" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_affairs&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Essence of public affairs">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Essence_of_public_affairs"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Essence of public affairs</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public">Public</a> – in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public relations">public relations</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Communication science">communication science</a>, the contexts of "public" are:</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Publics – groups of individuals</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The public (a.k.a."the general public") – the totality of such groups.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affair" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Affair">Affairs</a> – professional, personal, or public business matters.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_affairs&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Branches of public affairs">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Branches_of_public_affairs"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Branches of public affairs</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> – principled guide to action taken by the administrative or executive branches of the state with regard to a class of issues in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs. Public policy is commonly embodied "in constitutions, legislative acts, and judicial decisions." <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_affairs#cite_note-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public administration">Public administration</a> – implementation of government policy and an academic discipline that studies this implementation and that prepares civil servants for this work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_affairs#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_affairs&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: General public affairs concepts">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="General_public_affairs_concepts"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">General public affairs concepts</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="State (polity)">State (polity)</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government">government</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forms_of_government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Forms of government">forms of government</a></span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Republic"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">republic</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">democracy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monarchy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">monarchy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Security"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">security</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Crime">crime</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Criminal justice">criminal justice</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Military"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">military</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_defense" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil defense">civil defense</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_preparedness" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Emergency preparedness">emergency preparedness</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_emergency_response_team" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Community emergency response team">community emergency response teams</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Regulation">regulation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a></span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public health">public health</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Emissions trading">emissions trading</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Industrial policy">industrial policy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Investment policy">investment policy</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax,_tariff_and_trade" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tax, tariff and trade">tax, tariff and trade</a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Budget"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">budget</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Taxation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">taxation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Socialism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">socialism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy_(bureaucratic)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technocracy (bureaucratic)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">technocracy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Management"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">management</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_degrees" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public policy degrees"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">public policy degrees</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_affairs&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="References"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">References</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
<ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_affairs#cite_ref-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1368469" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Schuster II, W. Michael, "For the Greater Good: The Use of Public Policy Considerations in Confirming Chapter 11 Plans of Reorganization"</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_affairs#cite_ref-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://dictionary.infoplease.com/public-administration" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Random House Unabridged Dictionary</a></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_affairs&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">External links</span></span></h2>
<table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Find more about <b>Public affairs</b> on Wikipedia's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Public_affairs" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wiktionary"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Search Wiktionary" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Public_affairs" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Definitions and translations</a> from Wiktionary</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_affairs" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Commons"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="18" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_affairs" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Images and media</a> from Commons</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Public_affairs" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikiversity"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="23" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="25" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Public_affairs" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Public_affairs" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikinews"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="25" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Public_affairs" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">News stories</a> from Wikinews</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Public_affairs" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikiquote"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="21" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Public_affairs" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Public_affairs" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikisource"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="24" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Public_affairs" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Source texts</a> from Wikisource</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Public_affairs" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikibooks"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="25" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Public_affairs" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.dmoz.org/Business/Marketing_and_Advertising/Public_Relations/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Public Relations</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Open Directory Project">Open Directory Project</a></span></li>
</ul>
<dl style="line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;">
<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">About the industry</span></dt>
</dl>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.publicaffairslinks.co.uk/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Public Affairs Links</a>, an independent overview of the industry in the US and Europe</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.prmuseum.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The Museum of Public Relations</a>, a look at some of the industry's historical figures</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icrsurvey.com/docs/MR%20for%20PR.doc" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Using market research for Public Relations</a>, white paper from <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICR/International_Communications_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="ICR/International Communications Research (page does not exist)">ICR</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.instituteforpr.org/files/uploads/MiniMe_HistoryOfPR.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">A History of Public Relations</a>, from The Institute for Public Relations</span></li>
</ul>
<dl style="line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;">
<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Industry publications</span></dt>
</dl>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.prweek.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">PR Week</a> , a PR trade weekly with both a US and UK edition</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.odwyerpr.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">O'Dwyer's PR Daily</a>, another trade publication, occasionally featuring critical essays and investigative journalism about the industry</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.prandmarketing.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">PR News</a>, online and offline publication that also issues PR awards, webinars and guidebooks</span></li>
</ul>
<dl style="line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;">
<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Industry associations and institutes</span></dt>
</dl>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cprs.ca/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The Canadian Public Relations Society, Inc.</a>, The CPRS works to advance the professional stature of public relations and regulates its practice for the benefit and protection of the public interest.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cipr.co.uk/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Chartered Institute of Public Relations</a>, the UK’s leading public relations industry professional body and the largest public relations institute in Europe</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.prfirms.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Council of Public Relations Firms</a> U.S. trade association for public relations firms</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.globalpr.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The Global Alliance</a>, an international <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_organisation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peak organisation">peak organisation</a> with a mission to enhance the public relations profession and its practitioners throughout the world.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a class="external text" href="http://www.instituteforpr.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Institute for Public Relations</a> is focused on the science beneath the art of public relations</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.iabc.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">International Association of Business Communicators</a>, an international association of 15,000 communicators, with many members from the PR profession</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.lacp.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">League of American Communications Professionals</a> recognizes and promotes best practices within the communications industry. Resources include a free monthly newsletter; templates and how-to guides available to members; evaluation services; and competitions highlighting the best communications materials and campaigns within the industry.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.pria.com.au/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Public Relations Institute of Australia</a>, Institute for the public relations profession in Australia.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.prinz.org.nz/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Public Relations Institute of New Zealand</a> Institute for the public relations profession in New Zealand, advancing learning, promoting professional development and working towards a greater understanding of public relations in the wider community.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.prsa.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Public Relations Society of America</a>, a professional association of public relations practitioners</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.prsi.in/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Public Relations Society of India</a>, a professional body of public relations practitioners in India</span></li>
</ul>
<dl style="line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;">
<dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Watchdogs and critics</span></dt>
</dl>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sourcewatch.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">SourceWatch.org</a> Provides background on PR agencies and practitioners. Focuses mostly on conservative and right-wing PR</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.prwatch.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">PR Watch</a>, critiques deceptive PR campaigns</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.spinwatch.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Spinwatch</a>, a page which monitors public relations and propaganda</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.corporatewatch.org.uk/?lid=1570" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">CorporateWatch</a>, a critical overview of the public relations and lobbying industry</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.factcheck.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Annenberg Political Fact Check</a> A nonpartisan, nonprofit consumer advocate which monitors the factual accuracy of statements by political players</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">reference:</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_affairs">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_affairs</a></span></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-31637678781194805792012-05-22T05:26:00.003-07:002012-05-25T11:50:42.071-07:00Outline of public relations<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 20px;">
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">See also: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_public_relations_articles" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Index of public relations articles">Index of public relations articles</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to public relations:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></b> – actions of an organization or individual in promoting goodwill between itself and the public, the community, employees, customers, and so on.</span></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
Contents</span></span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#Nature_of_public_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Nature of public relations</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#Essence_of_public_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Essence of public relations</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#Public_relations_methods_and_approaches" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Public relations methods and approaches</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#Theory_of_public_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Theory of public relations</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#History_of_public_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History of public relations</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#Historical_uses_of_propaganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical uses of propaganda</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#By_country" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">By country</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#Miscellany" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Miscellany</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#World_War_II" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">World War II</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#Britain" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Britain</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#Nazi_Germany" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Nazi Germany</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-5 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#People" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">People</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-5 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#Organisations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Organisations</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-5 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#Campaigns_and_events" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Campaigns and events</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-5 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#Media" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-5 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#Films" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Films</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#Public_relations_organizations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Public relations organizations</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#Public_relations_media" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Public relations media</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#Works_about_public_relations_and_propaganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Works about public relations and propaganda</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#Books" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#Film" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Film</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#See_also" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations#External_links" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Nature of public relations">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Nature_of_public_relations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Nature of public relations</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public relations can be described as all of the following:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_discipline" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Academic discipline">Academic discipline</a> – branch of knowledge that is taught and researched at the college or university level. Disciplines are defined (in part), and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned societies and academic departments or faculties to which their practitioners belong.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Communication">Communication</a> – activity of conveying information.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marketing">Marketing</a> – process which creates, communicates, and delivers value to the customer, and maintains the relationship with customers.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Essence of public relations">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Essence_of_public_relations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Essence of public relations</span></span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a>: the general propagation of information for a specific purpose</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_warfare" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a>:</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyops" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Psyops"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Psyops</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public relations">Public relations</a>: techniques used to influence the publics' perception of an organization</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Publicity">Publicity</a>: PR techniques used to promote a specific product or brand</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(public_relations)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spin (public relations)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Spin (public relations)</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(public_relations)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spin (public relations)">Spin</a>: both the objective of a PR campaign and the act of obtaining that objective</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Public relations methods and approaches">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_relations_methods_and_approaches"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Public relations methods and approaches</span></span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Airborne leaflet propaganda</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a> / <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturf_PR" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Astroturf PR">Astroturf PR</a>: fake grassroots</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrocity_story" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Atrocity story"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Atrocity story</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bandwagon effect"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bandwagon effect</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_lie" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Big lie"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Big lie</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_propaganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black propaganda"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Black propaganda</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzword" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Buzzword"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Buzzword</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_stacking" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Card stacking"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Card stacking</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_word" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Code word"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Code word</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_propaganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Communist propaganda"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Communist propaganda</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_image" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corporate image"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Corporate image</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corporate propaganda"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Corporate propaganda</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_personality" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cult of personality"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cult of personality</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Demonization"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Demonization</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a>: providing false information</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog-whistle_politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dog-whistle politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dog-whistle politics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublespeak" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Doublespeak"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Doublespeak</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enterperience&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Enterperience (page does not exist)">Enterperience</a>: fusing entertainment and experience together</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Euphemism">Euphemisms</a>, as done deliberately to advance a cause or position (see also <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_correctness" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a>)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factoid" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Factoid"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Factoid</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedspeak" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fedspeak"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fedspeak</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_organization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Front organization"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Front organization</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glittering_generality" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Glittering generality"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Glittering generality</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophobic_propaganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Homophobic propaganda"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Homophobic propaganda</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoctrination" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indoctrination"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Indoctrination</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_warfare" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Information warfare">Information warfare</a>: the practice of disseminating information in an attempt to advance your agenda relative to a competing viewpoint</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Junk science"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Junk science</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_of_two_evils_principle" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lesser of two evils principle"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lesser of two evils principle</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loaded_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Loaded language"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Loaded language</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marketing">Marketing</a>: commercial and business techniques</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_bias" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Media bias"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Media bias</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_manipulation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a>: the attempt to influence broadcast media decisions in an attempt to present your view to a mass audience</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misuse_of_statistics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Misuse of statistics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Misuse of statistics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_management" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="News management">News management</a>: PR techniques concerned with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="News">news</a> media</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_propaganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="News propaganda"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">News propaganda</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspeak" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Newspeak"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Newspeak</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_folks" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plain folks"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Plain folks</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_film" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Propaganda film"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Propaganda film</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_announcement" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public service announcement"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public service announcement</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_propaganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Revolutionary propaganda"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Revolutionary propaganda</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_propaganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Self propaganda"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Self propaganda</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_marketing" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social marketing">Social marketing</a>: techniques used in behavioral change, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_promotion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Health promotion">health promotion</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sound science"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sound science</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebuttal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rebuttal">Rebuttal</a>: a type of news management technique</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rhetoric"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rhetoric</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slogan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Slogan"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Slogan</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_(propaganda)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Transfer (propaganda)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Transfer (propaganda)</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_news_release" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Video news release"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Video news release</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weasel_Word" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Weasel Word"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Weasel Word</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_propaganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="White propaganda"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">White propaganda</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_journalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yellow journalism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Yellow journalism</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Theory of public relations">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Theory_of_public_relations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Theory of public relations</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Agenda-setting theory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Agenda-setting theory</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Framing (social sciences)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Framing (social sciences)</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_model" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a>: a model developed by Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman to explain how propaganda functions in democracies</span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: History of public relations">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_public_relations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">History of public relations</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_public_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of public relations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">History of public relations</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Historical uses of propaganda">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_uses_of_propaganda"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Historical uses of propaganda</span></span></h3>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: By country">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="By_country"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By country</span></span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Propaganda in India (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Propaganda in India</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Propaganda in the People's Republic of China"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Propaganda in the People's Republic of China</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Propaganda in the People's Republic of Poland"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Propaganda in the People's Republic of Poland</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Republic_of_China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Propaganda in the Republic of China"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Propaganda in the Republic of China</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Propaganda in Rwanda (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Propaganda in Rwanda</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Propaganda in the Soviet Union</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Propaganda in the United States"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Propaganda in the United States</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Miscellany">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Miscellany"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Miscellany</span></span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_for_Agitation_and_Propaganda&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Department for Agitation and Propaganda (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Department for Agitation and Propaganda</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mockingbird" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Operation Mockingbird"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Operation Mockingbird</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallywood" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pallywood"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pallywood</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Reformation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Propaganda during the Reformation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Propaganda during the Reformation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_War_in_Somalia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Propaganda in the War in Somalia"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Propaganda in the War in Somalia</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations_preparations_for_2003_invasion_of_Iraq" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public relations preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public relations preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role_of_the_media_in_the_Yugoslav_wars" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Role of the media in the Yugoslav wars"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Role of the media in the Yugoslav wars</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Propaganda_League" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Socialist Propaganda League"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Socialist Propaganda League</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="World_War_II"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">World War II</span></span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_propaganda_during_World_War_II" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="American propaganda during World War II"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">American propaganda during World War II</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Japanese_propaganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anti-Japanese propaganda"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Anti-Japanese propaganda</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Information_and_Propaganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bureau of Information and Propaganda"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bureau of Information and Propaganda</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_propaganda_during_World_War_II" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Soviet propaganda during World War II"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Soviet propaganda during World War II</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney%27s_World_War_II_Propaganda_Production" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Walt Disney's World War II Propaganda Production"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Walt Disney's World War II Propaganda Production</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h5 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Britain">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Britain"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Britain</span></span></h5>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_propaganda_during_World_War_II" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British propaganda during World War II">British propaganda during World War II</a></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Allied_propaganda_films_of_World_War_II#United_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Allied propaganda films of World War II"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of British propaganda films of World War II</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fougasse_(cartoonist)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fougasse (cartoonist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fougasse</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ministry of Information</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h5 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Nazi Germany">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Nazi_Germany"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Nazi Germany</span></span></h5>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a></span></div>
<h6 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: People">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="People"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">People</span></span></h6>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Baillie-Stewart" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Norman Baillie-Stewart">Norman Baillie-Stewart</a> (Radio broadcaster, 1939-1942)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Henry_Best" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Henry Best">Robert Henry Best</a> (Radio broadcaster, 1942)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_Bruckmann" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Elsa Bruckmann">Elsa Bruckmann</a> (Propagandist to industrialists)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Bruckmann" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hugo Bruckmann"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hugo Bruckmann</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Burri" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Franz Burri">Franz Burri</a> (Disseminator of Nazi propaganda in Switzerland)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Dietrich" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Otto Dietrich">Otto Dietrich</a> (Press chief)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Drexel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constance Drexel">Constance Drexel</a> (Radio broadcaster)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Esser" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hermann Esser">Hermann Esser</a> (First Nazi Chief of Propaganda)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Fanck" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arnold Fanck">Arnold Fanck</a> (Film director)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ferdonnet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Paul Ferdonnet">Paul Ferdonnet</a> (Radio broadcaster)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Frentz" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Walter Frentz">Walter Frentz</a> (Photographer and film producer)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Fritzsche" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hans Fritzsche">Hans Fritzsche</a> (Holder of various posts in the Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Funk" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a> (State Secretary for the Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, 1933-1938)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Gauch" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hermann Gauch"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hermann Gauch</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Gerdes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Herbert Gerdes"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Herbert Gerdes</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Gerland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Karl Gerland"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Karl Gerland</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Gillars" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mildred Gillars"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mildred Gillars</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Joseph Goebbels"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Joseph Goebbels</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hans F. K. Günther"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hans F. K. Günther</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Hadamovsky" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eugen Hadamovsky"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Eugen Hadamovsky</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Hanfstaengl" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ernst Hanfstaengl"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ernst Hanfstaengl</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Hanke" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Karl Hanke"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Karl Hanke</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thea_von_Harbou" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thea von Harbou"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Thea von Harbou</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veit_Harlan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Veit Harlan"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Veit Harlan</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Hippler" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fritz Hippler"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fritz Hippler</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hoffmann" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Heinrich Hoffmann"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Heinrich Hoffmann</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Davies_Hughes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Raymond Davies Hughes"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Raymond Davies Hughes</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Jannings" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Emil Jannings"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Emil Jannings</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Joyce" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="William Joyce"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">William Joyce</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_W._Kaltenbach" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fred W. Kaltenbach">Fred W. Kaltenbach</a> (Radio broadcaster)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Kirdorf" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Emil Kirdorf"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Emil Kirdorf</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Julius_Kuhn" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fritz Julius Kuhn"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fritz Julius Kuhn</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_von_Leers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Johann von Leers"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Johann von Leers</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Liebeneiner" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wolfgang Liebeneiner"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Wolfgang Liebeneiner</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Haw-Haw" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lord Haw-Haw"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lord Haw-Haw</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_von_M%C3%B6llendorff" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Horst von Möllendorff"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Horst von Möllendorff</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_James_Monti" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Martin James Monti"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Martin James Monti</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Naumann" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Werner Naumann"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Werner Naumann</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Noelle-Neumann" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_von_Oven" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wilfred von Oven"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Wilfred von Oven</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leni Riefenstahl"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Leni Riefenstahl</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alfred Rosenberg"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Alfred Rosenberg</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_R%C3%B6ssler" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fritz Rössler"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fritz Rössler</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Schwartz-Bostunitsch" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gregor Schwartz-Bostunitsch"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Gregor Schwartz-Bostunitsch</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Albert Speer"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Albert Speer</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Streicher" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Julius Streicher"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Julius Streicher</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_Taubert" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eberhard Taubert"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Eberhard Taubert</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h6 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Organisations">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Organisations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Organisations</span></span></h6>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_and_his_Orchestra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charlie and his Orchestra"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Charlie and his Orchestra</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Film_(Nazi_Germany)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Department of Film (Nazi Germany)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Department of Film</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaubildstelle" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gaubildstelle">Gaubildstelle</a> (Office of Slides)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda</a> (Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda or Propagandaministerium, or RNVP)</span></li>
</ul>
<h6 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Campaigns and events">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Campaigns_and_events"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Campaigns and events</span></span></h6>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Himmler" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Operation Himmler"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Operation Himmler</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Rallies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nuremberg Rallies"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nuremberg Rallies</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportpalast_speech" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sportpalast speech"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sportpalast speech</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h6 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Media"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Media</span></span></h6>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nazism and cinema">Nazism and cinema</a></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eternal_Jew" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Eternal Jew">The Eternal Jew</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Hippler" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fritz Hippler">Fritz Hippler</a>, 1940)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a>, 1934)</span></li>
</ul>
<h6 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Films">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Films"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Films</span></span></h6>
<div class="rellink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Allied_propaganda_films_of_World_War_II" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Allied propaganda films of World War II">List of Allied propaganda films of World War II</a></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Public relations organizations">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_relations_organizations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Public relations organizations</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Council" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ad Council"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ad Council</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_International_Information_Programs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bureau of International Information Programs"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bureau of International Information Programs</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Propaganda_Analysis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Institute for Propaganda Analysis"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Institute for Propaganda Analysis</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_propaganda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ministry of propaganda"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ministry of propaganda</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States Information Agency"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">United States Information Agency</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Public relations media">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_relations_media"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Public relations media</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Fateh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Al Fateh">Al Fateh</a>"</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Army" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="America's Army">America's Army</a></i>, video game produced by the U.S. government with the stated aim of encouraging players to become interested in joining the U.S. Army.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Works about public relations and propaganda">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Works_about_public_relations_and_propaganda"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Works about public relations and propaganda</span></span></h2>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Books"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Books</span></span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent:_The_Political_Economy_of_the_Mass_Media" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media">Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media</a></i> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Herman" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edward S. Herman">Edward S. Herman</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_(book)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Propaganda (book)">Propaganda</a></i> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bernays" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Opinion_(book)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public Opinion (book)">Public Opinion</a></i> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Film"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Film</span></span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wag_the_Dog" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wag the Dog"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Wag the Dog</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">See also</span></span></h2>
<div class="noprint tright portal" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 0.5em;">
<table style="background-color: #f9f9f9; line-height: 12px; max-width: 175px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portal-puzzle.svg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Portal icon" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="32" /></span></a></td><td style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; padding: 0px 0.2em; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Public_relations&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Public relations (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public relations portal</span></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of cognitive biases"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of cognitive biases</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of common misconceptions"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of common misconceptions</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of fallacies"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of fallacies</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_memory_biases" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of memory biases"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of memory biases</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_misquotations&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="List of misquotations (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of misquotations</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_and_Crooked_Thinking" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Straight and Crooked Thinking">Straight and Crooked Thinking</a></i> (book)</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="clear: both;">
</div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_public_relations&action=edit&section=23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">External links</span></span></h2>
<table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Find more about <b>Public relations</b> on Wikipedia's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Public_relations" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wiktionary"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Search Wiktionary" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Public_relations" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Definitions and translations</a> from Wiktionary</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_relations" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Commons"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="18" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_relations" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Images and media</a> from Commons</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Public_relations" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikiversity"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="23" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="25" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Public_relations" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Public_relations" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikinews"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="25" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Public_relations" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">News stories</a> from Wikinews</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Public_relations" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikiquote"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="21" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Public_relations" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Public_relations" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikisource"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="24" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Public_relations" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Source texts</a> from Wikisource</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Public_relations" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikibooks"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="25" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Public_relations" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.globalalliancepr.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Global Alliance for Public Relations and Communication Management</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.wprf2010.se/draft-of-the-stockholm-accords" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Stockholm Accords for Public Relations</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://p-relations.ru/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Russia (independent) Alliance for Public Relations</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.dmoz.org/Business/Marketing_and_Advertising/Public_Relations/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Public Relations</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Open Directory Project">Open Directory Project</a></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">reference : <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_public_relations</a></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-57013348112917768052012-05-22T05:16:00.000-07:002012-07-24T01:32:21.465-07:00Outline of political science<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"></span><br />
<div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #7d7d7d; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
</div>
<div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="background-color: white; height: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#mw-head" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 20px;">
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-notice" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(30, 144, 255); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; margin: 0px 104px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="A coloured voting box.svg" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></span></a></div>
</td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 748px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<br />
<center><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Index of politics articles">Politics articles</a></b><br /><strong class="selflink">Outline</strong> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="List of political parties">Political parties</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_scandal" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Political scandal">Scandals</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_lists" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Political lists">Lists</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Politics">Portal</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Politics" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></span></center></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to politics:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politics">Politics</a></b> – the exorcise of power; process by which groups of people make <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_decision_making" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Group decision making">collective decisions</a>. The term is generally applied to the art or science of running governmental or state affairs, including behavior within civil <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government">governments</a>, but also applies to institutions, fields, and special interest groups such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corporation">corporate</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Academia">academic</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Religion">religious</a> segments of society.</span></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Contents</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Essence_of_political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Essence of political science</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Political_systems" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Political systems</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#State" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">State</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Forms_of_government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Forms of government</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Basics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Basics</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Advanced" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Advanced</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Democracy</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Other" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Governments_of_the_world" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Governments of the world</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Elections" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Elections</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Political_parties" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Political parties</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Political_parties_by_region" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Political parties by region</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Law</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Political_strategies_and_tactics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Political strategies and tactics</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Political_issues" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Political issues</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Politics by region</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Foreign_relations_by_region" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Foreign relations by region</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#History_of_politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">History of politics</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Political science</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Fields_of_study_of_political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Fields of study of political science</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Related_disciplines" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Related disciplines</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Political_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Political theory</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Political_scholars" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Political scholars</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Influential_literature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Influential literature</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#See_also" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Further_reading" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#External_links" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Essence of political science">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Essence_of_political_science" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Essence of political science</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political science">Political science</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politics">Politics</a></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Government</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Debate"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Debate</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_speaking" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public speaking"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public speaking</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_geography" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political geography"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political geography</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Geopolitics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Geopolitics</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Economics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Economics</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political economics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political economics</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International relations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International relations</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Diplomacy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Diplomacy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ethics</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jurisprudence"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Jurisprudence</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human rights"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Human rights</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Election"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Election</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political parties"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political parties</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_campaign" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political campaign"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political campaign</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_opinion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public opinion"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public opinion</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Advocacy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Advocacy</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy_group" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Advocacy group"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Advocacy group</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lobbying"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lobbying</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Unsorted:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political philosophy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political philosophy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Globalization"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Globalization</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public Policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public Policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Comparative politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Comparative politics</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Political systems">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_systems" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Political systems</span></h2>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: State">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="State" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">State</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="State (polity)">State (polity)</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_institution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political institution"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political institutions</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public administration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Comparative politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Comparative government</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_powers_of_the_State" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Three powers of the State"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Three powers of the State</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Executive (government)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Executive</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Executive (government)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Executive branch</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Executive (government)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Executive power</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Head of state"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Head of state</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legislative"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Legislative</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_branch" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legislative branch"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Legislative branch</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_process" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legislative process"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Legislative process</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_power" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legislative power"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Legislative power</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_making" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Law making"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Law making</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judicial"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Judicial</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_branch" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judicial branch"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Judicial branch</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_power" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judicial power"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Judicial power</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_rights" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political rights"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political rights</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_participation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political participation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political participation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public administration</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil service"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Civil service</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political parties"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political parties</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Forms of government">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Forms_of_government" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Forms of government</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government">Government</a></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Democracy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Republic"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Republic</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monarchy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Monarchy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Communism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Communism</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Basics">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Basics" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Basics</span></h4>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Power structure</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unitary state"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Unitary state</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Federalism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Federalism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Confederation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Confederacy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anarchy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Anarchy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Type of control</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Communism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Communism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Socialism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Socialism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Capitalism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Capitalism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Power source</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Aristocratic</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Popular</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Monarchy</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Oligarchy</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constitutional</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constitutional monarchy</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Technocracy</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Democratic</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Direct</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Indirect</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Theocratic</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fundamentalism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fundamentalism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Canonical</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ecclesiastical</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Divine right</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Legal system</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Authoritarian regime</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Republic</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Parliamentary</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Presidential</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political alignment</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Radical</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Left-wing</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Centrist</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Right-wing</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Advanced">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Advanced" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Advanced</span></h4>
<h5 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Democracy">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Democracy" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Democracy</span></h5>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indirect democracy">Indirect democracy</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Consensus government">Consensus government</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polyarchy">Polyarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential system</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethnic democracy">Ethnic democracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus democracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consociationalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Deliberative democracy">Deliberative democracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_socialism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Totalitarian democracy">Totalitarian democracy</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managed_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Managed democracy">Managed democracy</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Futarchy">Futarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Open source governance">Open source governance</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Participatory democracy">Participatory democracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's democracy">People's democracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pure democracy">Pure democracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_republic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democratic republic">Democratic republic</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
<h5 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Other" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Other</span></h5>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androcracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Androcracy">Androcracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a> – a form of government in which a few elite citizens rule.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> – an organization of elected officials of a government or organization who implement the rules, laws, and functions of their institution, and are occasionally characterized by<a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/officialism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="wiktionary:officialism">officialism</a> and <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/red_tape" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="wiktionary:red tape">red tape</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Communist state">Communist state</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_leadership" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Confederation">Confederation</a> – an association of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_states" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sovereign states">sovereign states</a> or communities.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corporatocracy">Corporatocracy</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consociationalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> – a system of government in which supreme political power to direct all the activities of the state is concentrated in the hands of one person, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit threat of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> or mass <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Insurrection">insurrection</a>).</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> – an autocratic form of government in which the government is ruled by an individual, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictator" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dictator">dictator</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Despotism">Despotism</a> – a form of government in which a single entity rules with absolute power. That entity may be an individual, as in an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>, or it may be a group, as in an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_junta" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Military junta">Military junta</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_dictatorship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Right-wing dictatorship">Right-wing</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Empire">Empire</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporative_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corporative state">Corporative state</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Federalism">Federalism</a> – a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political">political</a> concept in which a <i>group</i> of members are bound together by covenant (Latin: <i>foedus</i>, <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/covenant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="wikt:covenant">covenant</a>) with a governing representative head. The term "federalism" is also used to describe a system of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government">government</a> in which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitution">constitutionally</a> divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (like states or provinces). Federalism is a system based upon <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democratic">democratic</a> rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments, creating what is often called a <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Federation">federation</a></b>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Garrison state">Garrison state</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerontocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Green state">Green state</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hierocracy">Hierocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Isocracy">Isocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregnum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Interregnum">Interregnum</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caretaker_government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Caretaker government">Caretaker government</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrex" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Interrex">Interrex</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Provisional government">Provisional government</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Regent">Regent</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Transitional government">Transitional government</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakistocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kakistocracy">Kakistocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kratocracy">Kratocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kritarchy">Kritocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyriarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Logocracy">Logocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Matriarchy">Gynaecocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Matriarchy">Gynarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Matriarchy">Gynocracy</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mediocracy">Mediocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minarchism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Minarchism">Minarchism</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_watchman_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Night watchman state">Night watchman state</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Grand Duchy">Grand Duchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elective_monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Elective monarchy">Elective monarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary monarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Sovereign_Monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Non-Sovereign Monarchy">Non-Sovereign Monarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Popular monarchy">Popular monarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Principality">Principality</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Monarchs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Monarchs">New Monarchs</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanny_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nanny state">Nanny state</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation-state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nation-state">Nation-state</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monocracy">Monocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nomocracy">Nomocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochlocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ochlocracy">Ochlocracy</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochlocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ochlocracy">Mobocracy</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panarchism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Panarchism">Panarchism</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantisocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pantisocracy">Pantisocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Saeculum obscurum">Paparchy</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Saeculum obscurum">Pornocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Saeculum obscurum">Saeculum obscurum</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliamentary">Parliamentary</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plutocracy">Plutarchy</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Police state">Police state</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polyarchy">Polyarchy</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Triarchy">Triarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Republic">Republic</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowned_republic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Crowned republic">Crowned</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalist_republic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_republic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional republic">Constitutional</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_party_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Single party state">Single Party</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Federal republic">Federal</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Federal parliamentary republic">Federal</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Slave state">Slave state</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Slavocracy">Slavocracy</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirearchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Squirearchy">Squirearchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sultanism">Sultanism</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superpower" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Superpower">Superpower</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperpower" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hyperpower">Hyperpower</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_totalitarianism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inverted totalitarianism">Inverted totalitarianism</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranational_union" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Synarchy">Synarchy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodemocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Timocracy">Timocracy</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tribe">Tribal</a> –</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chiefdom">Chiefdom</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tyrant">Tyranny</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a> –</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a> –</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Governments of the world">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Governments_of_the_world" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Governments of the world</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-headline">reference:</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science</a></span></div>
<div>
<span class="mw-headline" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Elections">Elections</span></span></h3>
<span class="mw-headline" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span class="mw-headline" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Election">Election</a></span></div>
<span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span><ul>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Voting system"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Voting systems</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Game theory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Game theory</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Campaigning" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political Campaigning"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political Campaigning</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_communications" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political communications"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political communications</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_compass" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political compass"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political qualifications</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Political parties">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_parties" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Political parties</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political party">Political party</a></span></div>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Political parties by region">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_parties_by_region" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political parties by region</span></h4>
<div>
<span class="mw-headline" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-headline">reference:</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science</a>
</span></div>
<div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Law" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Law</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Law">Law</a></span></div>
<ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_(law)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Trial (law)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Trials</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_research" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legal research"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Legal research</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International law"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International law</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Diplomacy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Diplomacy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Political strategies and tactics">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_strategies_and_tactics" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Political strategies and tactics</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_strategy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political strategy">Political strategy</a> and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_tactic&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Political tactic (page does not exist)">Political tactic</a></span></div>
<ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwagon_fallacy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bandwagon fallacy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bandwagon fallacy</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bandwagon effect"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bandwagon effect</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloward%E2%80%93Piven_strategy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cloward–Piven strategy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cloward–Piven strategy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starve_the_beast" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Starve the beast"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Starve the beast</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="War"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">War</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Political issues">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_issues" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Political issues</span></h2>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="multicol" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; line-height: 20px; width: 1043px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left" style="width: 348px;" valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abortion"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Abortion</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Affirmative action"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Affirmative action</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Agricultural policy">Agricultural policy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Land reform">land reform</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Animal testing">animal testing</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Capital punishment"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Capital punishment</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Censorship"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Censorship</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet censorship"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Internet censorship</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Freedom of speech"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Freedom of speech</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Freedom of the press"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Freedom of the press</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_taxation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet taxation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Internet taxation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_global_warming" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politics of global warming"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Climate change policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Direct democracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Direct democracy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disarmament" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Disarmament">Disarmament</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonproliferation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nonproliferation">nonproliferation</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Drug policy reform">reform</a></span></li>
</ul>
</td><td align="left" style="width: 348px;" valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Education policy">Education policy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_reform" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Education reform">reform</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_reform" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Electoral reform"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Electoral reform</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Foreign policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Foreign policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_rights" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gay rights">Gay rights</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_marriage" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gay marriage">gay marriage</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_rights" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gun rights">Gun rights</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_control" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gun control">gun control</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Health care politics">Health care policy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_reform" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Health care reform">reform</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Immigration policy">Immigration policy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_reform" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Immigration reform">reform</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli-Palestinian_conflict" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Israeli-Palestinian conflict"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Israeli-Palestinian conflict</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Language policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Language policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lobbying"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lobbying</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_marijuana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Medical marijuana"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Medical marijuana</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_expansion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="NATO expansion"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">NATO expansion</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_testing" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nuclear testing"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nuclear testing</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td><td align="left" style="width: 348px;" valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political corruption"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political corruption</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Race relations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Race relations</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_and_society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Technology and society"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Science and technology policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Separation of church and state"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Separation of church and state</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Space policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Space policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stem cell">Stem cells</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_controversy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stem cell controversy">stem cell controversy</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_reform" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tax reform"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tax reform</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-terrorism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a>, and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terrorism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="War on Terrorism">War on Terrorism</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade#Regulation_of_international_trade" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International trade"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Trade</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="War"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">War</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_reform" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Welfare reform"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Welfare reform</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Politics by region">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics_by_region" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Politics by region</span></h2>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-headline">reference:</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science</a>
</span></div>
<div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_politics" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">History of politics</span></h2>
<ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of political science"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">History of political science</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_political_thinking" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of political thinking"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">History of political thinking</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political history"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political history</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_years_in_politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of years in politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of years in politics</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Political science">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_science" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Political science</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political science">Political science</a></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political science">Political science</a> is the field concerning the theory and practice of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politics">politics</a> and the description and analysis of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political system">political systems</a> and political behavior.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Fields of study of political science">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Fields_of_study_of_political_science" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Fields of study of political science</span></h3>
<ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_studies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Area studies"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Area studies</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Coalition">Coalition</a> studies</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Comparative politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Comparative politics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_studies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Development studies"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Development studies</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Voting system">Electoral systems</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Voting theory">voting theory</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_analysis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Foreign policy analysis"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Foreign policy analysis</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Game theory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Game theory</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_geography" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political geography">political geography</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Globalization">Globalization</a> studies</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ideology"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ideology studies</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Institutional studies</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International relations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International relations</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism_studies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nationalism studies"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nationalism studies</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_analysis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy analysis">Policy analysis</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_studies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political behaviour</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political economy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political economy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political party">Political party</a> analysis</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_psychology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political psychology"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political psychology</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political philosophy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political theory and philosophy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_methodology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Research methodology">research methodology</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sociology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political sociology"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political sociology</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political system"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political systems</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psephology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Psephology">Psephology</a> – statistical analysis of voting systems and electoral behavior</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public administration">Public administration</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Local government">local government</a> studies</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_(law)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public policy (law)">Public policy</a> studies</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public administration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public law"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public law</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Security studies</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Strategic studies</span></li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Related disciplines">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_disciplines" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Related disciplines</span></h4>
<ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philosophy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Philosophy</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ethics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political philosophy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political philosophy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social science"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Social science</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sociology"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sociology</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sociology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political sociology"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political sociology</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Political theory">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_theory" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Political theory</span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political theory">Political theory</a></span></div>
<ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International relations theory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International relations theory</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_in_international_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Power in international relations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Power in international relations</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_in_international_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Realism in international relations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Realism in international relations</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Idealism in international relations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Idealism in international relations</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalism_in_international_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neoliberalism in international relations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Neoliberalism in international relations</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marxist international relations theory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Marxist international relations theory</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_in_international_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Functionalism in international relations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Functionalism in international relations</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_international_relations_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Critical international relations theory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Critical international relations theory</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapolitics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Metapolitics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Metapolitics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peace and conflict studies"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Peace and conflict studies</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democratic peace theory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Democratic peace theory</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_transition_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Power transition theory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Power transition theory</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonic_stability_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hegemonic stability theory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hegemonic stability theory</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_geography" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political geography"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political geography</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_symbolism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political symbolism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political symbolism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Theories of state"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Theories of state</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Consent of the governed"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Consent of the governed</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_of_government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Form of government"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Form of government</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamic state"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Islamic state</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nationalism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nationalism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Patriotism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Patriotism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sovereignty"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sovereignty</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Political scholars">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_scholars" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Political scholars</span></h2>
<ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of political scientists"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of political scientists</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of political philosophers"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of political philosophers</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_and_political_philosophers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of social and political philosophers"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of social and political philosophers</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_theorists" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of political theorists"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of political theorists</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Influential literature">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Influential_literature" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Influential literature</span></h2>
<ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i> – by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Tsu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sun Tsu">Sun Tsu</a> (c. 544–496 BC)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Republic (Plato)">The Republic</a></i> – by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plato">Plato</a> (427–347 BC)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a></i> – by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plato">Plato</a> (427–347 BC)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politics (Aristotle)">The Politics</a></i> – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (384–322 BC)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i> – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (384–322 BC)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i> – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chanakya"><span class="Unicode" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">Chāṇakya</span></a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#cite_note-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(c. 350–283 BC)</span></div>
<ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Meditations">Meditations</a></i> – <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor 161–180 CE</a></i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> – by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> (1469–1527)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Five_Rings" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Book of Five Rings">The Book of Five Rings</a></i> – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyamoto_Musashi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Miyamoto Musashi">Miyamoto Musashi</a> (c. 1584––1645)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i> – by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> (1723–1790)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="On War">On War</a> – by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a> (1780–1831)</span></i></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_(book)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leviathan (book)">Leviathan</a></i> – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> (1588–1679))</span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">See also</span></h2>
<ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_Political_Behavior" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Theories of Political Behavior"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Theories of Political Behavior</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Debate"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Debate</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Government</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jurisdiction"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Jurisdiction</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_economics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional economics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constitutional economics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legal system"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Legal system</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika_Movement" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perestroika Movement"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Perestroika Movement</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rule of law"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rule of law</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_According_to_Higher_Law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rule According to Higher Law"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rule According to Higher Law</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Activism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Activism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anthropology"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Anthropology</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Egalitarianism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Egalitarianism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Food politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Food politics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_simulation_game" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government simulation game"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Government simulation game</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_and_politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Music and politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Music and politics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Office politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Office politics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_statistics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Official statistics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Official statistics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Organizational politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Organizational politics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political activism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political activism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political corruption"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political corruption</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_criticism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political criticism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political criticism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political economy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political economy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_fiction" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political fiction">Political fiction</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_in_fiction" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politics in fiction">list</a>)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_movement" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political movement"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political movement</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political party">Political party</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_country" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of political parties by country">list by country</a>)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_power" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political power"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political power</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_psychology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political psychology"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political psychology</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_spectrum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political spectrum"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political spectrum</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Further reading</span></h2>
<ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Roskin, M.; Cord, R. L.; Medeiros, J. A.; Jones, W. S. (2007). <i>Political Science: An Introduction</i>. 10th ed. New York: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_Prentice_Hall" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pearson Prentice Hall">Pearson Prentice Hall</a>. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780132425759" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 978-0-13-242575-9</a> (10). <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780132425759" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 978-0-13-242575-9</a> (13).</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tausch, A.; Prager, F. (1993). <i>Towards a Socio-Liberal Theory of World Development</i>. Basingstoke: Macmillan; New York: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Handbooks_of_Political_Science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oxford Handbooks of Political Science">Oxford Handbooks of Political Science</a></i> – ten-volume set covering the political science topics <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_methodology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political methodology">political methodology</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public policy">public policy</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political theory">political theory</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political economy">political economy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Comparative politics">comparative politics</a>,<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contextual_political_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Contextual political analysis (page does not exist)">contextual political analysis</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International relations">international relations</a>, Law and Politics, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Theories of political behavior">political behavior</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_institutions" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political institutions">political institutions</a>. The general editor of the series is <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Goodin&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert E. Goodin (page does not exist)">Robert E. Goodin</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=27" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="References" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
<ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#cite_ref-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mabbett 1964 "References to the work in other Sanskrit literature attribute it variously to <span class="Unicode" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">Viṣṇugupta</span>, <span class="Unicode" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">Cāṇakya</span> and <span class="Unicode" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">Kauṭilya</span>. The same individual is meant in each case. The <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchatantra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Panchatantra">Pańcatantra</a></i> explicitly identifies <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a> with <span class="Unicode" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">Viṣṇugupta</span>."</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#cite_ref-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com.au/titles/higher_ed/social_science/politics/9780199270033" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Oxford Handbook Of Political Theory</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#cite_ref-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave-journals.com/cpt/journal/v7/n2/abs/cpt20082a.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Contemporary Political Theory</a></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_political_science&action=edit&section=28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">External links</span></h2>
<table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Find more about <b>Political science</b> on Wikipedia's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wiktionary"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Search Wiktionary" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Definitions and translations</a> from Wiktionary</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Commons"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="18" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Images and media</a> from Commons</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikiversity"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="23" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="25" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Political_science" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikinews"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="25" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Political_science" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">News stories</a> from Wikinews</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikiquote"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="21" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Political_science" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikisource"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="24" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Political_science" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Source texts</a> from Wikisource</span></td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikibooks"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="25" /></span></a></td><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.apsanet.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">American Political Science Association</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">European Consortium for Political Research</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ipsa.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International Political Science Association</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.psa.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political Studies Association of the UK</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.politicalscience.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">PROL: Political Science Research Online (prepublished research)</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www2.truman.edu/polisci/design.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Truman State University Political Science Research Design Handbook</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A New Nation Votes: American Elections Returns 1787-1825</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.p-jones.demon.co.uk/linksIV.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political links resource</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external autonumber" href="http://web.mit.edu/catalog/pdf/subjects1112.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[1]</span></a></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-headline">reference:</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science</a></span>
</div>
</span><div style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">
</div>
</div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-11801391030084763492012-05-22T04:52:00.000-07:002012-06-05T05:13:35.433-07:00Category:Public administration<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div id="siteSub" style="background-color: white; display: inline; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"></span></span><br />
<div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
</div>
<div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; height: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_administration#mw-head" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_administration#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">
<table class="metadata mbox-small" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="width: 1px;"></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 211px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>Public administration</i> is included in the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="JEL classification codes">JEL classification codes</a>:<br /><b>JEL: H83</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The main article for this <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">category</a> is <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></b>.</span></div>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="37" /></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 166px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For a list of words relating to related to public administration, see the <a class="extiw" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Public_administration" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #663366; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="wiktionary:Category:Public administration"><i><b>Public administration</b></i>category of words</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div dir="ltr" lang="en">
<div id="mw-subcategories" style="clear: both;">
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Subcategories</span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This category has the following 18 subcategories, out of 18 total.</span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
<table style="font-size: 13px;"><tbody>
<tr valign="top"><td width="33.3%"><h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Administrative_law" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Administrative_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Administrative law</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 14 subcategories, 69 pages, and 0 files">(14 C, 69 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">B</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="cursor: default;"><span style="color: silver;">►</span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_administration_books" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Public administration books</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 0 subcategories, 3 pages, and 0 files">(3 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="cursor: default;"><span style="color: silver;">►</span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Build-Operate-Transfer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Build-Operate-Transfer</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 0 subcategories, 11 pages, and 0 files">(11 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Civil_services" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Civil_services" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Civil services</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 4 subcategories, 15 pages, and 0 files">(4 C, 15 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Civil_society" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Civil_society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Civil society</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 3 subcategories, 59 pages, and 0 files">(3 C, 59 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="cursor: default;"><span style="color: silver;">►</span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Code_of_Federal_Regulations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Code of Federal Regulations</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 0 subcategories, 18 pages, and 0 files">(18 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</td><td width="33.3%"><h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C cont.</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Court_administration" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Court_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Court administration</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 1 subcategory, 5 pages, and 0 files">(1 C, 5 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">E</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Economics_of_regulation" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economics_of_regulation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Economics of regulation</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 4 subcategories, 28 pages, and 0 files">(4 C, 28 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">G</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Government" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Government</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 53 subcategories, 132 pages, and 0 files">(53 C, 132 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Government_agencies" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Government_agencies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Government agencies</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 28 subcategories, 28 pages, and 0 files">(28 C, 28 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Government_bodies" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Government_bodies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Government bodies</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 5 subcategories, 6 pages, and 0 files">(5 C, 6 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Government_budgets" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Government_budgets" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Government budgets</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 9 subcategories, 30 pages, and 0 files">(9 C, 30 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</td><td width="33.3%"><h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">P</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Public_safety" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_safety" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Public safety</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 15 subcategories, 33 pages, and 0 files">(15 C, 33 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Public_services" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_services" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Public services</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 17 subcategories, 32 pages, and 0 files">(17 C, 32 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">S</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="cursor: default;"><span style="color: silver;">►</span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_administration_scholars" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Public administration scholars</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 0 subcategories, 60 pages, and 0 files">(60 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Public_administration_schools" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_administration_schools" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Public administration schools</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 3 subcategories, 30 pages, and 0 files">(3 C, 30 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">U</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="United_States_presidential_administrations" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_administrations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">United States presidential administrations</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 35 subcategories, 2 pages, and 0 files">(35 C, 2 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Β</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="cursor: default;"><span style="color: silver;">►</span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_books_on_public_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Wikipedia books on public administration</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 0 subcategories, 1 page, and 0 files">(1 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div id="mw-pages" style="clear: both;">
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3759235170228644252" id="Pages_in_category" name="Pages_in_category" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad;"></a>Pages in category "Public administration"</span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The following 112 pages are in this category, out of 112 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categories#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date.3F" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Categories">learn more</a>).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">reference: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_administration" style="line-height: 20px;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_administration</a></span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
<table style="font-size: 13px;"><tbody>
<tr valign="top"><td width="33.3%"><h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_city" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Contract city"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Contract city</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public administration</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access-eGov" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Access-eGov"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Access-eGov</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Reforms_Commission" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Administrative Reforms Commission"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Administrative Reforms Commission</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy_evaluation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Advocacy evaluation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Advocacy evaluation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Public_Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="American Society for Public Administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">American Society for Public Administration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Governance_Institute" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asia-Pacific Governance Institute"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Asia-Pacific Governance Institute</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">B</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Barnard" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chester Barnard"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Chester Barnard</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_process" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Budget process"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Budget process</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Budget theory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Budget theory</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build%E2%80%93operate%E2%80%93transfer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Build–operate–transfer"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Build–operate–transfer</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucrat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bureaucrat"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bureaucrat</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Society_of_Municipal_Finance_Officers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="California Society of Municipal Finance Officers"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">California Society of Municipal Finance Officers</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameralism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cameralism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cameralism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Public_Manager" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Certified Public Manager"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Certified Public Manager</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Public_Administration_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chinese Public Administration Society"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Chinese Public Administration Society</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil service"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Civil service</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Service_Commission_of_Nigeria" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil Service Commission of Nigeria"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Civil Service Commission of Nigeria</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(India)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cabinet Secretary (India)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cabinet Secretary (India)</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil Services of India"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Civil Services of India</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Service_Centers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Common Service Centers"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Common Service Centers</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_servant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Crown servant"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Crown servant</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">D</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-Mail" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="De-Mail"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">De-Mail</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_era_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital era governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Digital era governance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Public_Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Doctor of Public Administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Doctor of Public Administration</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">E</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Authentication" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="E-Authentication"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">E-Authentication</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="E-Government"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">E-Government</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Government_in_South_Korea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="E-Government in South Korea"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">E-Government in South Korea</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Government_Unit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="E-Government Unit"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">E-Government Unit</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGovernment_in_Europe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="EGovernment in Europe"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">EGovernment in Europe</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_process_of_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Electronic process of law"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Electronic process of law</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_process_of_law_in_Brazil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Electronic process of law in Brazil"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Electronic process of law in Brazil</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_in_public_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethics in public administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ethics in public administration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Civil_Service" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European Civil Service"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">European Civil Service</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidence-based_policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Evidence-based policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Evidence-based policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Executive order"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Executive order</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">F</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministries_of_Nigeria" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Federal Ministries of Nigeria"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Federal Ministries of Nigeria</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">G</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Finance_Officers_Association_of_Texas" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government Finance Officers Association of Texas"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Government Finance Officers Association of Texas</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td><td width="33.3%"><h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">G cont.</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Performance_Coalition" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government Performance Coalition"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Government Performance Coalition</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">H</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Civil_Service" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Her Majesty's Civil Service"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Her Majesty's Civil Service</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resource_management_in_public_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human resource management in public administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Human resource management in public administration</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">I</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Center_for_The_Business_of_Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="IBM Center for The Business of Government"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">IBM Center for The Business of Government</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Theory_and_Practice_of_Electronic_Governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_examination" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Imperial examination"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Imperial examination</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusive_Management" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inclusive Management"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Inclusive Management</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Public_Administration_New_Zealand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Institute of Public Administration New Zealand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Institute of Public Administration New Zealand</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-municipal_cooperation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inter-municipal cooperation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Inter-municipal cooperation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_City/County_Management_Association" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International City/County Management Association"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International City/County Management Association</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_of_Administrative_Sciences" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Institute of Administrative Sciences"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International Institute of Administrative Sciences</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISFnet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ISFnet"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ISFnet</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Senior_Civil_Service" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Italian Senior Civil Service"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Italian Senior Civil Service</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">J</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Policy_Analysis_and_Management" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Journal of Policy Analysis and Management"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Journal of Policy Analysis and Management</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Public_Safety_Practitioner" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Justice and Public Safety Practitioner"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Justice and Public Safety Practitioner</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">L</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Land administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Land administration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lean Government"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lean Government</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_administration_scholars" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of public administration scholars"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of public administration scholars</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_%E2%80%93_La_Follette_Act" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lloyd – La Follette Act"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lloyd – La Follette Act</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">M</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_pradesh_state_wide_area_network" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Madhya pradesh state wide area network"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Madhya pradesh state wide area network</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladministration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maladministration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Maladministration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managerialism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Managerialism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Managerialism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mandarin (bureaucrat)</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Public_Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Master of Public Administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Master of Public Administration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhtar_(title)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Muhtar (title)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Muhtar (title)</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">N</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimham_Committee_on_Banking_Sector_Reforms_(1998)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Narasimham Committee on Banking Sector Reforms (1998)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Narasimham Committee on Banking Sector Reforms (1998)</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Public_Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Public Administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">New Public Administration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_public_management" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New public management"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">New public management</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_Service" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nigerian Civil Service"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nigerian Civil Service</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-FEAR_Act" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="No-FEAR Act"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">No-FEAR Act</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">O</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructing_government_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Obstructing government administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Obstructing government administration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_mind" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Official mind"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Official mind</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">P</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Alpha_Alpha" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pi Alpha Alpha"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pi Alpha Alpha</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_van_Poelje" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gerrit van Poelje"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Gerrit van Poelje</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_alienation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy alienation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Policy alienation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_analysis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy analysis"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Policy analysis</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_studies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">reference : </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_administration" style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_administration</a></span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 20px;"></span></div>
</td><td width="33.3%"><h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">P cont.</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy-based_evidence_making" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy-based evidence making"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Policy-based evidence making</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_machine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political machine"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political machine</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precinct_captain" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Precinct captain"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Precinct captain</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Professional administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Professional administration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Administration_Review" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public Administration Review"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public Administration Review</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public administration theory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public administration theory</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_budgeting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public budgeting"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public budgeting</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_ROI" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public ROI"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public ROI</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public service"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public service</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Service_Commission_of_Canada" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public Service Commission of Canada"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public Service Commission of Canada</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Service_of_Canada" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public Service of Canada"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public Service of Canada</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public/social/private_partnership" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public/social/private partnership"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public/social/private partnership</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">R</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Regulatory capitalism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Regulatory capitalism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_State" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Regulatory State"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Regulatory State</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">S</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sarbanes–Oxley Act"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sarbanes–Oxley Act</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Secretariat"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Secretariat</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Interoperability_Centre_Europe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Semantic Interoperability Centre Europe"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Semantic Interoperability Centre Europe</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapsoftware" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Slapsoftware"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Slapsoftware</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_innovation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social innovation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Social innovation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Administrative_Service" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Lanka Administrative Service"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sri Lanka Administrative Service</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_data_centre" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="State data centre"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">State data centre</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Wide_Area_Network" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="State Wide Area Network"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">State Wide Area Network</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-building" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="State-building"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">State-building</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Street-level bureaucracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Street-level bureaucracy</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">T</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformational_Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Transformational Government"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Transformational Government</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">U</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Center_for_EU_Civil_Service_Standards" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ukrainian Center for EU Civil Service Standards"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ukrainian Center for EU Civil Service Standards</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Federal_Workers_of_America" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Federal Workers of America"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">United Federal Workers of America</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Public_Administration_Network" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations Public Administration Network"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">United Nations Public Administration Network</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">V</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_association" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Voluntary association"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Voluntary association</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteering" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Volunteering"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Volunteering</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">W</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_H._Ford_Aviation_Investment_and_Reform_Act_for_the_21st_Century" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Wengert" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Norman Wengert"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Norman Wengert</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Friends_Korea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Friends Korea"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">World Friends Korea</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Business_Council" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wyoming Business Council"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Wyoming Business Council</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-86805067776110252832012-05-22T04:47:00.003-07:002012-05-25T09:24:25.719-07:00Category:Political science<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div id="siteSub" style="background-color: white; display: inline; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political science">Political science</a></b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;"> is the field devoted to studying political behavior and examining the acquisition and application of </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_power" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none;" title="Political power">power</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">, or the ability to impose one's will on another. Its practitioners are known as political scientists. Political scientists look at </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none;" title="Elections">elections</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_opinion" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none;" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">, institutional activities (how </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none;" title="Legislature">legislatures</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;"> act, the relative importance of various sources of political power), the ideologies behind various </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicians" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none;" title="Politicians">politicians</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy_group" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; text-decoration: none;" title="Advocacy group">advocacy groups</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">, how politicians achieve and wield their influence, and so on.</span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;">
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Subfields of political science include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International relations">international relations</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Comparative politics">comparative politics</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public law">public law</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political theory">political theory</a>. Each subfield tends to overlap with other academic disciplines, such as<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political history">history</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>.</span></div>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="30" /></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 173px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a class="external text" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Political science</a></b></i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-mode="0" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false}" style="margin-bottom: 0.5ex; margin-top: 0.5ex;">
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-loaded="1" data-ct-state="expanded" data-ct-title="Political_science" style="display: inline;" title="collapse"><span style="color: #0645ad;">▼</span></span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political science</a></span></div>
<div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="margin-left: 1.25em;">
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Political_science_books" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science_books" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political science books</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="cursor: default;"><span style="color: silver;">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economics_theorems" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Economics theorems</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Political_science_journals" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science_journals" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political science journals</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Jurisprudence" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jurisprudence" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Jurisprudence</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="cursor: default;"><span style="color: silver;">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Law enforcement theory</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Political_culture" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_culture" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political culture</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="cursor: default;"><span style="color: silver;">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science_educators" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political science educators</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Political_science_organizations" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science_organizations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political science organizations</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Political_science_terms" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science_terms" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political science terms</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Political_science_theories" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science_theories" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political science theories</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Political_scientists" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_scientists" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political scientists</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Political_theories" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_theories" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political theories</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Politology" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Politology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Politology</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Public_opinion" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_opinion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Public opinion</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Subfields_of_political_science" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Subfields_of_political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Subfields of political science</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Survey_methodology" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Survey_methodology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Survey methodology</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="cursor: default;"><span style="color: silver;">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science_writers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political science writers</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="cursor: default;"><span style="color: silver;">►</span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_books_on_political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Wikipedia books on political science</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Political_science_stubs" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span></span> <a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science_stubs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political science stubs</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div dir="ltr" lang="en">
<div id="mw-subcategories" style="clear: both;">
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Subcategories</span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This category has the following 19 subcategories, out of 19 total.</span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
<table style="font-size: 13px;"><tbody>
<tr valign="top"><td width="33.3%"><h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">B</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Political_science_books" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science_books" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political science books</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 6 subcategories, 68 pages, and 0 files">(6 C, 68 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">E</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="cursor: default;"><span style="color: silver;">►</span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economics_theorems" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Economics theorems</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 0 subcategories, 29 pages, and 0 files">(29 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">J</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Political_science_journals" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science_journals" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political science journals</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 2 subcategories, 125 pages, and 0 files">(2 C, 125 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Jurisprudence" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jurisprudence" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Jurisprudence</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 10 subcategories, 6 pages, and 0 files">(10 C, 6 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">L</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="cursor: default;"><span style="color: silver;">►</span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Law enforcement theory</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 0 subcategories, 19 pages, and 0 files">(19 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">P</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Political_culture" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_culture" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political culture</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 14 subcategories, 35 pages, and 0 files">(14 C, 35 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="cursor: default;"><span style="color: silver;">►</span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science_educators" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political science educators</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 0 subcategories, 39 pages, and 0 files">(39 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</td><td width="33.3%"><h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">P cont.</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Political_science_organizations" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science_organizations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political science organizations</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 3 subcategories, 35 pages, and 0 files">(3 C, 35 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Political_science_terms" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science_terms" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political science terms</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 4 subcategories, 169 pages, and 0 files">(4 C, 169 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Political_science_theories" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science_theories" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political science theories</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 7 subcategories, 61 pages, and 0 files">(7 C, 61 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Political_scientists" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_scientists" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political scientists</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 10 subcategories, 25 pages, and 0 files">(10 C, 25 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Political_theories" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_theories" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political theories</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 32 subcategories, 245 pages, and 0 files">(32 C, 245 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Politology" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Politology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Politology</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 1 subcategory, 13 pages, and 0 files">(1 C, 13 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Public_opinion" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_opinion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Public opinion</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 8 subcategories, 34 pages, and 0 files">(8 C, 34 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</td><td width="33.3%"><h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">S</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Subfields_of_political_science" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Subfields_of_political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Subfields of political science</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 15 subcategories, 32 pages, and 0 files">(15 C, 32 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Survey_methodology" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Survey_methodology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Survey methodology</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 4 subcategories, 31 pages, and 0 files">(4 C, 31 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">W</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="cursor: default;"><span style="color: silver;">►</span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science_writers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political science writers</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 0 subcategories, 20 pages, and 0 files">(20 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Β</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="cursor: default;"><span style="color: silver;">►</span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_books_on_political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Wikipedia books on political science</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 0 subcategories, 2 pages, and 0 files">(2 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Σ</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="CategoryTreeItem">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Political_science_stubs" style="display: inline;" title="expand"><span style="color: #0645ad;">►</span></span> </span><a class="CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science_stubs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Political science stubs</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 1 subcategory, 114 pages, and 0 files">(1 C, 114 P)</span></span></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div id="mw-pages" style="clear: both;">
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3759235170228644252" id="Pages_in_category" name="Pages_in_category" style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad;"></a>Pages in category "Political science"</span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The following 101 pages are in this category, out of 101 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categories#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date.3F" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Categories">learn more</a>).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">referrence : <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science" style="line-height: 20px;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_science</a>
</span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
<table style="font-size: 13px;"><tbody>
<tr valign="top"><td width="33.3%"><h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
</h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Political science"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Portal:Political science</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">*</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="redirect-in-category" style="font-style: italic;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of political science"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">History of political science</span></a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderation_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moderation theory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Moderation theory</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political science"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political science</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_memory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politics of memory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Politics of memory</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_studies_of_the_political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Academic studies of the political groups of the European Parliament"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Academic studies of the political groups of the European Parliament</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aletta_Norval" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aletta Norval"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Aletta Norval</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="American politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">American politics</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">B</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_faith" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bad faith"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bad faith</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopower" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biopower"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Biopower</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau-shaping_model" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bureau-shaping model"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bureau-shaping model</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bureaucracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bureaucracy</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">C</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulation_of_elite" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Circulation of elite"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Circulation of elite</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIRI_Human_Rights_Data_Project" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CIRI Human Rights Data Project"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CIRI Human Rights Data Project</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_conflict" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Class conflict"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Class conflict</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Contemporary society"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Contemporary society</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core-periphery" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Core-periphery"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Core-periphery</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cultural imperialism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cultural imperialism</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">D</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Deep politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Deep politics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defective_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Defective democracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Defective democracy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biology and political orientation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Biology and political orientation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_era_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital era governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Digital era governance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_loyalty" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dual loyalty"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dual loyalty</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">E</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Confidence_Model" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Economic Confidence Model"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Economic Confidence Model</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_number_of_parties" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Effective number of parties"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Effective number of parties</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_Supra-Constitutional_Principles_Document" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Egypt Supra-Constitutional Principles Document"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Egypt Supra-Constitutional Principles Document</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Elite theory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Elite theory</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elitism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Elitism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Elitism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Environmental politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Environmental politics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_School_of_discourse_analysis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Essex School of discourse analysis"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Essex School of discourse analysis</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnosymbolism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethnosymbolism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ethnosymbolism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_order" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Extended order"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Extended order</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">F</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Feminist political theory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Feminist political theory</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Effective_Politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Foundation for Effective Politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Foundation for Effective Politics</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td><td width="33.3%"><h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">G</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genopolitics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Genopolitics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Genopolitics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone_Professor_of_Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gladstone Professor of Government"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Gladstone Professor of Government</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Environment_and_Trade_Study" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Global Environment and Trade Study"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Global Environment and Trade Study</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">H</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="High politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">High politics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political history"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political history</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">I</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inherent_bad_faith_model" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inherent bad faith model"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Inherent bad faith model</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_analysis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Institutional analysis"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Institutional analysis</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Centre_for_Black_Sea_Studies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Centre for Black Sea Studies"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International Centre for Black Sea Studies</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_institutes_on_political_management" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International institutes on political management"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International institutes on political management</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">L</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_T._Lackey" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert T. Lackey"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Robert T. Lackey</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ernesto Laclau"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ernesto Laclau</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_Public_Opinion_Project" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Latin American Public Opinion Project"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Latin American Public Opinion Project</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimation_crisis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legitimation crisis"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Legitimation crisis</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_of_analysis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Level of analysis"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Level of analysis</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">M</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Marco_Castro015/sandbox" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="User:Marco Castro015/sandbox"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">User:Marco Castro015/sandbox</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mierscheid_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mierscheid law"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mierscheid law</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_effects_hypothesis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Minimal effects hypothesis"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Minimal effects hypothesis</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_high_ground" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moral high ground"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Moral high ground</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chantal Mouffe"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Chantal Mouffe</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">N</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOMINATE_(scaling_method)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="NOMINATE (scaling method)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">NOMINATE (scaling method)</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurturant_parent_model" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nurturant parent model"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nurturant parent model</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">O</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMG_standard" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="OMG standard"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">OMG standard</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Open government"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Open government</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Philanthropy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Open Philanthropy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Open Philanthropy</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">P</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika_Movement_(political_science)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Perestroika Movement (political science)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Perestroika Movement (political science)</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_analysis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy analysis"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Policy analysis</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_studies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy studies"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Policy studies</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_alienation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political alienation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political alienation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_climate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political climate"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political climate</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_communication" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political communication"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political communication</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_forecasting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political forecasting"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political forecasting</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_methodology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political methodology"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political methodology</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_opportunity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political opportunity"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political opportunity</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Psychological_Rationalization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political Psychological Rationalization">Political Psychological Rationalization</a></span></li>
</ul>
</td><td width="33.3%"><h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">P cont.</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_ReviewNet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political ReviewNet"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political ReviewNet</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_theology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political theology"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political theology</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Post-democracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Post-democracy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_vacuum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Power vacuum"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Power vacuum</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_defense_agency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Private defense agency"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Private defense agency</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private-collective_model_of_innovation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Private-collective model of innovation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Private-collective model of innovation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_tracing" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Process tracing"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Process tracing</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Camelot" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Project Camelot"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Project Camelot</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_comment" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public comment"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public comment</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_speaking" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public speaking"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public speaking</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">R</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Regulatory capitalism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Regulatory capitalism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_utilitarianism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Relative utilitarianism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Relative utilitarianism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._A._W._Rhodes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="R. A. W. Rhodes"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">R. A. W. Rhodes</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield_Award_in_Innovative_Teaching" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rowman & Littlefield Award in Innovative Teaching"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rowman & Littlefield Award in Innovative Teaching</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">S</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-expression_values" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Self-expression values"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Self-expression values</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom_in_Tibet_controversy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Serfdom in Tibet controversy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Serfdom in Tibet controversy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_choice_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social choice theory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Social choice theory</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social engineer"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Social engineer</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannis_Stavrakakis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yannis Stavrakakis"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Yannis Stavrakakis</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Urban_Planning" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Strategic Urban Planning"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Strategic Urban Planning</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict_father_model" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Strict father model"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Strict father model</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory_in_political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Systems theory in political science"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Systems theory in political science</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">T</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_terrorism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of terrorism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">History of terrorism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crisis_of_Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Crisis of Democracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Crisis of Democracy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Theatre state"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Theatre state</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Wave_Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Third Wave Democracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Third Wave Democracy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryph%C3%A9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tryphé"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tryphé</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turncoat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Turncoat"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Turncoat</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">U</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Use_of_Knowledge_in_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Use of Knowledge in Society"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Use of Knowledge in Society</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">W</span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Jurist_Association" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Jurist Association"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">World Jurist Association</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Values_Survey" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Values Survey"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">World Values Survey</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-systems_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World-systems theory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">World-systems theory</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-42821904355800823522012-05-22T04:41:00.000-07:002012-05-25T09:24:58.875-07:00Internet governance<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div id="siteSub" style="background-color: white; display: inline; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"></span></span><br />
<div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
</div>
<div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; height: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#mw-head" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr; font-size: 13px;">
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 104px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="50" /></span></div>
</td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 748px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This article <b>needs additional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>. Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_governance&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">improve this article</a> by adding citations to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template:Citation needed">challenged</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><i>(September 2011)</i></small></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="infobox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(120, 134, 107); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 18em;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-color: orange; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Internet</span></a></th></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Internet map 1024.jpg" height="150" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/150px-Internet_map_1024.jpg" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Routing paths through a portion of the Internet as visualized by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opte_Project" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Opte Project">Opte Project</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr><th style="background-color: orange; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">General</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet access">Access</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet censorship">Censorship</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_divide" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_rights" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_information" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of the Internet">History</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Internet_usage" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Global Internet usage">Usage</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet democracy">Democracy</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_phenomenon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet phenomenon">Internet phenomenon</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_privacy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet privacy">Privacy</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Net neutrality">Net neutrality</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sociology of the Internet">Sociology</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr><th style="background-color: orange; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; vertical-align: top;"><strong class="selflink"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Internet governance</span></strong></th></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers">Internet Corporation for Assigned<br />Names and Numbers</a> (ICANN)</span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF)</span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Governance Forum">Internet Governance Forum</a> (IGF)</span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC)</span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
<tr><th style="background-color: orange; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_infrastructure" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Information infrastructure"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Protocols and infrastructure</span></a></th></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS)</span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> (HTTP)</span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_address" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet address">IP address</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_exchange_point" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet exchange point">Internet exchange point</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP)</span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Protocol Suite">Internet Protocol Suite</a> (TCP/IP)</span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a> (ISP)</span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP)</span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
<tr><th style="background-color: orange; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Services</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blogs">Blogs</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microblogs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Microblogs">Microblogs</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="E-mail">E-mail</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_fax" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet fax">Fax</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_sharing" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="File sharing">File sharing</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_transfer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="File transfer">File transfer</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_gaming" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet gaming">Gaming</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_TV" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet TV">TV</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Podcast">Podcast</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_search_engine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Web search engine">Search</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IP" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a> (VoIP)</span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Wide Web"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">World Wide Web</span></a></small></td></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"></td></tr>
<tr><th style="background-color: orange; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Guides</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_outline_of_the_Internet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Topic outline of the Internet">Outline</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_topics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Internet topics">Topics</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" style="vertical-align: top;"><table style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 12px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Crystal Clear app browser.png" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="28" /></span></a></td><td style="padding-right: 0.5em; vertical-align: top;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Internet"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Internet portal</span></a></b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar" style="display: inline; font-size: 10px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This box: </span><br />
<ul style="display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Internet" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template:Internet"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Internet" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template talk:Internet"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Internet&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li>
</span></ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Internet governance</b> is the development and application of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programs that shape the evolution and use of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet">Internet</a>. This article describes how the Internet was and is currently governed, some of the controversies that occurred along the way, and the ongoing debates about how the Internet should or should not be governed in the future.</span></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
Contents</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#Background" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#Definition" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Definition</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#History" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#Formation_and_growth_of_the_network" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Formation and growth of the network</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#Governors" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Governors</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#Globalization_and_governance_controversy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Globalization and governance controversy</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#See_also" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#Internet_bodies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Internet bodies</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#United_Nations_bodies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">United Nations bodies</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#Further_reading" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#External_links" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_governance&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Background"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Background</span></span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet">Internet</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Internet is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_network" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Global network">globally distributed network</a> comprising many voluntarily interconnected autonomous networks. It operates without a central governing body. However, to maintain interoperability, all technical and policy aspects of the underlying core infrastructure and the principal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namespace" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Namespace">namespaces</a> are administered by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</a> (ICANN), headquartered in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_del_Rey,_California" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marina del Rey, California">Marina del Rey, California</a>. ICANN oversees the assignment of globally unique identifiers on the Internet, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Domain name">domain names</a>, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, application port numbers in the transport protocols, and many other parameters. This creates a globally unified namespace that is essential for the global reach of the Internet. ICANN is governed by an international board of directors drawn from across the Internet technical, business, academic, and other non-commercial communities. However, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Telecommunications and Information Administration">National Telecommunications and Information Administration</a>, an agency of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States Department of Commerce">United States Department of Commerce</a>, continues to have final approval over changes to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_root_zone" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="DNS root zone">DNS root zone</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_note-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> This authority over the root zone file makes ICANN one of a few bodies with global, centralized influence over the otherwise distributed Internet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">On 16 November 2005, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Summit on the Information Society">World Summit on the Information Society</a>, held in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, established the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Governance Forum">Internet Governance Forum</a> (IGF) to open an ongoing, non-binding conversation among multiple stakeholders about the future of Internet governance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_note-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> Since WSIS, the term "Internet governance" has been broadened beyond narrow technical concerns to include a wider range of Internet-related policy issues.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_governance&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Definition"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Definition</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The definition of Internet governance has been contested by differing groups across political and ideological lines. One of the main debates concerns the authority and participation of certain actors, such as national governments, corporate entities and civil society, to play a role in the Internet's governance.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A Working group established after a United Nations-initiated World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) proposed the following definition of Internet governance as part of its June 2005 report:</span></div>
<dl style="line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>Internet governance is the development and application by Governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Internet.</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></span></dd></dl>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Law professor Yochai Benkler developed a conceptualization of Internet governance by the idea of three "layers" of governance: the "physical infrastructure" layer through which information travels; the "code" or "logical" layer that controls the infrastructure; and the "content" layer, which contains the information that signals through the network.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_governance&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="History"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">History</span></span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">To understand how the Internet is managed today, it is necessary to know some of the main events of Internet governance.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_governance&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Formation and growth of the network">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Formation_and_growth_of_the_network"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Formation and growth of the network</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The original <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, one of the components which evolved eventually into the Internet, connected four Universities: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Los_Angeles" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of California Los Angeles">University of California Los Angeles</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Santa_Barbara" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of California Santa Barbara">University of California Santa Barbara</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stanford Research Institute">Stanford Research Institute</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Utah University">Utah University</a>. The IMPs, interface minicomputers, were built during 1969 by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt,_Beranek_and_Newman" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bolt, Beranek and Newman">Bolt, Beranek and Newman</a> in accord with a proposal by the US Department of Defense <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a>, which funded the system as an experiment. By 1973 it connected many more systems and included satellite links to Hawaii and Scandinavia, and a further link from Norway to London. ARPANET continued to grow in size, becoming more a utility than a research project. For this reason, in 1975 it was transferred to the US <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Information_Systems_Agency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Defense Information Systems Agency">Defense Communications Agency</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">During the development of ARPANET, a numbered series of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Request for Comments">Request for Comments</a> (RFCs) memos documented technical decisions and methods of working as they evolved. The standards of today's Internet are still documented by RFCs, produced through the very process which evolved on ARPANET.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Outside of the USA the dominant technology was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="X.25">X.25</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Packet_Switched_Service" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Packet Switched Service">International Packet Switched Service</a>, created during 1978, used X.25 and extended to Europe, Australia, Hong Kong, Canada, and the USA. It allowed individual users and companies to connect to a variety of mainframe systems, including <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compuserve" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Compuserve">Compuserve</a>. Between 1979 and 1984, a system known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="UUCP">Unix to Unix Copy Program</a> grew to connect 940 hosts, using methods like X.25 links, ARPANET connections, and leased lines. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> News, a distributed discussion system, was a major use of UUCP.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a>, developed between 1973 and 1977 with funding from ARPA, was intended to hide the differences between different underlying networks and allow many different applications to be used over the same network.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external mw-magiclink-rfc" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc801" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">RFC 801</a> describes how the US Department of Defense organized the replacement of ARPANET's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Control_Program" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Network Control Program">Network Control Program</a> by the new Internet Protocol during January 1983. During the same year, the military systems were removed to a distinct <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MILNET" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="MILNET">MILNET</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> was invented to manage the names and addresses of computers on the "ARPA Internet". The familiar <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Top-level domain">top-level domains</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.gov" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title=".gov">.gov</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title=".mil">.mil</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.edu" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title=".edu">.edu</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.org" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title=".org">.org</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.net" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title=".net">.net</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.com" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title=".com">.com</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.int" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title=".int">.int</a>, and the two-letter <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Country code top-level domain">country code top-level domains</a> were deployed during 1984.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Between 1984 and 1986 the US <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> created the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNET" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="NSFNET">NSFNET</a> backbone, using <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>, to connect their supercomputing facilities. The combined network became generally known as the Internet.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By the end of 1989 Australia, Germany, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom had connected to the Internet, which now contained over 160,000 hosts.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">During 1990, ARPANET formally terminated, and during 1991 the NSF ended its restrictions on commercial use of its part of the Internet. Commercial network providers began to interconnect, extending the Internet.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Today almost all Internet infrastructure is provided and owned by the private sector. Traffic is exchanged between these networks, at major interconnect points, in accordance with established Internet standards and commercial agreements.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_governance&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Governors">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Governors"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Governors</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">During 1979 the Internet Configuration Control Board was founded by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="DARPA">DARPA</a> to oversee the network's development. During 1984 it was renamed the Internet Advisory Board (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Architecture Board">IAB</a>), and during 1986 it became the Internet Activities Board.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) was formed during 1986 by the US Government to develop and promote Internet standards. It consisted initially of researchers, but by the end of the year participation was available to anyone, and its business was performed largely by email.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">From the early days of the network until his death during 1998, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Postel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jon Postel">Jon Postel</a> oversaw address allocation and other Internet protocol numbering and assignments in his capacity as Director of the Computer Networks Division at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Sciences_Institute" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Information Sciences Institute">Information Sciences Institute</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, under a contract from the Dept. of Defense. This function eventually became known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA), and as it expanded to include management of the global Domain Name System (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Domain name system">DNS</a>) root servers, a small organization grew. Postel also served as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> Editor.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Allocation of IP addresses was delegated to four <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Internet_Registry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Regional Internet Registry">Regional Internet Registries</a> (RIRs):</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Registry_for_Internet_Numbers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="American Registry for Internet Numbers">American Registry for Internet Numbers</a> (ARIN) for North America</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIPE" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="RIPE">Réseaux IP Européens - Network Coordination Centre</a> (RIPE NCC) for Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Network_Information_Centre" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre">Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre</a> (APNIC) for Asia and the Pacific region</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Internet_Addresses_Registry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry">Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry</a> (LACNIC) for Latin America and the Caribbean region</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In 2004 a new RIR, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfriNIC" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="AfriNIC">AfriNIC</a>, was created to manage allocations for Africa.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">After Jon Postel's death during 1998, the IANA became part of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ICANN">ICANN</a>), a newly created Californian <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not-for-profit_corporation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Not-for-profit corporation">non-profit corporation</a>, initiated during September 1998 by the US Government and awarded a contract by the US <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Commerce" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Department of Commerce">Department of Commerce</a>. Initially two board members were elected by the Internet community at large, though this was changed by the rest of the board during 2002 in a little- attended public meeting in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Accra">Accra</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">During 1992 the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC) was founded, with a mission to <i>"assure the open development, evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world"</i>. Its members include individuals (anyone may join) as well as corporations, organizations, governments, and universities. The IAB was renamed the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet <i>Architecture</i> Board</a>, and became part of ISOC. The Internet Engineering Task Force also became part of the ISOC. The IETF is overseen currently by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Steering_Group" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Engineering Steering Group">Internet Engineering Steering Group</a> (IESG), and longer term research is carried on by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Research_Task_Force" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Research Task Force">Internet Research Task Force</a> and overseen by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Research_Steering_Group" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Research Steering Group">Internet Research Steering Group</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">During 2002, a restructuring of the Internet Society gave more control to its corporate members.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">At the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Summit on the Information Society">World Summit on the Information Society</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Summit on the Information Society">WSIS</a>) in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> 2003 the topic of Internet governance was discussed. ICANN's status as a private corporation under contract to the U.S. government created controversy among other governments, especially Brazil, China, South Africa and some Arab states. Since no general agreement existed even on the definition of what comprised Internet governance, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary_General" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations Secretary General">Secretary General</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> initiated a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Group_on_Internet_Governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Working Group on Internet Governance">Working Group on Internet Governance</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Group_on_Internet_Governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Working Group on Internet Governance">WGIG</a>) to clarify the issues and report before the second part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Summit on the Information Society">World Summit on the Information Society</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> 2005. After much controversial debate, during which the US delegation refused to consider surrendering the US control of the Root Zone file, participants agreed on a compromise to allow for wider international debate on the policy principles. They agreed to establish an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Governance Forum">Internet Governance Forum</a>, to be convened by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary_General" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations Secretary General">Secretary General</a> before the end of the second quarter of the year 2006. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_note-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Greece">Greek</a> government volunteered to host the first such meeting.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_governance&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Globalization and governance controversy">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Globalization_and_governance_controversy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Globalization and governance controversy</span></span></h3>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 1em 4px 0px; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="[icon]" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /></span></a></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 191px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This section requires <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_governance&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">expansion</a>.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The position of the US Department of Commerce as the controller of the Internet gradually attracted criticism from those who felt that control should be more international. A hands-off philosophy by the US Dept. of Commerce helped limit this criticism, but this was undermined in 2005 when the Bush administration intervened to help kill the .xxx top level domain proposal.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">When the IANA functions were given to a new US non-profit Corporation called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ICANN">ICANN</a>, controversy increased. ICANN's decision-making process was criticised by some observers as being secretive and unaccountable. When the directors' posts which had previously been elected by the "at-large" community of Internet users were abolished, some feared that ICANN would become illegitimate and its qualifications questionable, due to the fact that it was now losing the aspect of being a neutral governing body. ICANN stated that they were merely streamlining decision-making processes, and developing a structure suitable for the modern Internet.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Other topics of controversy included the creation and control of generic top-level domains (.com, .org, and possible new ones, such as .biz or .xxx), the control of country-code domains, recent proposals for a large increase in ICANN's budget and responsibilities, and a proposed "domain tax" to pay for the increase.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There were also suggestions that individual governments should have more control, or that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> or the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> should have a function in Internet governance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_note-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">One such proposal, resulting from a September 2011 summit between India, Brazil, and South Africa (IBSA), would seek to move internet governance into their sphere of dominance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IBSA-2011_11-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_note-IBSA-2011-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> The move is a reaction to a perception that the principles of the 2005 Tunis Agenda for the Information Society have not been met.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IBSA-2011_11-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_note-IBSA-2011-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_note-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup> The statement calls for the subordination of independent technical organizations such as ICANN and the ITU to a political organization operating under the auspices of the United Nations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IBSA-2011_11-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_note-IBSA-2011-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_governance&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">See also</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of the Internet"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">History of the Internet</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet law"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Internet law</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_organizations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet organizations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Internet organizations</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet censorship"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Internet censorship</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_governance&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Internet bodies">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Internet_bodies"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Internet bodies</span></span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> - the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Resource_Organization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Number Resource Organization"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Number Resource Organization</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Internet_Registry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Regional Internet Registry">Regional Internet Registry</a> (RIR)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Research_Task_Force" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Research Task Force">Internet Research Task Force</a> (IRTF)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Architecture Board</a> (IAB)</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_governance&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: United Nations bodies">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="United_Nations_bodies"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">United Nations bodies</span></span></h3>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Governance Forum"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Internet Governance Forum</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Summit on the Information Society"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">World Summit on the Information Society</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Group_on_Internet_Governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Working Group on Internet Governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Working Group on Internet Governance</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_governance&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="References"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">References</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
<ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_ref-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, Hans. (2004). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ip3.gatech.edu/research/KLEIN_ICANN%2BSovereignty.doc" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"ICANN and Non-Territorial Sovereignty: Government Without the Nation State."</a> Internet and Public Policy Project. Georgia Institute of Technology.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_ref-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Packard, Ashley (2010). <i>Digital Media Law</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 65. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8169-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8169-3">978-1-4051-8169-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Media+Law&rft.aulast=Packard&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft.au=Packard%2C%26%2332%3BAshley&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B65&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8169-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet_governance"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_ref-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Mueller, Milton L. (2010). <i>Networks and States: The Global Politics of Internet Governance</i>. MIT Press. pp. 61. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01459-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01459-5">978-0-262-01459-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Networks+and+States%3A+The+Global+Politics+of+Internet+Governance&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Milton+L.&rft.au=Mueller%2C%26%2332%3BMilton+L.&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B61&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01459-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet_governance"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_ref-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Mueller, Milton L. (2010). <i>Networks and States: The Global Politics of Internet Governance</i>. MIT Press. pp. 67. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01459-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01459-5">978-0-262-01459-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Networks+and+States%3A+The+Global+Politics+of+Internet+Governance&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Milton+L.&rft.au=Mueller%2C%26%2332%3BMilton+L.&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B67&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01459-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet_governance"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_ref-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Mueller, Milton L. (2010). Networks and States: The Global Politics of Internet Governance. MIT Press. pp. 79–80. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01459-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01459-5">978-0-262-01459-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27%27Networks+and+States%3A+The+Global+Politics+of+Internet+Governance%27%27&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Milton+L.&rft.au=Mueller%2C%26%2332%3BMilton+L.&rft.date=2010&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B79%E2%80%9380&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01459-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet_governance"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_ref-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeNardis, Laura, <a class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1678343" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The Emerging Field of Internet Governance</a> (September 17, 2010). Yale Information Society Project Working Paper Series.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_ref-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.wgig.org/docs/WGIGREPORT.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"Report of the Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)"</a>, June 2005), p.4.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_ref-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yochai Benkler, <a class="external text" href="http://www.law.indiana.edu/fclj/pubs/v52/no3/benkler1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"From Consumers to Users: Shifting the Deeper Structures of Regulation Towards Sustainable Commons and User Access"</a>, 52 <i>Fed. Comm. L.J.</i> 561, (2000).</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_ref-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://business.highbeam.com/437235/article-1G1-106850793/net-governance-chief-step-down-next-year" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Net governance chief will step down next year"</a>, David McGuire, Washingtonpost.com, 28 May 2002.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_ref-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gore, Innocent <i>Internet governance: U.S., Developing countries strike deal</i>, Africa News Service Nov. 21, 2005, <i>Gale Canada in Context.Web</i>, 29 Oct 2011.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_ref-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Goldsmith/Wu, Jack/Tim (2006). <i>Who Control the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World</i>. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.. pp. 171. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515266-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515266-1">978-0-19-515266-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Control+the+Internet%3F+Illusions+of+a+Borderless+World&rft.aulast=Goldsmith%2FWu&rft.aufirst=Jack%2FTim&rft.au=Goldsmith%2FWu%2C%26%2332%3BJack%2FTim&rft.date=2006&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B171&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Inc.&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515266-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet_governance"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-IBSA-2011-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_ref-IBSA-2011_11-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_ref-IBSA-2011_11-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_ref-IBSA-2011_11-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.culturalivre.org.br/artigos/IBSA_recommendations_Internet_Governance.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"Recommendations from the IBSA (India-Brazil-South Africa) Multistakeholder meeting on Global Internet Governance"</a>, 1-2 September 2011, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance#cite_ref-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs2/tunis/off/6rev1.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Tunis Agenda for the Information Society"</a>, World Summit on the Information Society, 18 November 2005</span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_governance&action=edit&section=11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Further reading</span></span></h2>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 163px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of</span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 10px;">
<i><b><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Internet_Governance" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Internet Governance</span></a></b></i></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://igbook.diplomacy.edu/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">An Introduction to Internet Governance</a> (4th edition), by Jovan Kurbalija, DiploFoundation, 2010. Purposing a practical framework for analysis, discussion and resolution of significant issues in Internet governance.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.diplomacy.edu/ISL/intro.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The Information Society Library</a> by Jovan Kurbalija, Ed Gelbstein and Stefano Baldi, DiploFoundation, 2003. <a class="external text" href="http://textus.diplomacy.edu/Portals/ISL/Default.asp?FilterTopic=/44690" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The series</a> also includes a comprehensive study of infrastructural, legal, economic, developmental and socio-cultural aspects of internet governance.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10205/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Ruling the Root: Internet Governance and the Taming of Cyberspace</a> by Milton Mueller, MIT Press, 2002. The definitive study of DNS and ICANN's early history.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=11893/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Protocol Politics</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_DeNardis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Laura DeNardis">Laura DeNardis</a>, MIT Press, 2009. IP addressing and the migration to IPv6</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.byte.org/one-history-of-dns.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"One History of DNS"</a> by Ross W. Rader. April 2001. Article contains historic facts about DNS and explains the reasons behind the so called "dns war".</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1678343" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"The Emerging Field of Internet Governance"</a>, by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_DeNardis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Laura DeNardis">Laura DeNardis</a>. September 2010. Suggests a framework for understanding problems in Internet governance.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/58805571/Launching-the-DNS-War-Dot-Com-Privatization-and-the-Rise-of-Global-Internet-Governance" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Launching the DNS War: Dot-Com Privatization and the Rise of Global Internet Governance</i></a> by Craig Simon. December 2006. Ph.D. dissertation containing an extensive history of events which sparked the so-called "dns war".</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=363840" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Habermas@discourse.net: Toward a Critical Theory of Cyberspace"</a>, by A. Michael Froomkin, 116 <i>Harv. L. Rev.</i> 749 (2003). Argues that the Internet standards process undertaken by the IETF fulfils <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a>'s conditions for the best practical discourse.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Mueller, Milton L. (2010). <i>Networks and States: The Global Politics of Internet Governance</i>. MIT Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01459-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01459-5">978-0-262-01459-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Networks+and+States%3A+The+Global+Politics+of+Internet+Governance&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Milton+L.&rft.au=Mueller%2C%26%2332%3BMilton+L.&rft.date=2010&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01459-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet_governance"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Dutton, William H.; Malcolm Peltu (2007-03). "The emerging Internet governance mosaic: Connecting the pieces". <i>Information Polity: The International Journal of Government & Democracy in the Information Age</i> <b>12</b> (1/2): 63–81. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/15701255" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">15701255</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+emerging+Internet+governance+mosaic%3A+Connecting+the+pieces&rft.jtitle=Information+Polity%3A+The+International+Journal+of+Government+%26+Democracy+in+the+Information+Age&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Dutton%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam+H.&rft.date=2007-03&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=63%E2%80%9381&rft.issn=15701255&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Internet_governance"></span></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_governance&action=edit&section=12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">External links</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.internetgovernance.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Internet Governance Project</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.diplointernetgovernance.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Diplo Internet Governance Community</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.gig-net.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Global Internet Governance Academic Network (GigaNet)</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.institut-gouvernance.org/en/analyse/fiche-analyse-265.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"The Politics and Issues of Internet Governance"</a>, Milton L. Mueller, April 2007, analysis from the Institute of research and debate on Governance (<i>Institut de recherche et débat sur la gouvernance</i>)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ICANN - the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/wsis" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">World Summit on the Information Society: Geneva 2003 and Tunis 2005</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.wgig.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The Internet Governance Forum (IGF)</a>, Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.iit.cnr.it/en/taxonomy/term/334/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The Future of Global Internet governance</a>, Institute of Informatics and Telematics - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricercha (IIT-CNR), Pisa</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.circleid.com/topics/internet_governance" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">CircleID: Internet Governance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/07/27/ntia_icann_meeting/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"United States cedes control of the internet - but what now? - Review of an extraordinary meeting"</a>, Kieren McCarthy, The Register, July 2006</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.apc.org/en/pubs/about-apc/apc-internet-rights-charter" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">APC Internet Rights Charter</a>, Association for Progressive Communications, November 2006</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">reference:</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance</a></span></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-64187140167043327202012-05-22T04:38:00.001-07:002012-07-24T01:39:39.445-07:00Global governance or world governance<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr;">
<div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For the journal Global Governance, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Governance:_A_Review_of_Multilateralism_and_International_Organizations" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations">Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Global governance</b> or <b>world governance</b> is the political interaction of transnational actors aimed at solving problems that affect more than one state or region when there is no <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_in_international_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Power in international relations">power</a> of enforcing compliance. The modern question of world governance exists in the context of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Globalization">globalization</a>. In response to the acceleration of interdependence on a worldwide scale, both between human societies and between humankind and the biosphere, world governance designates regulations intended for the global scale.</span></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 20px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Contents</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Etymology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Definition" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Definition</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Context" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Context</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Need" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Need</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Crisis_of_purpose" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Crisis of purpose</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#World_government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">World government</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Consensus_example" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Consensus example</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Issues" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Issues</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Expansion_of_normative_mechanisms_and_globalization_of_institutions" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Expansion of normative mechanisms and globalization of institutions</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Formulation_and_objectives" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Formulation and objectives</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Reforming_international_institutions" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Reforming international institutions</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Themes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Themes</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Environmental_governance_and_managing_the_planet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental governance and managing the planet</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#A_World_Environment_Organisation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">A World Environment Organisation</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Current_global_environmental_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Current global environmental governance</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#A_World_Environment_Organisation_and_the_World_Trade_Organisation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">A World Environment Organisation and the World Trade Organisation</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Governance_of_the_economy_and_of_globalization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Governance of the economy and of globalization</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Political_and_institutional_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Political and institutional governance</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Governance_of_peace.2C_security.2C_and_conflict_resolution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Governance of peace, security, and conflict resolution</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Governance_of_science.2C_education.2C_information.2C_and_communications" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Governance of science, education, information, and communications</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Regional_views" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Regional views</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Africa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Africa</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Latin_America" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Latin America</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Asia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Asia</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Europe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Europe</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Stakeholders.27_views" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Stakeholders' views</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Institutional_and_state_stakeholders" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Institutional and state stakeholders</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Members_of_parliament" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Members of parliament</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Military" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Military</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Regional_organizations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Regional organizations</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Non-state_stakeholders" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Non-state stakeholders</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Proposals" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Proposals</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Academic_tool_or_discipline" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Academic tool or discipline</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#See_also" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#External_links" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Etymology</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of a very long period of international history based on a policy of balance of powers. Since this historic event, the planet has entered a phase of geostrategic breakdown. The national-security model, for example, while still in place for most governments, is gradually giving way to an emerging collective conscience that extends beyond the restricted framework it represents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The question of world governance did not arise until the early 1990s.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2012">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Up until then, the term "interdependence" had been used to designate the management of relations among states. The post-Cold War world of the 1990s saw a new paradigm emerge based on a number of issues:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The growing idea of globalization as a significant theme and the subsequent weakening of nation-states, points to a prospect of transferring to a global level of regulatory instruments. Upon the model that regulation was no longer working effectively at the national or regional levels.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An intensification of environmental concerns, which received multilateral endorsement at the Rio Earth Summit (1992). The Summit issues, relating to the climate and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, symbolized a new approach that was soon to be expressed conceptually by the term <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Commons&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Global Commons (page does not exist)">Global Commons</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The emergence of conflicts over standards: trade and the environment, trade and property rights, trade and public health. These conflicts continued the traditional debate over the social effects of macroeconomic stabilization policies, and raised the question of arbitration among equally legitimate objectives in a compartmentalized governance system where the major areas of interdependence are each entrusted to a specialized international institution. Although often limited in scope, these conflicts are nevertheless symbolically powerful, as they raise the question of the principles and institutions of arbitration.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An increased questioning of international standards and institutions by developing countries, which, having entered the global economy, find it hard to accept that industrialized countries hold onto power and give preference to their own interests. The challenge also comes from civil society, which considers that the international governance system has become the real seat of power and which rejects both its principles and procedures. Although these two lines of criticism often have conflicting beliefs and goals, they have been known to join in order to oppose the dominance of developed countries and major institutions, as demonstrated symbolically by the failure of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> 1999 Ministerial Conference in Seattle.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Definition"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Definition</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In a simple and broad-based definition of world governance, the term is used to designate all regulations intended for organization & centralization of human societies on a global scale.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Traditionally, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government">government</a> has been associated with "governing," or with political authority, institutions, and, ultimately, control. Governance however denotes formal political institutions that aim to coordinate and control independent social relations, and that have the ability to enforce, by force, their decisions. However, authors like <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rosenau" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="James Rosenau">James Rosenau</a> <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> have also used "governance" to denote the regulation of interdependent relations in the absence of an overarching political authority, such as in the international system. Some now speak of the development of "global public policy".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil_Najam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Adil Najam">Adil Najam</a>, a scholar on the subject at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> and now at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_School_of_Law_and_Diplomacy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy">Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy</a> has defined global governance simply as "the management of global processes in the absence of global government."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> According to <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_G._Weiss&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas G. Weiss (page does not exist)">Thomas G. Weiss</a>, director of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a> Institute for International Studies at the Graduate Center (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUNY" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CUNY">CUNY</a>) and editor (2000–05) of the journal <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Governance:_A_Review_of_Multilateralism_and_International_Organizations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations">Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations</a></i>, "'Global governance'—which can be good, bad, or indifferent—refers to concrete cooperative problem-solving arrangements, many of which increasingly involve not only the United Nations of states but also 'other UNs,' namely international secretariats and other nonstate actors."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These "cooperative problem-solving arrangements" may be formal, taking the shape of laws or formally constituted institutions for a variety of actors (such as state authorities,<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organizations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Intergovernmental organizations">intergovernmental organizations</a> (IGOs), <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organizations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Non-governmental organizations">non-governmental organizations</a> (NGOs), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_sector" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Private sector">private sector</a> entities, other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil society">civil society</a> actors, and individuals) to manage collective affairs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-globall_7-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-globall-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> They may also be informal (as in the case of practices or guidelines) or ad hoc entities (as in the case of coalitions).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Thus, global governance may be defined as "the complex of formal and informal institutions, mechanisms, relationships, and processes between and among states, markets, citizens and organizations, both inter- and non-governmental, through which collective interests on the global plane are articulated, Duties, obligations and privileges are established, and differences are mediated through educated professionals."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Titus Alexander, author of Unravelling Global Apartheid, an Overview of World Politics, has described the current institutions of global governance as a system of global apartheid, with numerous parallels with minority rule in the formal and informal structures of South Africa before 1991. "<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Context">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Context"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Context</span></span></h2>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(244, 196, 48); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 104px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></span></div>
</td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 748px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This article <b>is written in the style of a debate rather than an encyclopedic summary</b>. It may require <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a> to meet Wikipedia's<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_style_guidelines" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Wikipedia style guidelines">quality standards</a> and make it more accessible to a general audience. Please discuss this issue on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Global_governance" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Talk:Global governance">talk page</a>. <small><i>(January 2011)</i></small></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are those who believe that world architecture depends on establishing a system of world governance. However, the equation is currently becoming far more complicated: Whereas the process used to be about regulating and limiting the individual power of states to avoid disturbing or overturning the status quo, the issue for today's world governance is to have a collective influence on the world's destiny by establishing a system for regulating the many interactions that lie beyond the province of state action. The political homogenization of the planet that has followed the advent of what is known as liberal democracy in its many forms should make it easier to establish a world governance system that goes beyond market laissez-faire and the democratic peace originally formulated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, which constitutes a sort of geopolitical laissez-faire.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Another view regarding the establishment of global governance is based on the difficulties to achieve equitable development at the world scale. "To secure for all human beings in all parts of the world the conditions allowing a decent and meaningful life requires enormous human energies and far-reaching changes in policies. The task is all the more demanding as the world faces numerous other problems, each related to or even part of the development challenge, each similarly pressing, and each calling for the same urgent attention. But, as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Toynbee" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arnold Toynbee">Arnold Toynbee</a> has said, 'Our age is the first generation since the dawn of history in which mankind dares to believe it practical to make the benefits of civilization available to the whole human race'."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Need">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Need"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Need</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Because of the heterogeneity of preferences, which are enduring despite globalization, are often perceived as an implacable homogenization process. Americans and Europeans provide a good example of this point: on some issues they have differing common grounds in which the division between the public and private spheres still exist. Tolerance for inequalities and the growing demand for redistribution, attitudes toward risk, and over property rights vs human rights, set the stage. In certain cases, globalization even serves to accentuate differences rather than as a force for homogenization. Responsibility must play its part with respect to regional and International governments, when balancing the needs of its citizenry.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">With the growing emergence of a global civic awareness, comes opposition to globalization and its effects. A rapidly growing number of movements and organizations have taken the debate to the international level. Although it may have limitations, this trend is one response to the increasing importance of world issues, that effect the planet.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Crisis of purpose">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Crisis_of_purpose"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Crisis of purpose</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pierre Jacquet, Jean Pisani-Ferry, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Tubiana" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Laurence Tubiana">Laurence Tubiana</a> argue that "[t]o ensure that decisions taken for international integration are sustainable, it is important that populations see the benefits, that states agree on their goals and that the institutions governing the process are seen as legitimate. These three conditions are only partially being met."</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The authors refer to a "crisis of purpose" and international institutions suffering from "imbalance" and inadequacy. They believe that for these institutions, "a gap has been created between the nature of the problems that need tackling and an institutional architecture which does not reflect the hierarchy of today's problems. For example, the environment has become a subject of major concern and central negotiation, but it does not have the institutional support that is compatible with its importance."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: World government">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="World_government"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">World government</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Global governance is not <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World government">world government</a>, and even less <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_globalization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democratic globalization">democratic globalization</a>. In fact, global governance would not be necessary, were there a world government. Domestic governments have monopolies on the use of force—the power of enforcement. Global governance refers to the political interaction that is required to solve problems that affect more than one state or region when there is no power to enforce compliance. Problems arise, and networks of actors are constructed to deal with them in the absence of an international analogue to a domestic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government">government</a>. This system has been termed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaggregated_sovereignty" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Disaggregated sovereignty">disaggregated sovereignty</a>.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Consensus example">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Consensus_example"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Consensus example</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Improved global problem solving need not involve the establishment of additional powerful formal global institutions. It does involve building consensus on norms and practices. One such area, currently under construction, is the development and improvement of accountability mechanisms. For example, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Global_Compact" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="UN Global Compact">UN Global Compact</a> brings together companies, UN agencies, labor organizations, and civil society to support universal environmental and social principles. Participation is entirely voluntary, and there is no enforcement of the principles by an outside regulatory body. Companies adhere to these practices both because they make economic sense, and because <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">stakeholders</a>, especially <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareholders" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shareholders">shareholders</a>, can monitor their compliance easily. Mechanisms such as the Global Compact can improve the ability of affected individuals and populations to hold companies accountable. However, corporations participating in the UN Global Compact have been criticized for their merely minimal standards, the absence of sanction-and-control measures, their lack of commitment to social and ecological standards, minimal acceptance among corporations around the world, and the high cost involved in reporting annually to small and medium-sized business<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Issues">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Issues"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Issues</span></span></h2>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Expansion of normative mechanisms and globalization of institutions">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Expansion_of_normative_mechanisms_and_globalization_of_institutions"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Expansion of normative mechanisms and globalization of institutions</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">One of the effects of globalization is the increasing numbers of rules placed upon businesses, in the global market-place. Jan Aart Scholte asserts, however, that these changes are inadequate to meet the needs: "Along with the general intensified globalization of social relations in contemporary history has come an unprecedented expansion of regulatory apparatuses that cover planetary jurisdictions and constituencies. On the whole, however, this global governance remains weak relative to pressing current needs for global public policy. Shortfalls in moral standing, legal foundations, material delivery, democratic credentials and charismatic leadership have together generated large legitimacy deficits in existing global regimes."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">On another level, there is need to set up, in all spheres, an increasing number of networks and institutions operating on a global scale. Proposals and initiatives have been developed at various sources: political parties,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup> unions,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> regional authorities,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> and members of parliament in sovereign states.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Formulation and objectives">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Formulation_and_objectives"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Formulation and objectives</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">One of the conditions for building a world democratic governance should be the development of platforms for citizen dialog on the legal formulation of world governance and the harmonization of objectives.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This legal formulation could take the form of a Global Constitution. According to Pierre Calame and Gustavo Marin, "[a] Global Constitution resulting from a process for the institution of a global community will act as the common reference for establishing the order of rights and duties applicable to United Nations agencies and to the other multilateral institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-ReferenceA-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup> As for formulating objectives, the necessary but insufficient ambition of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a>, which aim to safeguard humankind and the planet, and the huge difficulties in implementing them, illustrates the inadequacy of institutional initiatives that do not have popular support for having failed to invite citizens to take part in the elaboration process.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Furthermore, the Global Constitution "must clearly express a limited number of overall objectives that are to be the basis of global governance and are to guide the common action of the U.N. agencies and the multilateral institutions, where the specific role of each of these is subordinated to the pursuit of these common objectives."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-ReferenceA-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Calame proposes the following objectives:</span></div>
<ol style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">instituting the conditions for sustainable development</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">reducing inequalities</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">establishing lasting peace while respecting diversity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup></span></li>
</ol>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Reforming international institutions">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Reforming_international_institutions"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Reforming international institutions</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Is the UN capable of taking on the heavy responsibility of managing the planet's serious problems? More specifically, can the UN reform itself in such a way as to be able to meet this challenge? At a time when the financial crisis of 2008 is raising the same questions posed by the climate disasters of previous years regarding the unpredictable consequences of disastrous human management, can international financial institutions be reformed in such a way as to go back to their original task, which was to provide financial help to countries in need?</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lack of political will and citizen involvement at the international level has also brought about the submission of international institutions to the "neoliberal" agenda, particularly financial institutions such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (WTO). Pierre Calame gives an account of this development,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-ReferenceB-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup> while Joseph E. Stiglitz points out that the need for international institutions like the IMF, the World Bank, and the WTO has never been so great, but people's trust in them has never been so low.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">One of the key aspects of the United Nations reform is the problem of the representativeness of the General Assembly. The Assembly operates on the principle of "one state, one vote," so that states of hugely varying sizes have the same impact on the vote, which distorts representativeness and results in a major loss of credibility. Accordingly, "the General Assembly has lost any real capacity to influence. This means that the mechanisms for action and consultation organized by rich countries have the leading role."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-ReferenceB-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Gustave Massiah advocates defining and implementing a radical reform of the UN. The author proposes building new foundations that can provide the basis for global democracy and the creation of a Global Social Contract, rooted in the respect and protection of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights, as well as in the recognition of the strategic role of international law.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup> The Brussels based <a class="external text" href="http://www.globalgovernance.eu/index.php/about-us.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Global Governance Institute</a> is dedicated to a more equitable, peaceful and sustainable global order.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Themes">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Themes"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Themes</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In its initial phase, world governance was able to draw on themes inherited from geopolitics and the theory of international relations, such as peace, defense, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostrategy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Geostrategy">geostrategy</a>, diplomatic relations, and trade relations. But as globalization progresses and the number of interdependences increases, the global level is also highly relevant to a far wider range of subjects. Following are a number of examples.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Environmental governance and managing the planet">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_governance_and_managing_the_planet"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Environmental governance and managing the planet</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">"The crisis brought about by the accelerated pace and the probably irreversible character of the impact of human activities on nature requires collective answers from governments and citizens. Nature ignores political and social barriers, and the global dimension of the crisis cancels the effects of any action initiated unilaterally by state governments or sectoral institutions, however powerful they may be. Climate change, ocean and air pollution, nuclear risks and those related to genetic manipulation, the reduction and extinction of resources and biodiversity, and above all a development model that remains largely unquestioned globally are all among the various manifestations of this accelerated and probably irreversible impact.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This impact is the factor, in the framework of globalization, that most challenges a system of states competing with each other to the exclusion of all others: among the different fields of global governance, environmental management is the most wanting in urgent answers to the crisis in the form of collective actions by the whole of the human community. At the same time, these actions should help to model and strengthen the progressive building of this community."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Proposals in this area have discussed the issue of how collective environmental action is possible. Many multilateral, environment-related agreements have been forged in the past 30 years, but their implementation remains difficult. There is also some discussion on the possibility of setting up an international organization that would centralize all the issues related to international environmental protection, such as the proposed World Environment Organization (WEO). The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) could play this role, but it is a small-scale organization with a limited mandate. The question has given rise to two opposite views: the European Union, especially France and Germany, along with a number of NGOs, is in favor of creating a WEO; the United Kingdom, the USA, and most developing countries prefer opting for voluntary initiatives.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The International Institute for Sustainable Development proposes a "reform agenda" for global environmental governance. The main argument is that there seems to exist an unspoken but powerful consensus on the essential objectives of a system of global <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Environmental governance">environmental governance</a>. These goals would require top-quality leadership, a strong environmental policy based on knowledge, effective cohesion and coordination, good management of the institutions constituting the environmental governance system, and spreading environmental concerns and actions to other areas of international policy and action.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-27" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup></span></div>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: A World Environment Organisation">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="A_World_Environment_Organisation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A World Environment Organisation</span></span></h4>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The focus of environmental issues shifted to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Climate change">climate change</a> from 1992 onwards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup> Due to the transboundary nature of climate change, various calls have been made for a World Environment Organisation (WEO) (sometimes referred to as a Global Environment Organisation) <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup> to tackle this global problem on a global scale. At present, a single worldwide governing body with the powers to develop and enforce environmental policy does not exist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Evans_30-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-Evans-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup> The idea for the creation of a WEO was discussed thirty years ago<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-31" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup> but is receiving fresh attention in the light of arguably disappointing outcomes from recent, ‘environmental mega-conferences’<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-32" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup>(e.g.<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Summit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rio Summit">Rio Summit</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a>).</span></div>
<h5 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Current global environmental governance">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Current_global_environmental_governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Current global environmental governance</span></span></h5>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International environmental organisations do exist. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Environmental_Programme" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations Environmental Programme">United Nations Environmental Programme</a> (UNEP), created in 1972, coordinates the environmental activity of countries in the UN. UNEP and similar international environmental organisations are seen as not up to the task. They are criticised as being institutionally weak, fragmented, lacking in standing and providing non-optimal environmental protection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-33" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a></sup> It has been stated that the current decentralised, poorly funded and strictly intergovernmental regime for global environmental issues is sub-standard.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LodefalkWhalley_34-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-LodefalkWhalley-34" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup>However, the creation of a WEO may threaten to undermine some of the more effective aspects of contemporary global environmental governance;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-35" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a></sup> notably its fragmented nature, from which flexibility stems.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Evans_30-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-Evans-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup> This also allows responses to be more effective and links to be forged across different domains.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Evans_30-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-Evans-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup> Even though the environment and climate change are framed as global issues, Levin states that ‘it is precisely at this level that government institutions are least effective and trust most delicate’<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-36" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a></sup> while Oberthur and Gehring argue that it would offer little more than institutional restructuring for its own sake.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-37" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[38]</a></sup></span></div>
<h5 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: A World Environment Organisation and the World Trade Organisation">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="A_World_Environment_Organisation_and_the_World_Trade_Organisation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">A World Environment Organisation and the World Trade Organisation</span></span></h5>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Many proposals for the creation of a WEO have emerged from the trade and environment debate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Biermann_38-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-Biermann-38" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup> It has been argued that instead of creating a WEO to safeguard the environment, environmental issues should be directly incorporated into the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organisation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Trade Organisation">World Trade Organisation</a> (WTO).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-39" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a></sup> The WTO has “had success in integrating trade agreements and opening up markets because it is able to apply legal pressure to nation states and resolve disputes”.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Biermann_38-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-Biermann-38" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup> Greece and Germany are currently in discussion about the possibility of solar energy being used to repay some of Greece’s debt after their economy crashed in 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-40" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a></sup> This exchange of resources, if it is accepted, is an example of increased international cooperation and an instance where the WTO could embrace energy trade agreements. If the future holds similar trade agreements, then an environmental branch of the WTO would surely be necessary. However critics of a WTO/WEO arrangement say that this would neither concentrate on more directly addressing underlying market failures, nor greatly improve rule-making.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LodefalkWhalley_34-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-LodefalkWhalley-34" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The creation of a new agency, whether it be linked to the WTO or not, has now been endorsed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renato_Ruggiero" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Renato Ruggiero">Renato Ruggiero</a>, the former head of the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as by the new WTO director-designate, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supachai_Panitchpakdi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Supachai Panitchpakdi">Supachai Panitchpakdi</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Biermann_38-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-Biermann-38" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup> The debate over a global institutional framework for environmental issues will undoubtedly rumble on but at present there is little support for any one proposal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Evans_30-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-Evans-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Governance of the economy and of globalization">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Governance_of_the_economy_and_of_globalization"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Governance of the economy and of globalization</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The 2008 financial crisis exploded, once again, the myth that the all-powerful free-market forces will correct all serious financial malfunctioning on their own, as well as belief in the presumed independence of the economy. Lacking in transparency and far from democratic, international financial institutions have proven incapable of handling the market's critical breakdown.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Free-market economy is incapable of meeting the population's needs on its own. Without regulation and without consideration of social and environmental externalities, free-market capitalism turns into an uncontrollable machine that produces more and more wealth concentrated in fewer and fewer hands, leading the global community into a head-on collision with disaster and chaos. Its capacity to produce is not in doubt: the problem is absence of redistribution, which is the result of absence of political and citizen will to change the rules of the game.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nonetheless, the debate on the failings of the system has begun to turn in the academic world into solution seeking, which is a step in the right direction. According to Tubiana and Severino, "refocusing the doctrine of international cooperation on the concept of public goods offers the possibility . . . of breaking the deadlock in international negotiations on development, with the perception of shared interests breathing new life into an international solidarity that is running out of steam."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-41" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[42]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Stiglitz, on his part, argues that a number of global public goods should be produced and supplied to the populations, but they are not, and a number of global externalities should be taken into consideration, but they are not. On the other hand, he contends, the international stage is often used to find solutions to completely unrelated problems under the protection of opacity and secrecy, which would be impossible in a national democratic framework.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-42" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">On the subject of international trade, Susan George states that ". . . in a rational world, it would be possible to construct a trading system serving the needs of people in both North and South. . . . Under such a system, crushing third world debt and the devastating structural adjustment policies applied by the World Bank and the IMF would have been unthinkable, although the system would not have abolished capitalism."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-43" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[44]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Political and institutional governance">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_and_institutional_governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Political and institutional governance</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Building a responsible world governance that would make it possible to adapt the political organization of society to globalization implies establishing a democratic political legitimacy at every level: local, national, regional and global.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Obtaining this legitimacy requires rethinking and reforming, all at the same time:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the fuzzy maze of various international organizations, instituted mostly in the wake of World War II; what is needed is a system of international organizations with greater resources and a greater intervention capacity, more transparent, fairer, and more democratic;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the Westphalian system, the very nature of states along with the role they play with regard to the other institutions, and their relations to each other; states will have to share part of their sovereignty with institutions and bodies at other territorial levels, and all with have to begin a major process to deepen democracy and make their organization more responsible;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the meaning of citizen sovereignty in the different government systems and the role of citizens as political protagonists; there is a need to rethink the meaning of political representation and participation and to sow the seeds of a radical change of consciousness that will make it possible to move in the direction of a situation in which citizens, in practice, will play the leading role at every scale.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The political aspect of world governance is discussed in greater detail in the section <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#Problems_of_World_Governance_and_Principles_of_Governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Global governance">Problems of World Governance and Principles of Governance</a></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Governance of peace, security, and conflict resolution">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Governance_of_peace.2C_security.2C_and_conflict_resolution"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Governance of peace, security, and conflict resolution</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Armed conflicts have changed in form and intensity since the Berlin wall came down in 1989. The events of 9/11, the wars in Afghanistan and in Iraq, and repeated terrorist attacks all show that conflicts can become lethal for the entire world, well beyond the belligerents directly involved. The leaders of a handful of major powers, starting with the biggest of all, the United States, have used war as a means of resolving conflicts and may well continue to do so. If many in the United States believe that fundamentalist Muslim networks are likely to continue to launch attacks, in Europe nationalist movements have proved to be the most persistent terrorist threat.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-44" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">At the same time, civil wars continue to break out across the world, particularly in areas where civil and human rights are not respected, such as Central and Eastern Africa and the Middle East. These and other regions remain deeply entrenched in permanent crises, hampered by authoritarian regimes, many of them being supported by the United States, reducing entire swathes of the population to wretched living conditions. The wars and conflicts we are faced with have a variety of causes: economic inequality, social conflict, religious sectarianism, Western imperialism, colonial legacies, disputes over territory and over control of basic resources such as water or land. They are all illustrations a deep-rooted crisis of world governance.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The resulting bellicose climate imbues international relations with competitive nationalism and contributes, in rich and poor countries alike, to increasing military budgets, siphoning off huge sums of public money to the benefit of the arms industry and military-oriented scientific innovation, hence fueling global insecurity. Of these enormous sums, a fraction would be enough to provide a permanent solution for the basic needs of the planet's population hence practically eliminating the causes of war and terrorism.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Andrée Michel argues that the arms race is not only proceeding with greater vigor, it is the surest means for Western countries to maintain their hegemony over countries of the South. Following the break-up of the Eastern bloc countries, she maintains, a strategy for the manipulation of the masses was set up with a permanent invention of an enemy (currently incarnated by Iraq, Iran, Libya, Syria, and North Korea) and by kindling fear and hate of others to justify perpetuating the Military-industrial Complex and arms sales. The author also recalls that the "Big Five" at the UN who have the veto right are responsible for 85% of arms sales around the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-45" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Proposals for the governance of peace, security, and conflict resolution begin by addressing prevention of the causes of conflicts, whether economic, social, religious, political, or territorial. This requires assigning more resources to improving people's living conditions—health, accommodation, food, and work—and to education, including education in the values of peace, social justice, and unity and diversity as two sides of the same coin representing the global village.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Resources for peace could be obtained by regulating, or even reducing military budgets, which have done nothing but rise in the past recent years. This process could go hand in hand with plans for global disarmament and the conversion of arms industries, applied proportionally to all countries, including the major powers. Unfortunately, the warlike climate of the last decade has served to relegate all plans for global disarmament, even in civil-society debates, and to pigeonhole them as a long-term goal or even a Utopian vision. This is definitely a setback for the cause of peace and for humankind, but it is far from being a permanent obstacle.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International institutions also have a role to play in resolving armed conflicts. Small international rapid deployment units could intervene in these with an exclusive mandate granted by a reformed and democratic United Nations system or by relevant regional authorities such as the European Union. These units could be formed specifically for each conflict, using armies from several countries as was the case when the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIFIL" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="UNIFIL">UNIFIL</a> was reinforced during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a>. On the other hand, no national army would be authorized to intervene unilaterally outside its territory without a UN or regional mandate.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Another issue that is worth addressing concerns the legitimate conditions for the use of force and conduct during war. Jean-Réné Bachelet offers an answer with the conceptualization of a military ethics corresponding to the need for a "principle of humanity." The author defines this principle as follows: "All human beings, whatever their race, nationality, gender, age, opinion, or religion, belong to one same humanity, and every individual has an inalienable right to respect for his life, integrity, and dignity."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-46" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[47]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Governance of science, education, information, and communications">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Governance_of_science.2C_education.2C_information.2C_and_communications"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Governance of science, education, information, and communications</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The World Trade Organization's (WTO) agenda of liberalizing public goods and services are related to culture, science, education, health, living organisms, information, and communication.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-47" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[48]</a></sup> This plan has been only partially offset by the alter-globalization movement, starting with the events that took place at the 1999 Seattle meeting, and on a totally different and probably far more influential scale in the medium and long term, by the astounding explosion of collaborative practices on the Internet. However, lacking political and widespread citizen support as well as sufficient resources, civil society has not so far been able to develop and disseminate alternative plans for society as a whole on a global scale, even though plenty of proposals and initiatives have been developed, some more successful than others, to build a fairer, more responsible, and more solidarity-based world in all of these areas.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Above all, each country tries to impose their values and collective prefereences within international institutions such like WTO or UNESCO, particulalry in the Medias sector. This is an excellent opportunity to promote their soft power, for instance with the promotion of the cinema<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-48" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[49]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As far as science is concerned, "[r]esearch increasingly bows to the needs of financial markets, turning competence and knowledge into commodities, making employment flexible and informal, and establishing contracts based on goals and profits for the benefit of private interests in compliance with the competition principle. The directions that research has taken in the past two decades and the changes it has undergone have drastically removed it from its initial mission (producing competence and knowledge, maintaining independence) with no questioning of its current and future missions. Despite the progress, or perhaps even as its consequence, humankind continues to face critical problems: poverty and hunger are yet to be vanquished, nuclear arms are proliferating, environmental disasters are on the rise, social injustice is growing, and so on.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Neoliberal commercialization of the commons favors the interests of pharmaceutical companies instead of the patients', of food-processing companies instead of the farmers' and consumers'. Public research policies have done nothing but support this process of economic profitability, where research results are increasingly judged by the financial markets. The system of systematically patenting knowledge and living organisms is thus being imposed throughout the planet through the 1994 WTO agreements on intellectual property. Research in many areas is now being directed by private companies."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-49" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[50]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">On the global level, "[i]nstitutions dominating a specific sector also, at every level, present the risk of reliance on technical bodies that use their own references and deliberate in an isolated environment. This process can be observed with the 'community of patents' that promotes the patenting of living organisms, as well as with authorities controlling nuclear energy. This inward-looking approach is all the more dangerous that communities of experts are, in all complex technical and legal spheres, increasingly dominated by the major economic organizations that finance research and development." <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-ReferenceB-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">On the other hand, several innovative experiments have emerged in the sphere of science, such as: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscience_clauses" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Conscience clauses">conscience clauses</a> and citizens' panels as a tool for democratizing the production system: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_shop" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Science shop">science shops</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citizen science">community-based research</a>. Politically committed scientists are also increasingly organizing at the global level.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-50" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[51]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As far as education is concerned, the effect of commoditization can be seen in the serious tightening of education budgets, which has an impact on the quality of general education as a public service. The Global Future Online report reminds us that ". . . at the half-way point towards 2015 <i>(author's note: the deadline for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Goals" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Millennium Goals">Millennium Goals</a>)</i>, the gaps are daunting: 80 million children (44 million of them girls) are out of school, with marginalized groups (26 million disabled and 30 million conflict-affected children) continuing to be excluded. And while universal access is critical, it must be coupled with improved learning outcomes—in particular, children achieving the basic literacy, numeracy and life skills essential for poverty reduction."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-51" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[52]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In addition to making the current educational system available universally, there is also a call to improve the system and adapt it to the speed of changes in a complex and unpredictable world. On this point, Edgar Morin asserts that we must "[r]ethink our way of organizing knowledge. This means breaking down the traditional barriers between disciplines and designing new ways to reconnect that which has been torn apart." The UNESCO report drawn up by Morin contains "seven principles for education of the future": detecting the error and illusion that have always parasitized the human spirit and human behavior; making knowledge relevant, i.e. a way of thinking that makes distinctions and connections; teaching the human condition; teaching terrestrial identity; facing human and scientific uncertainties and teaching strategies to deal with them; teaching understanding of the self and of others, and an ethics for humankind.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-52" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[53]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The exponential growth of new technologies, the Internet in particular, has gone hand in hand with the development over the last decade of a global community producing and exchanging goods. This development is permanently altering the shape of the entertainment, publishing, and music and media industries, among others. It is also influencing the social behavior of increasing numbers of people, along with the way in which institutions, businesses, and civil society are organized. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peer-to-peer">Peer-to-peer</a> communities and collective knowledge-building projects such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> have involved millions of users around the world. There are even more innovative initiatives, such as alternatives to private copyright such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a>, cyber democracy practices, and a real possibility of developing them on the sectoral, regional, and global levels.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Regional views">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Regional_views"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Regional views</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Regional players, whether regional conglomerates such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercosur" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European Union">European Union</a>, or major countries seen as key regional players such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a>, are taking a growing interest in world governance. Examples of discussion of this issue can be found in the works of: Martina Timmermann <i>et al.</i>, <i>Institutionalizing Northeast Asia: Regional Steps toward Global Governance</i>;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-53" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[54]</a></sup> Douglas Lewis, <i>Global Governance and the Quest for Justice - Volume I: International and Regional Organizations</i>;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-54" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[55]</a></sup> Olav Schram Stokke, "Examining the Consequences of International Regimes," which discusses Northern, or Arctic region building in the context of international relations;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-55" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[56]</a></sup> Jeffery Hart and Joan Edelman Spero, "Globalization and Global Governance in the 21st Century," which discusses the push of countries such as Mexico, Brazil, India, China, Taiwan, and South Korea, "important regional players" seeking "a seat at the table of global decision-making";<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-56" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[57]</a></sup> Dr. Frank Altemöller, “International Trade: Challenges for Regional and Global Governance: A comparison between Regional Integration Models in Eastern Europe and Africa – and the role of the WTO”,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-57" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[58]</a></sup> and many others.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Interdependence among countries and regions hardly being refutable today, regional integration is increasingly seen not only as a process in itself, but also in its relation to the rest of the world, sometimes turning questions like "What can the world bring to my country or region?" into "What can my country or region bring to the rest of the world?" Following are a few examples of how regional players are dealing with these questions.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Africa"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Africa</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Often seen as a problem to be solved rather than a people or region with an opinion to express on international policy, Africans and Africa draw on a philosophical tradition of community and social solidarity that can serve as inspiration to the rest of the world and contribute to building world governance. One example is given by Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gathseni when he reminds us of the relevance of the Ubuntu concept, which stresses the interdependence of human beings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-58" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[59]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">African civil society has thus begun to draw up proposals for governance of the continent, which factor in all of the dimensions: local, African, and global. Examples include proposals by the network "Dialogues sur la gouvernance en Afrique" for "the construction of a local legitimate governance," state reform "capable of meeting the continent's development challenges," and "effective regional governance to put an end to Africa's marginalization."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-59" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[60]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">United States</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Foreign-policy proposals announced by the recently elected President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> include restoring the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Poverty_Act" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Global Poverty Act">Global Poverty Act</a>, which aims to contribute to meeting the UN Millennium Development Goals to reduce by half the world population living on less than a dollar a day by 2015. Foreign aid is expected to double to 50 billion dollars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-60" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[61]</a></sup> The money will be used to help build educated and healthy communities, reduce poverty and improve the population's health.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-61" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[62]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Another measure that has been announced is the participation of the North American people in foreign policy decisions via citizen meetings at the municipal level to discuss the fundamental aspects of policy.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In terms of international institutions, The White House Web site advocates reform of the World Bank and the IMF, without going into any detail.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-62" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[63]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Below are further points in the Obama-Biden plan for foreign policy directly related to world governance:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-63" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[64]</a></sup></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">strengthening of the nuclear non-proliferation treaty;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">global de-nuclearization in several stages including stepping up cooperation with Russia to significantly reduce stocks of nuclear arms in both countries;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">revision of the culture of secrecy: institution of a National Declassification Center to make declassification secure but routine, efficient, and cost-effective;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">increase in global funds for AIDS, TB and malaria. Eradication of malaria-related deaths by 2015 by making medicines and mosquito nets far more widely available;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">increase in aid for children and maternal health as well as access to reproductive health-care programs;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">creation of a 2-billion-dollar global fund for education. Increased funds for providing access to drinking water and sanitation;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">other similarly large-scale measures covering agriculture, small- and medium-sized enterprises and support for a model of international trade that fosters job creation and improves the quality of life in poor countries;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">in terms of energy and global warming, Obama advocates a) an 80% reduction of greenhouse-gas emissions by 2050 b) investing 150 billion dollars in alternative energies over the next 10 years and c) creating a Global Energy Forum capable of initiating a new generation of climate protocols.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Latin America">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Latin_America"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Latin America</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The 21st century has seen the arrival of a new and diverse generation of left-wing governments in Latin America. This has opened the door to initiatives to launch political and governance renewal. A number of these initiatives are significant for the way they redefine the role of the state by drawing on citizen participation, and can thus serve as a model for a future world governance built first and foremost on the voice of the people. The constituent assemblies in Ecuador and Bolivia are fundamental examples of this phenomenon.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In Ecuador, social and indigenous movements were behind the discussions that began in 1990 on setting up a constituent assembly.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-64" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[65]</a></sup> In the wake of Rafael Correa's arrival at the head of the country in November 2006, widespread popular action with the slogan "<i>que se vayan todos</i>" (let them all go away) succeeded in getting all the political parties of congress to accept a convocation for a referendum on setting up the assembly.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In April 2007, Rafael Correa's government organized a consultation with the people to approve setting up a constituent assembly. Once it was approved, 130 members of the assembly were elected in September, including 100 provincial members, 24 national members and 6 for migrants in Europe, Latin America and the USA. The assembly was officially established in November. Assembly members belonged to traditional political parties as well as the new social movements. In July 2008, the assembly completed the text for the new constitution and in September 2008 there was a referendum to approve it. Approval for the new text won out, with 63.9% of votes for compared to 28.1% of votes against and a 24.3% abstention rate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-65" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[66]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The new constitution establishes the rule of law on economic, social, cultural and environmental rights (ESCER). It transforms the legal model of the social state subject to the rule of law into a "constitution of guaranteed well-being" (<i>Constitución del bienestar garantizado</i>) inspired by the ancestral community ideology of "good living" propounded by the Quechuas of the past, as well as by 21st century socialist ideology. The constitution promotes the concept of food sovereignty by establishing a protectionist system that favors domestic production and trade. It also develops a model of public aid for education, health, infrastructures and other services.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In addition, it adds to the three traditional powers, a fourth power called the Council of Citizen Participation and Social Control, made up of former constitutional control bodies and social movements, and mandated to assess whether public policies are constitutional or not.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The new Bolivian constitution was approved on 25 January 2009 by referendum, with 61.4% votes in favor, 38.6% against and a 90.2% turnout. The proposed constitution was prepared by a constituent assembly that did not only reflect the interests of political parties and the elite, but also represented the indigenous peoples and social movements. As in Ecuador, the proclamation of a constituent assembly was demanded by the people, starting in 1990 at a gathering of indigenous peoples from the entire country, continuing with the indigenous marches in the early 2000s and then with the Program Unity Pact (<i>Pacto de Unidad Programático</i>) established by family farmers and indigenous people in September 2004 in Santa Cruz.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-66" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[67]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The constitution recognizes the autonomy of indigenous peoples, the existence of a specific indigenous legal system, exclusive ownership of forest resources by each community and a quota of indigenous members of parliament. It grants autonomy to counties, which have the right to manage their natural resources and elect their representatives directly. The <i>latifundio</i> system has been outlawed, with maximum ownership of 5,000 hectares allowed per person. Access to water and sanitation are covered by the constitution as human rights that the state has to guarantee, as well as other basic services such as electricity, gas, postal services, and telecommunications that can be provided by either the state or contracting companies. The new constitution also establishes a social and community economic model made up of public, private, and social organizations, and cooperatives. It guarantees private initiative and freedom of enterprise, and assigns public organizations the task of managing natural resources and related processes as well as developing public services covered by the constitution. National and cooperative investment is favored over private and international investment. The "unitary plurinational" state of Bolivia has 36 official indigenous languages along with Spanish. Natural resources belong to the people and are administered by the state. The form of democracy in place is no longer considered as exclusively representative and/or based on parties. Thus, "the people deliberate and exercise government via their representatives and the constituent assembly, the citizen legislative initiative and the referendum . . ."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-67" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[68]</a></sup> and "popular representation is exercised via the political parties, citizen groups, and indigenous peoples."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-68" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[69]</a></sup> This way, "political parties, and/or citizen groups and/or indigenous peoples can present candidates directly for the offices of president, vice-president, senator, house representative, constituent-assembly member, councilor, mayor, and municipal agent. The same conditions apply legally to all. . . ."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-69" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[70]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Also in Latin America: "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amazonia">Amazonia</a> . . . is an enormous biodiversity reservoir and a major climate-regulation agent for the planet but is being ravaged and deteriorated at an accelerated pace; it is a territory almost entirely devoid of governance, but also a breeding place of grassroots organization initiatives.".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-70" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[71]</a></sup> "Amazonia can be the fertile field of a true school of 'good' governance if it is looked after as a common and valuable good, first by Brazilians (65% of Amazonia is within Brazilian borders) and the people of the South American countries surrounding it, but also by all the Earth's inhabitants."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-71" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[72]</a></sup> Accordingly, "[f]rom a world-governance perspective, [Amazonia] is in a way an enormous laboratory. Among other things, Amazonia enables a detailed examination of the negative effects of productivism and of the different forms of environmental packaging it can hide behind, including 'sustainable development.' Galloping urbanization, Human Rights violations, the many different types of conflicts (14 different types of conflicts have been identified within the hundreds of cases observed in Amazonia), protection of indigenous populations and their active participation in local governance: these are among the many Amazonian challenges also affecting the planet as a whole, not to mention the environment. The hosts of local initiatives, including among the indigenous populations, are however what may be most interesting in Amazonia in that they testify to the real, concrete possibility of a different form of organization that combines a healthy local economy, good social cohesion, and a true model of sustainable development—this time not disguised as something else. All of this makes Amazonia 'a territory of solutions.'"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-72" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[73]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">According to Arnaud Blin, the Amazonian problem helps to define certain fundamental questions on the future of humankind. First, there is the question of social justice: "[H]ow do we build a new model of civilization that promotes social justice? How do we set up a new social architecture that allows us to live together?" The author goes on to refer to concepts such as the concept of "people's territory " or even "life territory" rooted in the indigenous tradition and serving to challenge private property and social injustice. He then suggests that the emerging concept of the "responsibility to protect," following up on the "right of humanitarian intervention" and until now used to try to protect populations endangered by civil wars, could also be applied to populations threatened by economic predation and to environmental protection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-73" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[74]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Asia"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Asia</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The growing interest in world governance in Asia represents an alternative approach to official messages, dominated by states' nationalist visions. An initiative to develop proposals for world governance took place in Shanghai in 2006, attended by young people from every continent. The initiative produced ideas and projects that can be classified as two types: the first and more traditional type, covering the creation of a number of new institutions such as an International Emissions Organization,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-74" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[75]</a></sup> and a second more innovative type based on organizing network-based systems. For example, a system of cooperative control on a worldwide level among states <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-75" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[76]</a></sup> and self-organization of civil society into networks using new technologies, a process that should serve to set up a <i>Global Calling-for-Help Center</i> or a new model based on citizens who communicate freely, share information, hold discussions, and seek consensus-based solutions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-76" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[77]</a></sup> They would use the Internet and the media, working within several types of organizations: universities, NGOs, local volunteers and civil-society groups.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-77" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[78]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Given the demographic importance of the continent, the development of discussion on governance and practices in Asia at the regional level, as well as global-level proposals, will be decisive in the years ahead in the strengthening of global dialog among all sorts of stakeholders, a dialog that should produce a fairer world order.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Europe"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Europe</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Rocard" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Michel Rocard">Michel Rocard</a>, Europe does not have a shared vision, but a collective history that allows Europeans to opt for projects for gradual political construction such as the European Union. Drawing on this observation, Rocard conceives of a European perspective that supports the development of three strategies for constructing world governance: reforming the UN, drawing up international treaties to serve as the main source of global regulations, and "the progressive penetration of the international scene by justice."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-78" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[79]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rocard considers that there are a number of "great questions of the present days" including recognition by all nations of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>, the option of an international police force authorized to arrest international criminals, and the institution of judicial procedures to deal with tax havens, massively polluting activities, and states supporting terrorist activities. He also outlines "new problems" that should foster debate in the years to come on questions such as a project for a Declaration of Interdependence, how to re-equilibrate world trade and WTO activities, and how to create world regulations for managing collective goods (air, drinking water, oil, etc.) and services (education, health, etc.).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-79" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[80]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Martin Ortega similarly suggests that the European Union should make a more substantial contribution to global governance, particularly through concerted action in international bodies. European states, for instance, should reach an agreement on the reform of the United Nations Security Council.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-80" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[81]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In 2011, the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Strategy_and_Policy_Analysis_System&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="European Strategy and Policy Analysis System (page does not exist)">European Strategy and Policy Analysis System</a> (ESPAS), an inter-institutional pilot project of the European Union which aims to assist EU policy formulation through the identification and critical analysis of long-term global trends, highlighted the importance of expanding global governance over the next 20 years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_European_Strategy_and_Policy_Analysis_System_81-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-The_European_Strategy_and_Policy_Analysis_System-81" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[82]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=27" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Stakeholders' views">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Stakeholders.27_views"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Stakeholders' views</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It is too soon to give a general account of the view of world-governance stakeholders, although interest in world governance is on the rise on the regional level, and we will certainly see different types of stakeholders and social sectors working to varying degrees at the international level and taking a stand on the issue in the years to come.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Institutional and state stakeholders">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Institutional_and_state_stakeholders"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Institutional and state stakeholders</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Members of parliament">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Members_of_parliament"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Members of parliament</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The World Parliamentary Forum, open to members of parliament from all nations and held every year at the same time as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Social_Forum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Social Forum">World Social Forum</a>, drew up a declaration at the sixth forum in Caracas in 2006. The declaration contains a series of proposals that express participants' opinion on the changes referred to.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-82" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[83]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Military"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Military</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The International Alliance of Military for Peace and Security is a platform of expression and discussion of ideas and positions on various topics affecting security and stability, the goal of which is to "discuss issues of security and defense, as well as ways of promoting a new 'Consciousness of Security and Defense' to citizens, which allows them to better understand the risks and opportunities inherent in international relations within a globalizing world and to participate actively in the definition of conditions to ensure the stability of international relations and peace." The Alliance is made up of members of the military and other people interested in issues related to human security.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Some of the member organizations of the Alliance of Military have drawn up a <i>Charter for the Promotion of an "European Security and Defence Awareness</i>. This document is written for public opinion and formulates objectives, tasks, and the conditions for adhering to and setting up European-level reinforced military cooperation. One of the Alliance's key goals is to promote the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) to a broader public, without wishing to call into question transatlantic partnership and the role of the UN. The actions of national governments and European institutions in the areas of security and defense must be founded on the adherence of European citizens.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=31" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Regional organizations">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Regional_organizations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Regional organizations</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The European Commission referred to global governance in its White Paper on European Governance. It contends that the search for better global governance draws on the same set of shared challenges humanity is currently facing. These challenges can be summed up by a series of goals: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Security">security</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peace">peace</a> and equity (in the sense of "fairness").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-83" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[84]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=32" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Non-state stakeholders">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-state_stakeholders"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Non-state stakeholders</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The freedom of thought enjoyed by non-state stakeholders enables them to formulate truly alternative ideas on world-governance issues, but they have taken little or no advantage of this opportunity.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pierre Calame believes that "[n]on-state actors have always played an essential role in global regulation, but their role will grow considerably in this, the beginning of the twenty-first Century . . . Non-state actors play a key role in world governance in different domains . . . To better understand and develop the non-state actors' role, it should be studied in conjunction with the general principles of governance." "Non-state actors, due to their vocation, size, flexibility, methods of organization and action, interact with states in an equal manner; however this does not mean that their action is better adapted."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-84" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[85]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">One alternative idea encapsulated by many not-for-profit organisations relates to ideas in the '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Potential_Movement" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human Potential Movement">Human Potential Movement</a>' and might be summarised as a mission statement along these lines: 'To create an accepted framework for all humankind, that is self-regulating and which enables every person to achieve their fullest potential in harmony with the world and its place in existence.'</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The use of the word 'humankind' is instead of 'mankind'. There are many examples of the use of the word 'humankind' and possibly therefore of this choice e.g. in the opening narration of the TV series <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonders_of_the_Universe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wonders of the Universe">Wonders of the Universe</a> by Professor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Cox_(physicist)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brian Cox (physicist)">Brian Cox (physicist)</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">'Self-regulation' is meant to invoke the concept of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Regulation">regulation</a> which includes <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule-making" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rule-making">rule-making</a> such as laws, and related ideas e.g. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_doctrine" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legal doctrine">legal doctrine</a> as well as other frameworks. However its scope is wider than this and intended to encompass <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a> which allows for the study of regulation in as many varied contexts as possible from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Regulation of gene expression">regulation of gene expression</a> to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_Complaints_Commission" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Press Complaints Commission">Press Complaints Commission</a> for example.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=33" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Proposals">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Proposals"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Proposals</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Several stakeholders have produced lists of proposals for a new world governance that is fairer, more responsible, solidarity-based, interconnected and respectful of the planet's diversity. Some examples are given below.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Joseph E. Stiglitz proposes a list of reforms related to the internal organization of international institutions and their external role in the framework of global-governance architecture. He also deals with global taxation, the management of global resources and the environment, the production and protection of global knowledge, and the need for a global legal infrastructure.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-85" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[86]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A number of other proposals are contained in the World Governance Proposal Paper: giving concrete expression to the principle of responsibility; granting civil society greater involvement in drawing up and implementing international regulations; granting national parliaments greater involvement in drawing up and implementing international regulations; re-equilibrating trade mechanisms and adopting regulations to benefit the southern hemisphere; speeding up the institution of regional bodies; extending and specifying the concept of the commons; redefining proposal and decision-making powers in order to reform the United Nations; developing independent observation, early-warning, and assessment systems; diversifying and stabilizing the basis for financing international collective action; and engaging in a wide-reaching process of consultation, a new Bretton Woods for the United Nations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-86" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[87]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This list provides more examples of proposals:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the security of societies and its correlation with the need for global reforms——a controlled legally-based economy focused on stability, growth, full employment, and North-South convergence;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">equal rights for all, implying the institution of a global redistribution process;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">eradication of poverty in all countries;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">sustainable development on a global scale as an absolute imperative in political action at all levels;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">fight against the roots of terrorism and crime;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">consistent, effective, and fully democratic international institutions;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Europe sharing its experience in meeting the challenges of globalization and adopting genuine partnership strategies to build a new form of multilateralism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-87" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[88]</a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dr. Rajesh Tandon, president of the FIM (Montreal International Forum) and of PRIA (Participatory Research in Asia), prepared a framework document entitled "Democratization of Global Governance for Global Democracy: Civil Society Visions and Strategies (G05) conference." He used the document to present five principles that could provide a basis for civil society actions: "Global institutions and agenda should be subjected to democratic political accountability."</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Democratic policy at the global level requires legitimacy of popular control through representative and direct mechanisms.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Citizen participation in decision making at global levels requires equality of opportunity to all citizens of the world.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Multiple spheres of governance, from local to provincial to national to regional and global, should mutually support democratization of decision making at all levels.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Global democracy must guarantee that global public goods are equitably accessible to all citizens of the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-88" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[89]</a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Vijaya Ramachandran, Enrique Rueda-Sabater and Robin Kraft also define principles for representation of nations and populations in the system of global governance. They propose a "Two Percent Club" that would provide for direct representation of nations with at least two percent of global population or global GDP; other nations would be represented within international fora through regional blocs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-89" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[90]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=34" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Academic tool or discipline">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Academic_tool_or_discipline"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Academic tool or discipline</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the light of the unclear meaning of the term "global governance" as a concept in international politics, some authors have proposed to define it not in substantive, but in methdological terms. Global Governance, thus defined, becomes an analytical concept that provides a specific perspective on world politics different from that of conventional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International relations">international relations</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_note-90" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[91]</a></sup> theory. Some universities, including those offering courses in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International relations">international relations</a>, have begun to establish degree programmes in global governance.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=35" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">See also</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Global Governance Programme of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_University_Institute" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.globalgovernance.eu/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Global Governance Institute</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSE" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="LSE">LSE</a> Global Governance</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_International_Governance_Innovation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Centre for International Governance Innovation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Centre for International Governance Innovation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Global_Governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Commission on Global Governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Commission on Global Governance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Held" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="David Held"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">David Held</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Daniele Archibugi"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Daniele Archibugi</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cosmopolitan democracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cosmopolitan democracy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Governance_Project" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Earth System Governance Project"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Earth System Governance Project</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_crisis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Global crisis"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Global crisis</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Governance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_and_Development_Studies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGOWatch" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="NGOWatch"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">NGOWatch</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Global_Neighborhood" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Our Global Neighborhood"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Our Global Neighborhood</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Network_Analysis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social Network Analysis">Social Network Analysis</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Network_Analysis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dynamic Network Analysis">Dynamic Network Analysis</a> are methodologies that can be used to map and theorize about global governance.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sustainability"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sustainability</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compact" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations Global Compact"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">United Nations Global Compact</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Parliamentary_Assembly" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations Parliamentary Assembly"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">United Nations Parliamentary Assembly</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNU-CRIS" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="UNU-CRIS"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">United Nations University Institute for Comparative Regional Integration Studies (UNU-CRIS)</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=36" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="References"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">References</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-webkit-column-count: 2; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
<ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article15" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Blin, Arnaud ; Marin, Gustavo ; "Rethinking Global Governance"</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For greater discussion, see: Andreani, Gilles; "Governance global : origines d'une idée";<i>Politique étrangère</i>, Nº 3, 2001, pp. 549-568.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?rubrique6&lang=en" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Forum for a New World Governance (FnWG); <i>Reasons for this Forum for a new World Governance</i></a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Rosenau, "Toward an Ontology for Global Governance," <i>in</i> Martin Hewson and Timothy J. Sinclair (eds.), <i>Approaches to Global Governance Theory</i> (Albany, NY: State University of New York, 1999).</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Stone, Diane (2008). "Global Public Policy, Transnational Policy Communities and their Networks". <i>Policy Studies Journal</i> <b>36</b> (1): 19–38. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1541-0072.2007.00251.x" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1111/j.1541-0072.2007.00251.x</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Global+Public+Policy%2C+Transnational+Policy+Communities+and+their+Networks&rft.jtitle=Policy+Studies+Journal&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft.au=Stone%2C%26%2332%3BDiane&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19%E2%80%9338&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1541-0072.2007.00251.x&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Global_governance"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saba Riazati, "A Closer Look: Professor Seeks Stronger U.N.," <i>The Daily Bruin</i>, October 18, 2006.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.unhistory.org/publications/globalgov.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The UN and Global Governance</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-globall-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-globall_7-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pawel Zaleski <i>Global Non-governmental Administrative System: Geosociology of the Third Sector</i>, [in:] Gawin, Dariusz & Glinski, Piotr [ed.]: "Civil Society in the Making", IFiS Publishers, Warszawa 2006.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret P. Karns and Karen A. Mingst. <i>International Organizations: The Politics and Processes of Global Governance</i> (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2004).</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas G. Weiss and Ramesh Thakur, <i>The UN and Global Governance: An Idea and Its Prospects</i>, Indiana University Press, forthcoming.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titus Alexander, <i>Unravelling Global Apartheid</i>,Cambridge: Blackwell Publisher, 1996.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001055/105586e.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">UNESCO (1996), <i>Our Creative Diversity: Report of the World Commission on Culture and Development</i>, Summary Version, UNESCO, Paris.</a>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.pisani-ferry.net/base/papiers/re-03-REF-gouvernance.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">Pierre Jacquet; Jean Pisani-Ferry; Laurence Tubiana; <i>À la recherche de la gouvernance mondiale</i></a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.global-ethic-now.de/gen-eng/0d_weltethos-und-wirtschaft/0d-03-neue-art/0d-03-106-global-com-kritik.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">A Global Ethic Now!; <i>UN Global Compact Under Criticism</i></a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholte, J.A. (2007), "Civil Society and the Legitimation of Global Governance", CSGR Working Paper No. 223/07</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article14" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Sehm-Patömaki, K. and M. Ulvila (2006), "Dialogues on Party Systems and Global Democratization"</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article236" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Howard, S. (2006), "Organising Globally"</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article231" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Forum de réseaux de régions du monde (2007), "Déclaration des régions sur leur participation à la gouvernance de la mondialisation"</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://lipietz.net/spip.php?article1431" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Lipietz, A. (2005) "À quoi sert le Forum Parlementaire Mondial ?"</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.alliance21.org/2003/article.php3?id_article=670" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Calame, P. and G. Marin (2005), "Main Points for the Discussion with the United Nations Secretariat", in "Reforming the U.N. and Redefining Global Governance"</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calame, P. (2003), <i>La démocratie en miettes. Pour une révolution de la gouvernance</i>, Ed. Charles Léopold Mayer, Ed. Descartes et cie. p. 145</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-ReferenceB_21-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article16" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Calame, Pierre; "Pour une gouvernance mondiale légitime, efficace et démocratique"</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2006), "Global public goods and global finance: does global governance ensure that the global public interest is served?", <i>in</i> Jean-Philippe Touffut, (ed.), <i>Advancing Public Goods</i>, Paris, pp. 149/164</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cadtm.org/spip.php?article1187" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Massiah, G. (2005), "La réforme de l'ONU et le mouvement altermondialiste"</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.globalgovernance.eu/index.php/about-us.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.globalgovernance.eu/index.php/about-us.html</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article380" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Pelayo, G. (ed.) (2008, "Environmental Governance and Managing the Earth"</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tubiana, L.; Martimort-Asso, B. (2005), "International Environmental Governance: The next steps", in <i>Synthèses</i> N°02/2005. Iddri, 2005. 4 p.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-27" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Global_Environmental_Governance:_Elements_of_a_Reform_Agenda" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Najam, A., M. Papa and N. Taiyab (2007), "Global Environmental Governance: Elements of a Reform Agenda"</a>, in Cleveland , C.J. (eds), <i>The Encyclopedia of Earth</i>, Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington, D.C.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[ Evans, J.P., forthcoming 2012. Environmental Governance. Oxon: Routledge.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biermann, F., and Simonis, U.E., 1998. Eine Weltorganisation für Umwelt und Ent-wicklung: Ein Vorschlag [A world organization for environment and development: A proposal]. Universitas. Zeitschrift für interdisziplinäre Wissenschaft ,53 (627), pp.822–31.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Evans-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-Evans_30-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-Evans_30-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-Evans_30-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-Evans_30-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, J.P., forthcoming 2012. Environmental Governance. Oxon: Routledge.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-31" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauer, S., and Biermann, F., 2005. The debate on a World Environment Organization: An introduction. A World Environment Organization: Solution or Threat for Effective International Environmental Governance?, Aldershot: Ashgate, 1–23.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-32" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seyfang, G. and Jordan, A., 2002. “Mega” Environmental Conferences: vehicles for effective, long term environmental planning?, in: S. Stokke, and O. Thommesen, (eds) Yearbook of International Cooperation on Environment and Development, Earthscan: London: 19-26</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-33" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, G., 1992. New Ways To Make International Environmental Law, American Journal of International Law, 86(2), pp. 259–83. and Voynet, D., 2000. Discours de la ministre sur les priorite´s de la pre´sidence franc¸aise dans le domaine de l’environnement devant la commission environnement – consommation – sante´ du parlement europe´en, 6 juillet 2000, Strasbourg’, French Presidency of the EU [online] Available at: www.presidence-europe.fr [Accessed 03 November 2011]. and Kohl, H. et al., 1997. Global Initiative on Sustainable Development. Department of Foreign Affairs (South Africa, 23 June).</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-LodefalkWhalley-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-LodefalkWhalley_34-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-LodefalkWhalley_34-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lodefalk, M., and Whalley, J., 2002. Reviewing Proposals for a World Environment Organization. The World Economy 25 (5) pp.601-617.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-35" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Najam, A., 2003. The Case against a New International Environmental Organization. Global Governance 9 (3) pp.367–84.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-36" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levin, S., 1998. Ecosystems and the biosphere as complex adaptive systems. Ecosystems 1 pp. 431–36.,</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-37" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oberthür, S. and Gehring, T., 2004. Reforming international environmental governance: an institutionalist critique of the proposal for a World Environmental Organisation. Politics, Law and Economics 4 pp. 359-81.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Biermann-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-Biermann_38-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-Biermann_38-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-Biermann_38-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Biermann, F., 2001. The emerging debate on the need for a World Environmental Organization: a commentary. Global Environmental Politics, 1 pp. 45-55.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-39" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">von Moltke, K., 2001. The Organization of the Impossible. Global Environmental Politics 1 (1).</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-40" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, H., 2011. Germany may buy Greeks’ sunshine. The Guardian, [online]6 October. Available at <<a class="external free" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/oct/06/greece-debt-germany-roessler-investment?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/oct/06/greece-debt-germany-roessler-investment?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487</a>> [Accessed 2 November 2011],</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-41" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tubiana, L. and J.-M. Severino (2002), "Biens publics globaux, gouvernance mondiale et aide publique au développement", <i>in</i> Jacquet P., J. Pisani Ferry and L. Tubiana, <i>Gouvernance mondiale</i>, La Documentation française, Les Rapports du CAE, N°37, pp. 349-373.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-42" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stiglitz, J.E. (2006), "Global public goods and global finance: does global governance ensure that the global public interest is served?" <i>in</i> Touffut, J.-Ph. (ed.), <i>Advancing Public Goods</i>, Cournot Centre for Economic Studies, Paris, pp. 149/164.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-43" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article239" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">George, S. (2007), "Alternative finances", <i>Le Monde Diplomatique</i>, January.</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-44" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Girard, Quentin (July 27, 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.liberation.fr/monde/01012351351-en-europe-les-actes-terroristes-islamistes-sont-rares" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"En Europe les actes terroristes islamiques sont rares"</a>.<i>Libération</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=En+Europe+les+actes+terroristes+islamiques+sont+rares&rft.jtitle=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.aulast=Girard&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rft.au=Girard%2C%26%2332%3BQuentin&rft.date=July+27%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Fmonde%2F01012351351-en-europe-les-actes-terroristes-islamistes-sont-rares&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Global_governance"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-45" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel, Andrée (1999), <i>Surarmement, pouvoirs, démocratie</i>; L'Harmattan, Paris.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-46" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article378" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Bachelet, Jean-René; <i>Military Ethics for a Better World</i></a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-47" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Violaine HACKER, “ Cultiver la créativité, corollaire de la diversité culturelle européenne ”, Revue Géoéconomie : Cinéma: le déclin de l'empire américain?, numéro 58 - été 2011 :<a class="external free" href="http://www.choiseul-editions.com/documents/BC-G58.pdf?PHPSESSID=cab73ffbe617a07900584f09d655e3d0" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.choiseul-editions.com/documents/BC-G58.pdf?PHPSESSID=cab73ffbe617a07900584f09d655e3d0</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-48" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Economic warfare on the silver screen- Interview of Violaine Hacker,<a class="external free" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20110625-economic-warfare-on-the-silver-screen-cinema-cannes-festival-2011-hollywood-france" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.france24.com/en/20110625-economic-warfare-on-the-silver-screen-cinema-cannes-festival-2011-hollywood-france</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-49" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-49" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://sciencescitoyennes.org/spip.php?article1452" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Atelier de la Fondation Sciences citoyennes au Forum social mondial"</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-50" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://web.uvic.ca/ocbr/assets/pdfs/Global%20Alliance.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">Global Alliance on Community-Engaged Research; <i>Global Alliance on Community-Engaged Research</i></a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-51" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.globalfutureonline.org/PolicyAdvocacy/GlblFutr.nsf/issues/92F9DA0279CC03A28825738B0019CDEC?OpenDocument" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Can we close the education gap?</i> in "Global Future", 2, 2007</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-52" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article223" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Morin, Edgar; <i>Seven Complex Lessons in Education for the Future</i></a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-53" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-53" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.unu.edu/unupress/sample-chapters/institutionalizing_Northeast_Asia_web.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">Timmermann, M. and J. Tsuchiyama (ed.) (2008), <i>Institutionalizing Northeast Asia: Regional Steps toward Global Governance</i>, United Nations University Press, Tokyo.</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-54" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, D. (2006), <i>Global Governance and the Quest for Justice - Volume I: International and Regional Organizations</i>, Hart Publishing, Oxford.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-55" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stokke, O.S. (2007), "Examining the Consequences of International Regimes" in Stokke, O.S. and G. Hønneland (eds.), <i>International Cooperation and Arctic Governance: Regime Effectiveness and Northern Region Building</i>, Routledge, London, pp. 13-26.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-56" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-56" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hart, J. and J.E. Spero (2008), "Globalization and Global Governance in the 21st Century", Working Paper N°27, Project on Globalization and the National Security State, Research Group in International Security, Université de Montréal/McGill University</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-57" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-57" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altemöller, F. (2007), “International Trade: Challenges for Regional and Global Governance: A comparison between Regional Integration Models in Eastern Europe and Africa – and the role of the WTO”, Conference paper presented at the International Conference on Law and Society in the 21st Century, Berlin 25–28 July, unpublished manuscript, <a class="external text" href="http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/8/5/4/4/p185445_index.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">abstract published on line by allacademic</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-58" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-58" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article198" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gathseni; <i>Giving Africa Voice within Global Governance: Oral History, Human Rights and the United Nations (UN) Human Rights Council</i></a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-59" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.afrique-gouvernance.net/fiches/bipint/fiche-bipint-63.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Network "Dialogues sur la gouvernance en Afrique"; <i>Changeons l’Afrique, 15 propositions pour commencer...</i></a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-60" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-60" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0709/24757.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Record $49B foreign aid budget clears House" in <i>Politico</i>, July 9, 2009</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-61" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-61" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/6274" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"In Defense of Aid" in <i>Foreign Policy in Focus</i>, July 17, 2009.</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-62" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-62" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/09/04/02/A-Turning-Point/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"A Turning Point" April 2, 2009</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-63" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-63" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.barackobama.com/issues/foreign_policy/index_campaign.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Foreign Policy" in <i>Organizing for America</i></a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-64" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://qollasuyu.indymedia.org/es/2005/10/2700.shtml" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Servicio Informativo "Alai-amlatina"; Asamblea Constituyente (Ecuador)</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-65" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.asambleaecuador.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Asamblea Constituyente Ecuador 2008; <i>Nueva Constitución del Ecuador</i></a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-66" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cedib.org/dac" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Hacia una Asamblea Constituyente soberana y participativa</i></a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-67" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-67" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2009 Bolivian Constitution, article 4. 1</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-68" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2009 Bolivian Constitution, article 222</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-69" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-69" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2009 Bolivian Constitution, article 224</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-70" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article402" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">IBase; FnGM; <i>What Amazonia Does the World Need?</i>, Rio de Janeiro, 2008, p. 16</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-71" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-71" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article402" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">IBase; FnGM; Ibid. p. 6</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-72" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-72" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article402" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">IBase; FnGM; Ibid. p. 34-41</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-73" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-73" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article402" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">IBase; FnGM; Ibid.</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-74" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-74" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article6" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Expanding and Reinforcing the Objectives of the Kyoto Protocol: Inciting International Stakeholders to Engage in Greenhouse-gas Transparency</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-75" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-75" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article24" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Youth Innovation Competition on Global Governance; <i>Conference for Climate Change</i></a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-76" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-76" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article94" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Global Calling-for-Help Center</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-77" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-77" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article26" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">World Team E. Youth Innovation Competition on Global Governance; <i>Greenhouse-gas Emissions and Global Mitigation Efforts</i></a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-78" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-78" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article109" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Rocard, Michel ; <i>World Governance. A Personal European View</i></a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-79" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-79" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article109" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Rocard, Michel; <i>Ibid.</i></a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-80" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-80" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Ortega, Building the future: the EU's contribution to global governance, ISS, Paris, 2007.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-The_European_Strategy_and_Policy_Analysis_System-81" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-The_European_Strategy_and_Policy_Analysis_System_81-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">ESPAS. <a class="external text" href="http://www.espas.europa.eu/home/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"The European Strategy and Policy Analysis System"</a>. EUISS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 19 March 2012</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+European+Strategy+and+Policy+Analysis+System&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=ESPAS&rft.au=ESPAS&rft.pub=EUISS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espas.europa.eu%2Fhome%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Global_governance"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-82" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-82" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article98" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">World Parliamentary Forum, "Final Declaration of the Sixth World Parliamentary Forum - Caracas 2006"</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-83" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-83" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://ec.europa.eu/governance/governance_global/index_en.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://ec.europa.eu/governance/governance_global/index_en.htm</a> "Global governance: contribution of the European Union"</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-84" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?rubrique37&lang=en" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Calame, Pierre ; "Non-state Actors and World Governance"</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-85" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-85" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stiglitz, J.E. (2004), "The Future of Global Governance", in <i>Initiative for Policy Dialogue (IPD)</i>, IPD Working Paper.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-86" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-86" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.alliance21.org/2003/article455.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Alliance for a Responsible, Plural and United World</i>, "Redefining Global Governance to Meet the Challenges of the Twenty-first Century"</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-87" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-87" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article357" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Groupe de réflexion "Europe-Mondialisation"; <i>For Global Reform, a Social Democratic Approach to Globalization</i></a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-88" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-88" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article195" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Montréal International Forum</a> <i>Global Democracy: Civil Society Visions and Strategies (G05) Conference Report</i></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-89" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-89" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122466878/abstract" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Vijaya Ramachandran, Enrique Rueda-Sabater and Robin Kraft, "Rethinking Fundamental Principles of Global Governance: How to Represent States and Populations in Multilateral Institutions", Governance 22.3 (July 2009):341-351</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-90" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance#cite_ref-90" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K.Dingwerth and P.Pattberg, "Global Governance as a Perspective on World Politics", (2006) Global Governance vol. 12:198.</span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_governance&action=edit&section=37" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">External links</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.espas.europa.eu/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The European Strategy and Policy Analysis System (ESPAS)</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.globalgovernance.be/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.globalgovernance.eu/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Global Governance Institute, Brussels</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.iss.europa.eu/nc/actualites/actualite/select_category/21/article/building-the-future-the-eus-contribution-to-global-governance/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">EUISS Chaillot Paper No.100: Building the Future: The EU's Contribution to Global Governance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.institut-gouvernance.org/en/document/fiche-document-40.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Global Governance: The Battle Over Planetary Power</i></a>, analyses from the Institute of research and debate on Governance;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.scaft.info/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International Research Group on global Integration system EASTS IRG SCAFT</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ijgmagzine.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International Journal of Governance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?rubrique35&lang=en" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Rethinking Global Governance</i></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaud_Blin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arnaud Blin">Arnaud Blin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Mar%C3%ADn" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gustavo Marín">Gustavo Marín</a>, January 2, 2008.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.gtinitiative.org/documents/PDFFINALS/3Politics.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">Global Politics and Institutions</a> from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellus_Institute" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tellus Institute">Tellus Institute</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/global/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">London School of Economics and Political Science</a>, The Centre for the Study of Global Governance at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.eui.eu/Projects/GGP/Home.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The Global Governance Program</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_University_Institute" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Luca Bellocchio, “American foreign policy and global governance”, in Alessandro Gobbicchi (ed.), <a class="external text" href="http://www.difesa.it/SMD/CASD/Istituti_militari/CeMISS/Pubblicazioni/Documents/72169_Globa_1363pdf.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">Globalization, armed conflicts and security</a>, Rubbettino/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Military_Centre_for_Strategic_Studies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Italian Military Centre for Strategic Studies">CeMiSS</a>, Roma, 2004, pp. 112–127</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://cgs.illinois.edu/content/global-governance" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Global Governance Topic Page: The Center for Global Studies at the University of Illinois</span></a></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">reference:</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance</a></span></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-22981392648946905172012-05-22T04:34:00.003-07:002012-05-25T09:25:48.921-07:00The Hague<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div id="siteSub" style="background-color: white; display: inline; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"></span></span><br />
<div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
</div>
<div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; height: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#mw-head" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr; font-size: 13px;">
<div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">"Hague" and "Den Haag" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_(disambiguation)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hague (disambiguation)">Hague (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Haag_(disambiguation)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Den Haag (disambiguation)">Den Haag (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div>
<table class="infobox geography vcard" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: left; width: 23em;"><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 1.25em; padding: 0.4em 0.6em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap; width: 252px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="fn org">The Hague</span><br /><span class="nickname"><span lang="nl" xml:lang="nl"><i>Den Haag</i></span></span></span></th></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="background-color: #cddeff; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">— <b><span class="category"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_the_Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cities of the Netherlands">City</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">municipality</a></span></b> —</span></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span lang="nl" xml:lang="nl"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">'s-Gravenhage</span></i></span></th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding: 0.7em 0.8em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div class="floatnone">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_square_in_the_center_of_the_Hague.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Hague skyscrapers seen from the 'Plein', with statue of William the Silent"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="188" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/A_square_in_the_center_of_the_Hague.jpg/250px-A_square_in_the_center_of_the_Hague.jpg" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></span></a></div>
<small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Hague skyscrapers seen from the 'Plein', with statue of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Silent" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a></span></small></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><td class="maptable" colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding: 0.4em 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><table style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12px; width: 268px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_The_Hague.svg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flag of The Hague"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" height="80" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_The_Hague.svg/120px-Flag_of_The_Hague.svg.png" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a><br /><small><b>Flag</b></small></span></td><td align="center" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Den_Haag_wapen.svg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Coat of arms of The Hague"><img alt="" height="85" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Den_Haag_wapen.svg/120px-Den_Haag_wapen.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a><br /><small><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_The_Hague" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Coat of arms of The Hague">Coat of arms</a></b></small></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nickname(s): <span class="nickname">Residentiestad (Residential City), Hofstad (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_court" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Noble court">Court</a> city)</span></span></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td align="center" colspan="2" style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div class="floatnone">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LocatieDenHaag.png" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Location of The Hague"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="116" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/LocatieDenHaag.png/250px-LocatieDenHaag.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></span></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-width: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.7em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Coordinates: <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><img alt="" class="noprint" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png" style="border: none; cursor: pointer; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Show location on an interactive map" /><a class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=The_Hague&params=52_5_N_4_19_E_type:city(501725)_region:NL" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span class="geo-default" style="display: inline;"><span class="geo-dms" style="display: inline;" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°5′N</span> <span class="longitude">4°19′E</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span id="coordinates" style="float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0em; padding: 0em; position: absolute; right: 0em; text-align: right; top: 0em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><img alt="" class="noprint" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png" style="border: none; cursor: pointer; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Show location on an interactive map" /><a class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=The_Hague&params=52_5_N_4_19_E_type:city(501725)_region:NL" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span class="geo-default" style="display: inline;"><span class="geo-dms" style="display: inline;" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°5′N</span> <span class="longitude">4°19′E</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><th style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Country</span></th><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Netherlands"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Netherlands</span></a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Province</span></th><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Holland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="South Holland"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">South Holland</span></a></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Area</b>(2006)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> • <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_the_Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cities of the Netherlands">City</a> and<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">municipality</a></span></th><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">98.20 km<sup style="line-height: 1em;">2</sup> (37.92 sq mi)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> • Land</span></th><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">82.66 km<sup style="line-height: 1em;">2</sup> (31.92 sq mi)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> • Water</span></th><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">15.54 km<sup style="line-height: 1em;">2</sup> (6.00 sq mi)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Population</b> (1 February 2012)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> • <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_the_Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cities of the Netherlands">City</a> and<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Municipalities of the Netherlands">municipality</a></span></th><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">501,725</span></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <b>• Density</b></span></td><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">5,894/km<sup style="line-height: 1em;">2</sup>(15,270/sq mi)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <b>• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Urban area">Urban</a></b></span></td><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1,022,256</span></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <b>• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a></b></span></td><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1,406,000</span></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randstad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Randstad">Randstad</a></span></th><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">6,659,300</span></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></span></th><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hagenaar or Hagenees</span></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"></td><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Source: <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.denhaag.nl/home/bewoners/de-gemeente-Den-Haag/half-miljoen-inwoners.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a>.</span></small></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedtoprow"><th style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Time zone"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Time zone</span></a></th><td style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding: 0.4em 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central European Time">CET</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a>)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="mergedrow"><th style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> • Summer (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td style="border: 0px; padding: 0px 0.6em 0.2em; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a>)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>The Hague</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <span lang="nl" xml:lang="nl"><i><b>Den Haag</b></i></span> <small>pronounced </small><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Dutch_and_Afrikaans" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Wikipedia:IPA for Dutch and Afrikaans">[dɛnˈɦaˑχ]</a></span><small class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nl-Den_Haag.ogg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="File:Nl-Den Haag.ogg"><img alt="" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="13" /></a> <a class="internal" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Nl-Den_Haag.ogg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nl-Den Haag.ogg">listen</a>)</small>, officially <i><b>'s-Gravenhage</b></i> <small>pronounced </small><span class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Dutch_and_Afrikaans" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none !important;" title="Wikipedia:IPA for Dutch and Afrikaans">[ˈsχraˑvə(n)ˌɦaˑɣə]</a></span><small class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nl-%27s-Gravenhage.ogg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="File:Nl-'s-Gravenhage.ogg"><img alt="" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="13" /></a> <a class="internal" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Nl-%27s-Gravenhage.ogg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nl-'s-Gravenhage.ogg">listen</a>)</small>) is the capital city of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Provinces of the Netherlands">province</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Holland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="South Holland">South Holland</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. With a population of 500,000 inhabitants (as of 1 September 2011),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_note-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-haaglandenincijfers1_1-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_note-haaglandenincijfers1-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup>and more than one million inhabitants including the suburbs, it is the third largest city of the Netherlands, after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>. Located in the west of the Netherlands, The Hague is in the centre of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaglanden" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Haaglanden">Haaglanden</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> and lies at the southwest corner of the larger <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randstad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Randstad">Randstad</a> conurbation.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Hague is the seat of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cabinet of the Netherlands">Dutch government</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States-General_of_the_Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="States-General of the Netherlands">parliament</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Supreme Court of the Netherlands">Supreme Court</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State_of_the_Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Council of State of the Netherlands">Council of State</a>, but the city is not the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_of_the_Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Capital of the Netherlands">capital of the Netherlands</a> which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitution of the Netherlands">constitutionally</a> is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. Queen <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Beatrix of the Netherlands</a> lives at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huis_ten_Bosch" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Huis ten Bosch">Huis ten Bosch</a> and works at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordeinde_Palace" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Noordeinde Palace">Noordeinde Palace</a> in The Hague. Most foreign <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Diplomatic mission">embassies</a> in the Netherlands and 150 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#International_organisations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">international organisations</a> are located in the city, including the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>, which makes The Hague one of the major cities hosting the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, along with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>.</span></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
Contents</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#History" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#Name_and_status" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Name and status</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#Modern_city" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Modern city</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#Cityscape" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Cityscape</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#Geography" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#Demographics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#International_organisations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">International organisations</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#Business" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Business</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#Culture" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#Sports" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#Films_shot_in_The_Hague" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Films shot in The Hague</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#Annual_events" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Annual events</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#Transportation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Transportation</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#Nearby_towns_and_conurbations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Nearby towns and conurbations</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#International_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">International relations</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">13.1</span> <span class="toctext">Twin towns and sister cities</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#See_also" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#External_links" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="History"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">History</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: transparent; clear: left; float: left; line-height: 20px; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Den_Haag_1868.png" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="174" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Den_Haag_1868.png/250px-Den_Haag_1868.png" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Den_Haag_1868.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Hague in 1868</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Hague originated around 1230, when <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floris_IV,_Count_of_Holland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Floris IV, Count of Holland">Floris IV</a>, Count of Holland purchased land alongside a pond (now the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofvijver" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hofvijver">Hofvijver</a>) in order to build a hunting residence. In 1248<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_Holland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="William II of Holland">William II</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Holland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Count of Holland">Count of Holland</a> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of the Romans">Rex Romanorum</a></i>, decided to extend the residence to a palace. He died in 1256 before this palace was completed, but parts of it were finished by his son <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floris_V,_Count_of_Holland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Floris V, Count of Holland">Floris V</a>, of which the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridderzaal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ridderzaal">Ridderzaal</a> (Knights' Hall), still extant, is the most prominent. It is still used for political events, such as the annual <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinsjesdag#Speech_from_the_Throne" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prinsjesdag">speech from the throne</a>by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monarch">monarch</a>. From the 13th century on the counts of Holland used The Hague as their administrative centre and residence when in Holland.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Name and status">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Name_and_status"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Name and status</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Hague is first mentioned as <i>Die Hage</i> in a document dating from 1242. In the fifteenth century the smarter <i>des Graven hage</i> came into use, literally "the count's wood", with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connotation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Connotation">connotations</a> like "the count's hedge, private <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosure" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a> or hunting grounds". 's Gravenhage was officially used for the city from the 17th century on. Today this name is only used in some official documents like birth and marriage certificates. The city itself uses "Den Haag" in all its communication.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">When the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Burgundy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dukes of Burgundy">Dukes of Burgundy</a> gained control over the counties of Holland and Zeeland at the beginning of the 15th century, they appointed a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtholder" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a> to rule in their stead with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Holland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="States of Holland">States of Holland</a> as an advisory council. Their seat was located in The Hague. At the beginning of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>, the absence of city walls proved disastrous, as it allowed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spain">Spanish</a> troops easily to occupy the town. In 1575 the States of Holland even considered demolishing the city, but this proposal was abandoned, after mediation by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Silent" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="William the Silent">William of Orange</a>. From 1588 The Hague also became the location of the government of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>. In order for the administration to maintain control over city matters, The Hague never received official city status (although it did have many of the privileges normally granted only to cities). However, since the days of King <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Napoleon</a> (1806) The Hague has been allowed to call itself a city.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">After the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, modern-day <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> were combined in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">United Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> to form a buffer against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="France">France</a>. As a compromise, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>and The Hague alternated as capital every two years, with the government remaining in The Hague. After the separation of Belgium in 1830, Amsterdam remained the capital of the Netherlands, while the government was situated in The Hague.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Since early times, probably as far back as the 16th century, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stork" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stork">stork</a> has been the symbol of The Hague.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_note-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Modern city">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_city"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Modern city</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Because of its history, the historical inner city of The Hague differs in various respects from the nearby smaller cities of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delft" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Delft">Delft</a>. It does not have a cramped inner city, bordered by canals and walls. Instead it has some small streets in the town centre that may be dated from the late <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, and several spacious streets boasting large and luxurious 18th century residences built for diplomats and affluent Dutch families. It has a large church dating from the 15th century, an impressive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_City_Hall_(The_Hague)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Old City Hall (The Hague)">City Hall</a> (built as such) from the 16th century, several large 17th-century palaces, a 17th-century <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> church built in what was then a modern style, and many important 18th-century buildings. When the government started to play a more prominent role in Dutch society after 1850, The Hague quickly expanded. Many streets were specifically built for the large number of civil servants employed in the country's government and for the Dutchmen who were retiring from the administration and exploitation of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Netherlands East Indies">Netherlands East Indies</a>. The growing city annexed the rural municipality of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loosduinen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Loosduinen">Loosduinen</a> partly in 1903 and completely in 1923.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Parts of the city sustained heavy damage during <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a> was built through part of the city, causing a large quarter to be torn down by the Nazi occupants. On March 3, 1945, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> mistakenly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Bezuidenhout" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bombing of the Bezuidenhout">bombed</a> the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezuidenhout" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bezuidenhout">Bezuidenhout</a> quarter. The target was an installation of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rockets</a> in a nearby park. Because of navigational errors, the bombs fell on a heavily populated and historic part of the city. 511 people died and the scars in the city may still be seen today.</span></div>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 20px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hofvijver29042007.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="80" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Hofvijver29042007.jpg/220px-Hofvijver29042007.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hofvijver29042007.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hofvijver and the buildings of the Dutch parliament</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 20px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Hague_Hoftoren.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Hague_Hoftoren.jpg/220px-The_Hague_Hoftoren.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Hague_Hoftoren.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">View of the '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoftoren" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hoftoren">Hoftoren</a>' (left) and the<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Health,_Welfare_and_Sports" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports">Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports</a> (right)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 20px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 152px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Netherlands,_The_Hague_(Den_Haag),_Stationsbuurt,_Strijkijzer.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="226" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Netherlands%2C_The_Hague_%28Den_Haag%29%2C_Stationsbuurt%2C_Strijkijzer.JPG/150px-Netherlands%2C_The_Hague_%28Den_Haag%29%2C_Stationsbuurt%2C_Strijkijzer.JPG" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Netherlands,_The_Hague_(Den_Haag),_Stationsbuurt,_Strijkijzer.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Skyscraper called "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_Strijkijzer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Het Strijkijzer">Het Strijkijzer</a>" (<i>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes_iron" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Clothes iron">Iron</a></i>)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">After the war The Hague was at one point the largest building site in Europe. The city expanded massively to the southwest. The destroyed areas were also quickly rebuilt. The population peaked at 600,000 inhabitants around 1965.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the 1970s and 1980s many, mostly white, middle class families moved to neighbouring towns like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorburg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Voorburg">Voorburg</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidschendam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leidschendam">Leidschendam</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijswijk" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rijswijk">Rijswijk</a> and, most of all, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetermeer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zoetermeer">Zoetermeer</a>. This led to the traditional pattern of an impoverished inner city and more prosperous suburbs. Attempts to include parts of these municipalities in the city of The Hague were highly controversial. In the 1990s, with the consent of Dutch Parliament, The Hague annexed fairly large areas from neighbouring towns as well as from not even bordering ones, on which complete new residential areas were built and are still being built.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Cityscape">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cityscape"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cityscape</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">City life concentrates around the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofvijver" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hofvijver">Hofvijver</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnenhof" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binnenhof">Binnenhof</a>, where the Parliament is located. The city has a limited student culture due to its lack of an actual <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University">university</a><sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, although the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Conservatory_of_The_Hague" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Conservatory of The Hague">Royal Conservatory of The Hague</a> is located there, as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Hague University">The Hague University</a>, a<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_university" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vocational university">vocational university</a> and a branch of The Open University of the Netherlands. The city has many <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_servant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil servant">civil servants</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Diplomat">diplomats</a><sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In fact, the number and variety of foreign residents (especially the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expatriate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a>) makes the city quite culturally diverse, with many foreign <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pub">pubs</a>, shops and cultural events.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Hague is the largest Dutch city on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and includes two distinct <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_resort" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Beach resort">beach resorts</a>. The main beach resort <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scheveningen">Scheveningen</a>, in the northwestern part of the city, is a popular destination for tourists as well as for inhabitants. With 10 million visitors a year, it is the most popular beach town in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> area. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijkduin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kijkduin">Kijkduin</a>, in the southwest, is The Hague's other beach resort. It is significantly smaller and attracts mainly local residents.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The former Dutch colony of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Netherlands East Indies">Netherlands East Indies</a> ("Nederlands-Indië", now <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) has left its mark on The Hague. Since the 19th century high level civil servants from the Dutch East Indies often spent long term leave and vacation in The Hague. Many streets are named after places in the Netherlands East Indies (as well as other former Dutch colonies such as Suriname) and there is a sizable "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo_people" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indo people">Indo</a>" (i.e. mixed Dutch-Indonesian) community. Since the loss of these Dutch possessions in December 1949, "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo_people" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indo people">Indo people</a>" also known as "Indische people" often refer to The Hague as "the Widow of the Indies".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The older parts of the town have many characteristically wide and long streets. Houses are generally low-rise (often not more than three floors). A large part of the southwestern city was planned by the progressive Dutch architect <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Petrus_Berlage" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hendrik Petrus Berlage">H.P. Berlage</a> about 1910. This 'Plan Berlage' decided the spacious and homely streets for several decades. In World War II a large part of western The Hague was destroyed by the Germans. Afterwards, modernist architect <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Marinus_Dudok" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Willem Marinus Dudok">W.M. Dudok</a> planned its renewal, putting apartment blocks for the middle class in open, park-like settings.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The layout of the city is more spacious than other Dutch cities, and because of the incorporation of large and old nobility estates, the creation of various parks and the use of green zones around natural streams, it is a much more green city than any other in the Netherlands. That is, excepting some mediaeval close-knitted streets in the centre. There are only a few canals in The Hague, as most of these were drained in the late 19th century.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Some of the most prosperous and some of the poorest neighbourhoods of the Netherlands can be found in The Hague. The wealthier areas (<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statenkwartier&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Statenkwartier (page does not exist)">Statenkwartier</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgisch_Park" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Belgisch Park">Belgisch Park</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marlot&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Marlot (page does not exist)">Marlot</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoordenhout" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Benoordenhout">Benoordenhout</a> and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archipelbuurt&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Archipelbuurt (page does not exist)">Archipelbuurt</a>) are generally located in the northwest part of the city; however, the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vogelwijk&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Vogelwijk (page does not exist)">Vogelwijk</a> and several very recently built quarters like <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vroondaal&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Vroondaal (page does not exist)">Vroondaal</a> are in the southwest, not far from the sea. Poorer areas like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague_Center#Transvaal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Hague Center">Transvaal</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moerwijk&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Moerwijk (page does not exist)">Moerwijk</a>, and the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schilderswijk&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Schilderswijk (page does not exist)">Schilderswijk</a> can be found in the southeastern areas, or near the coast in Scheveningen (<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duindorp&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Duindorp (page does not exist)">Duindorp</a>). This division is reflected in the local accent: The more affluent citizens are usually called "Hagenaars" and speak so-called "bekakt Haags" ("Bekakt" is Dutch for "posh" or "stuck-up"). This contrasts with the "Hagenezen", who speak "plat Haags" ("plat" meaning "common" or "vulgar").</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The tallest building is the 142-metre-tall <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoftoren" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hoftoren">Hoftoren</a> (see image).</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Geography</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 20px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haagse_wijken.PNG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Haagse wijken.PNG" class="thumbimage" height="167" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Haagse_wijken.PNG/220px-Haagse_wijken.PNG" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haagse_wijken.PNG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Den_Haag-topografie.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Den Haag-topografie.jpg" height="418" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Den_Haag-topografie.jpg/510px-Den_Haag-topografie.jpg" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="510" /></span></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Hague has eight official districts (<i>stadsdelen</i>). They are divided into smaller parts (<i>wijken</i>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_The_Hague" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Districts of The Hague">Districts of The Hague</a> for a detailed breakdown.</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escamp" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Escamp"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Escamp</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haagse_Hout" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Haagse Hout"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Haagse Hout</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laak,_The_Hague&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Laak, The Hague (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Laak</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidschenveen-Ypenburg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leidschenveen-Ypenburg"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Leidschenveen-Ypenburg</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loosduinen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Loosduinen"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Loosduinen</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague_Center" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Hague Center"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Centrum</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scheveningen"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Scheveningen</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Segbroek&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Segbroek (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Segbroek</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Demographics</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Origin of citizens of The Hague in 2011:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The population of The Hague on 1 September 2011 was 500,000 inhabitants and are with that the third city of the Netherlands. The proportion of immigrants in The Hague 49% and ethnic Dutch 51%. On 1 January 2011 The Hague 241,000 immigrants counted: 73,000 of Western origin and 168,000 with Other non-western.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: International organisations">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="International_organisations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International organisations</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 20px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 277px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International_Court_of_Justice.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="205" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/International_Court_of_Justice.jpg/275px-International_Court_of_Justice.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="275" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International_Court_of_Justice.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Palace" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peace Palace">Peace Palace</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 20px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 277px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Netherlands,_The_Hague,_International_Criminal_Court.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="197" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Netherlands%2C_The_Hague%2C_International_Criminal_Court.JPG/275px-Netherlands%2C_The_Hague%2C_International_Criminal_Court.JPG" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="275" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Netherlands,_The_Hague,_International_Criminal_Court.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The city contributes substantially to international politics: The Hague is home to over 150 international organisations. These include the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a>(ICTY), and the Appeals Chamber of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (ICTR).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The foundation of The Hague as an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Justice_Portal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hague Justice Portal">"international city of peace and justice"</a> was laid in 1899, when the world's first <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Conventions_(1899_and_1907)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)">Peace Conference</a>took place in The Hague on <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Michael_Carel_Asser" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tobias Michael Carel Asser">Tobias Asser</a>'s initiative, followed by a second in 1907. A direct result of these meetings was the establishment of the world's first organisation for the settlement of international disputes: the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a> (PCA). Shortly thereafter the Scottish-American millionaire <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a> made the necessary funds available to build the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Palace" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peace Palace">Peace Palace</a>("Vredespaleis") to house the PCA.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">After the establishment of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, The Hague became the seat of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Permanent Court of International Justice">Permanent Court of International Justice</a>, which was replaced by the UN's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> after the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. The establishment of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-US_Claims_Tribunal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iran-US Claims Tribunal">Iran-US Claims Tribunal</a>(1981), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993) and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (2002) in the city further consolidated the role of The Hague as a center for international legal arbitration. Most recently, on 1 March 2009, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Tribunal_for_Lebanon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special Tribunal for Lebanon">U.N. tribunal to investigate and prosecute suspects in the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri</a> opened in the former headquarters of the Netherlands General Intelligence Agency in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidschendam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leidschendam">Leidschendam</a>, a town within the greater The Hague area.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Hague is the fourth major centre for the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="UN">UN</a>, after New York, Geneva and Vienna. In line with the city's history as an important convention center and the current presence of institutions such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICJ" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ICJ">ICJ</a>, The Hague's city council employs a city branding strategy that aims to establish The Hague as the Legal Capital of the World and the International City of Peace and Justice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Major international organisations based in The Hague include:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurojust" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eurojust">Eurojust</a>, European Union body composed of national prosecutors</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Police_Office" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European Police Office">European Police Office</a>, (Europol)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Academy_of_International_Law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hague Academy of International Law">Hague Academy of International Law</a>, center for high-level education in both public and private international law</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Conference_on_Private_International_Law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hague Conference on Private International Law">Hague Conference on Private International Law</a>, (HCCH), the oldest and preeminent private international law harmonisation institution</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>, located in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Palace" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peace Palace">Peace Palace</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>, (ICC)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_Former_Yugoslavia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia</a>, (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICTY" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ICTY">ICTY</a>)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> (ICTR, appeals court only). The tribunal itself is in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arusha" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arusha">Arusha</a>, Tanzania.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran-United_States_Claims_Tribunal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iran-United States Claims Tribunal"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Iran-United States Claims Tribunal</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</span></a></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Consultation,_Command_and_Control_Agency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency">NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency</a>, (NC3A)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a>, (OPCW)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a>, the oldest institution for international dispute resolution.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Library" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European Library">The European Library</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Many academic institutions in the fields of international relations, international law and international development are based in The Hague. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Academic_Coalition" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hague Academic Coalition">Hague Academic Coalition</a> (HAC) is a consortium of those institutions.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Its member institutions are:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Foundation_(Netherlands)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carnegie Foundation (Netherlands)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Carnegie Foundation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hague_Institute_for_the_Internationalisation_of_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Hague Institute for the Internationalisation of Law (page does not exist)">Hague Institute for the Internationalisation of Law</a> (HiiL)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Social_Studies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Institute of Social Studies"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam (ISS)</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_University_College_The_Hague" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leiden University College The Hague"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Leiden University College The Hague</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_of_International_Relations_Clingendael" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael'</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague_Academy_of_International_Law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Hague Academy of International Law"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Hague Academy of International Law</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Hague University of Applied Sciences (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haagse_Hogeschool" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Haagse Hogeschool">Haagse Hogeschool</a>)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.M.C._Asser_Instituut" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="T.M.C. Asser Instituut"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">T.M.C. Asser Instituut</span></a></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In 1948 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1948)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hague Congress (1948)">The Hague Congress</a> was held with 750 delegates from 26 European countries, providing them with the opportunity to discuss ideas about the development of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European Union">European Union</a>.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Business">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Business"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Business</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Professional life in The Hague is dominated by the large number of civil servants and diplomats who work in the city. Government ministries and public institutions are almost all located in The Hague. It is also home to several large international businesses, including:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEGON" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="AEGON">AEGON</a>, one of the world’s leading insurance companies</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APM_Terminals" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="APM Terminals">APM Terminals</a>, the world's second largest container terminal operator</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPN" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="KPN">KPN</a> (Koninklijke PTT Nederland), a Dutch telephone company (fixed and mobile divisions)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ING_Investment_Management" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ING Investment Management">ING Investment Management</a>, an asset management company that is part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ING_Group" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ING Group">ING Group</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_Nederlanden" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nationale Nederlanden">Nationale Nederlanden</a>, an insurance company that is part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ING_Group" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ING Group">ING Group</a> (shared HQ with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a>, the world's second largest international energy company</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlumberger" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Schlumberger">Schlumberger</a>, the world's largest oilservice company maintains a principal office there (along with Houston and Paris)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_A.G." style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Siemens A.G.">Siemens A.G.</a>, Europe's largest engineering company has its Dutch headquarters there</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="T-Mobile">T-Mobile</a>, a mobile network operator, part of Deutsche Telekom.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostNL" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PostNL">PostNL</a> a mail, parcel and e-commerce corporation with operations in the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There has never been any large-scale industrial activity in The Hague, with the possible exception of the fishing harbour in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scheveningen">Scheveningen</a>. Many of the city’s logistical and minor-industrial services are located in the Binckhorst (Laak district), which contains many large warehouses.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Culture</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 20px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Binnenhof.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="201" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Binnenhof.jpg/220px-Binnenhof.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Binnenhof.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnenhof" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binnenhof">Binnenhof</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridderzaal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ridderzaal">Knight's Hall</a>, the political centre of the Netherlands</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 20px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Binnenhof_at_night.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Binnenhof_at_night.JPG/220px-Binnenhof_at_night.JPG" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Binnenhof_at_night.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Binnenhof buildings at night</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 20px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plein_1813.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="293" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Plein_1813.JPG/220px-Plein_1813.JPG" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plein_1813.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Monument at the 1813 Square (<i>Plein 1813</i>)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 20px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noordeinde_Palace.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Noordeinde_Palace.jpg/220px-Noordeinde_Palace.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noordeinde_Palace.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Royal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordeinde_Palace" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Noordeinde Palace">Noordeinde Palace</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 20px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Den_Haag,_Grote_Kerk_foto2_2010-03-07_15.31.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="293" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Den_Haag%2C_Grote_Kerk_foto2_2010-03-07_15.31.JPG/220px-Den_Haag%2C_Grote_Kerk_foto2_2010-03-07_15.31.JPG" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Den_Haag,_Grote_Kerk_foto2_2010-03-07_15.31.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">De Grote Kerk</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Hague has its share of museums and cultural institutions:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurodam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Madurodam">Madurodam</a> is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_city" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Miniature city">miniature city</a>, containing hundreds of scale-models of Dutch landmarks in a typically Dutch miniature landscape.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritshuis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mauritshuis">Mauritshuis</a> exhibits many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Painting">paintings</a> by Dutch masters, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt_van_Rijn" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rembrandt van Rijn">Rembrandt van Rijn</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Potter" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Paulus Potter">Paulus Potter</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escher_Museum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Escher Museum">Escher Museum</a> ('Escher in the Palace') is located in the former Royal Palace on the Lange Voorhout.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haags_Historisch_museum&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Haags Historisch museum (page does not exist)">Haags Historisch museum</a> showcases the history of the city from the Middle Ages to the present day.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Bredius" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Museum Bredius">Museum Bredius</a> houses part of the collection of 19th century art historian Abraham Bredius, containing antique furniture, silverware and porcelain.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Museum <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gevangenpoort&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Gevangenpoort (page does not exist)">Gevangenpoort</a> (lit. the "Prison Gate") is a former prison housed in a 15th century gatehouse, with genuine mediaeval dungeons and torture chambers.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeentemuseum_Den_Haag" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gemeentemuseum Den Haag">Gemeentemuseum</a> (Municipal museum) is home to the world’s largest collection of works by the Dutch painter <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Mondriaan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Piet Mondriaan">Piet Mondriaan</a> as well as other modern art.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Museon">Museon</a> is an interactive and historical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_museum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Science museum">science museum</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omniversum&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Omniversum (page does not exist)">Omniversum</a> is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Europe">Europe</a>’s first 360° IMAX-cinema.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama_Mesdag" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Panorama Mesdag">Panorama Mesdag</a> houses a cylindrical 360° "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoramic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Panoramic">panoramic</a>" painting, 14 meters high by 120 meters long, depicting the sea-front at Scheveningen in the late 19th century, made by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Willem_Mesdag" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hendrik Willem Mesdag">Hendrik Willem Mesdag</a>. It is presented in such a way that it is almost as if one is looking at a real scene rather than a painting.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum_voor_Communicatie&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Museum voor Communicatie (page does not exist)">Museum voor Communicatie</a> (formerly the "PTT Museum") is the national <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_museum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Postal museum">postal museum</a> and houses interactive exhibits as well as one of the country’s best collections of stamps.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Couperus_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Louis Couperus Museum (page does not exist)">Louis Couperus Museum</a> is devoted to the life and works of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Couperus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Louis Couperus">Louis Couperus</a> (1863–1923).</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The museum <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beelden_aan_Zee" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Beelden aan Zee">Beelden aan Zee</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scheveningen">Scheveningen</a> has a large collection of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sculpture">sculptures</a>, mainly from the 20th century artists.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koninklijke_Schouwburg&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Koninklijke Schouwburg (page does not exist)">Koninklijke Schouwburg</a> ("Royal Theatre"), located on the Korte Voorhout, is the home of the "Nationaal Toneel" ("National theatre-group").</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Lucent Danstheater is home to the internationally celebrated <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands_Dans_Theatre" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nederlands Dans Theatre">Nederlands Dans Theatre</a>, a modern dance company. The building was designed by the Dutch architect <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rem Koolhaas">Rem Koolhaas</a> in 1988. It shares a lobby with the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Philipszaal&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Anton Philipszaal (page does not exist)">Anton Philipszaal</a>, home of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residentie_Orkest" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Residentie Orkest">Residentie Orkest</a>, the city's most important symphony orchestra.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_European_Ensemble" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New European Ensemble">New European Ensemble</a> is an ensemble for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_music" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Contemporary music">contemporary music</a> consisting on international musicians. The ensemble has it's main base in the city.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paard_van_Troje" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Paard van Troje">Paard van Troje</a> is located in The Hague and is one of the 10 biggest music venues in the Netherlands focused on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Popular music">popular music</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Muziekcafé de Paap is located in The Hague and famous for its livemusic. Some of the biggest Dutch artist are discovered here.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Other tourist attractions and landmarks in The Hague include:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The historic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnenhof" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binnenhof">Binnenhof</a> ("Inner Court") and Medieval <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridderzaal" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ridderzaal">Ridderzaal</a> ("Knights' Hall"), which now contains the Houses of Parliament and government offices. A good view can be obtained from the leafy Lange Vijverberg on the other side of the adjacent lake called the "Hofvijver" (lit. "Court Pond").</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Lange Voorhout is a wide avenue containing many splendid houses (now home to several <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Embassies">embassies</a>) as well as The Hague's oldest and narrowest house and the famous "Hotel des Indes", the city’s most luxurious hotel.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">"<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_Passage&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="De Passage (page does not exist)">De Passage</a>" (pronounced as in French) was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>' first covered shopping mall. Dating from the late 19th century, it contains many expensive and speciality shops.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordeinde_Palace" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Noordeinde Palace">"Paleis Noordeinde"</a> has been <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Beatrix" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Queen Beatrix">Queen Beatrix</a>' official work-palace since 1984. It is closed to the public, but the Palace Gardens ("Paleistuin") are accessible to the public.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Clingendael Park is an old landed estate with a Japanese Garden. Nearby one can also find the home of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clingendael_Institute" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Clingendael Institute">Clingendael Institute</a> of International Relations.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Beatrix" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Queen Beatrix">Queen Beatrix</a>' residential Palace, "Paleis Huis ten Bosch", can be found a little outside the city centre in the "Haagse Bosch" forest.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Hague does not have the customary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan</a> reputation for a bustling night life, with some festivity exceptions in the course of the year. This is partly explained<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by the city's lack of a university and hence student life. Night life centers around the three main squares in the city center: the <i>Plein</i> (literally "Square"), the <i>Grote Markt</i> (literally "Great Market") and the <i>Buitenhof</i> (literally the "Outer Court", which lies just outside the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnenhof" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Binnenhof">Binnenhof</a>). The Plein is taken by several large sidewalk cafés where often politicians may be spotted. The Grote Markt is completely strewn with chairs and tables, summer or winter. The Buitenhof contains the popular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_theaters_in_the_Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Movie theaters in the Netherlands">Pathé Buitenhof cinema</a> and a handful of bars and restaurants in the immediate vicinity. A similar pattern of night life centers on the cinema in Scheveningen, although, especially in summer, night life concentrates around the sea-front boulevard with its bars, restaurants and gambling halls.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sports</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The city's major <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Association football">football</a> club is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADO_Den_Haag" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ADO Den Haag">ADO Den Haag</a>. They play in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredivisie" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eredivisie">Eredivisie</a> (the top division in the Netherlands). They are two time winners of the KNVB Cup and won the League twice in the era before professional football. They play their matches at the 15,000 seat<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyocera_Stadion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kyocera Stadion">Kyocera Stadion</a>. There is an amateur football club <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVV_Den_Haag" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="HVV Den Haag">HVV Den Haag</a>. HVV was the most successful Dutch football club prior to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World War I">World War I</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is traditionally one of the most popular sports in The Hague, with a number of strong teams from the Dutch league located there.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The local <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> team is Haagsche Rugby Club (a.k.a. HRC) and has been in the Guinness Book of Records for becoming Dutch (in adult and youth) champions so often.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The ice hockey team is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HYS_The_Hague" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="HYS The Hague">HYS The Hague</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The handball team is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HV_Hellas_Den_Haag" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="HV Hellas Den Haag">HV Hellas Den Haag</a>, active in the top division.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The local <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="American Football">American Football</a> team is <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Den_Haag_Raiders%2799&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Den Haag Raiders'99 (page does not exist)">Den Haag Raiders'99</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darts" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Darts">Darts</a> is another sport played in The Hague; its popularity was increased by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Van_Barneveld" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Raymond Van Barneveld">Raymond Van Barneveld</a> winning several World Championships.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The half marathon race <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPC_Loop_Den_Haag" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CPC Loop Den Haag">CPC Loop Den Haag</a> is held annually in The Hague</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In 1994, The Hague held the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_for_Equestrian_Sports" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Federation for Equestrian Sports">FEI</a> World Equestrian Games.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&section=11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Films shot in The Hague">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Films_shot_in_The_Hague"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Films shot in The Hague</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1963: <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feest!&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Feest! (page does not exist)">Feest!</a> (Party!) directed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Verhoeven" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Paul Verhoeven">Paul Verhoeven</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2004: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Tum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hum Tum">Hum Tum</a> directed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunal_Kohli" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kunal Kohli">Kunal Kohli</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2006: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwartboek" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zwartboek">Zwartboek</a> (Black Book) directed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Verhoeven" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Paul Verhoeven">Paul Verhoeven</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2008: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldplay" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Coldplay">Coldplay</a> Viva la Vida directed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Corbijn" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anton Corbijn">Anton Corbijn</a></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&section=12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Annual events">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Annual_events"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Annual events</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">January: The Hague International Model United Nations (<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=THIMUN&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="THIMUN (page does not exist)">THIMUN</a>) is a five day conference held at the World Forum, gathering over 4000 students from over 200 secondary schools across the globe. It is the oldest and largest high school <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> simulation in the world.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">April 29: "<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KoninginneNach&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="KoninginneNach (page does not exist)">KoninginneNach</a>" ("Queen's Night", pronounced with a "plat Haags" accent) is held the night before "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninginnedag" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Koninginnedag">Koninginnedag</a>"; there are several open air concerts in the city and young people flock from all over the country to drink and party. It is the largest open air festival in Europe.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">April 30: "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninginnedag" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Koninginnedag">Koninginnedag</a>" ("Queen's Day") is a Dutch national holiday held on the birthday of former Queen Juliana. On this day the colour orange predominates at a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funfair" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Funfair">funfair</a> (which sells orange <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_candy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cotton candy">cotton candy</a>) and scores of informal street markets. The day is a "vrijmarkt" (literally "free market"), which means no licence is needed for street vending; children traditionally use this day to sell old unwanted toys.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">May & June: The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong_Tong_Fair" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tong Tong Fair">Tong Tong Fair</a> is one of the largest Eurasian cultural festivals in Europe. It focuses on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo_people" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indo people">Indo</a> culture.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">June–September: Den Haag Sculptuur is an open air exhibition of sculptures. The 10th edition, in 2007, celebrated the 400 years of the relationship between the Netherlands and Australia.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">June: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague_Jazz" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Hague Jazz">The Hague Jazz</a> festival.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">June: Vlaggetjesdag in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scheveningen">Scheveningen</a> is a festival celebrating the arrival of the first new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Herring">herring</a> of the year.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The last Sunday in June: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkpop" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parkpop">Parkpop</a> is the largest free open air pop concert in Europe.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">July: <a class="external text" href="http://www.jazzindegracht.nl/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Jazz in de Gracht</a> is an intercultural two-day event hosting Jazz groups which perform their music on flat-bottom boats and in bars in various places between Passantenhaven and Zuidwal.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">July & August: The city hosts a series of weekly firework displays by the sea front in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheveningen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scheveningen">Scheveningen</a>, as part of an international fireworks festival and competition.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">July & August is the annual <a class="external text" href="http://www.summerschooldenhaag.nl/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Summer School of The Hague</a>, an international summer course for young dancers, initiated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirella_Simoncini" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mirella Simoncini">Mirella Simoncini</a> with guestteachers from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_Nationale_Ballet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Het Nationale Ballet">Het Nationale Ballet</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlands_Dans_Theater" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nederlands Dans Theater">Nederlands Dans Theater</a> , <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullberg_Ballet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cullberg Ballet">Cullberg Ballet</a> , <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Conservatory_of_The_Hague" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Conservatory of The Hague">Royal Conservatory of The Hague</a> , <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codarts" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Codarts">Codarts</a> and choreograohy workshops with repertoire from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itzik_Galili" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Itzik Galili">Itzik Galili</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mats_Ek" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mats Ek">Mats Ek</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Petipa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marius Petipa">Marius Petipa</a> a.o.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">July: "Milan", Europe’s biggest Hindustani open air event held in Zuiderpark.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The third Tuesday in September: "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinsjesdag" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prinsjesdag">Prinsjesdag</a>" (literally "Prince's Day") is the Dutch State Opening of Parliament when the Queen reads the "speech from the throne" ("Troonrede"). The day is popular among monarchists and tourists who are out to see Queen Beatrix and the royal family in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouden_Koets" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gouden Koets">Golden State Coach</a> ("de Gouden Koets").</span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&section=13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Transportation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Transportation</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 20px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RandstadRail_Den_Haag_netkous.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/RandstadRail_Den_Haag_netkous.jpg/220px-RandstadRail_Den_Haag_netkous.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RandstadRail_Den_Haag_netkous.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The 'Netkous' or Fishnet Stocking, a modern tram viaduct, with neighboring office buildings</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 20px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lijn2_Citadis4036_25042012.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="124" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lijn2_Citadis4036_25042012.jpg/220px-Lijn2_Citadis4036_25042012.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lijn2_Citadis4036_25042012.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Modern RegioCitadis tram on route 2,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loosduinen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Loosduinen">Loosduinen</a>, April 2012</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Hague shares an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam_The_Hague_Airport" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rotterdam The Hague Airport">airport</a> with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>. It can be reached from Central Station by RandstadRail Line E, with an Airport Shuttle to and from Meijersplein Station. However, with several direct trains per hour from the railway stations Hollands Spoor and Centraal, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Amsterdam Airport Schiphol</a> is more frequently used by people travelling to and from The Hague by air.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are two main <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_station" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Train station">train stations</a> in The Hague: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Haag_Hollands_Spoor_railway_station" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Den Haag Hollands Spoor railway station">Den Haag Hollands Spoor</a> (HS) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Haag_Centraal_railway_station" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Den Haag Centraal railway station">Den Haag Centraal Station</a> (CS), only 1.5 km distant from each other. Because these two stations were built and exploited by two different railway companies in the 19th century, east-west lines terminate at Centraal Station, whereas north-south lines run through Hollands Spoor. The international <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> trains to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> call only at Hollands Spoor. Centraal Station does, however, now offer good connections with the rest of the country, with direct services to most major cities, for instance <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(city)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Utrecht (city)">Utrecht</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public transport in The Hague consists of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_The_Hague" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Trams in The Hague">a tramway network</a> and a sizeable number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bus">bus</a> routes, operated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTM_Personenvervoer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="HTM Personenvervoer">HTM Personenvervoer</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_note-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> Plans for a subway were shelved in the early 1970s. However, in 2004 a tunnel was built under the city centre with two underground tram stations ("Spui" and "Grote Markt"); it is shared by tram routes 2, 3, 4 and 6.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A regional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Light rail">light rail</a> system called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RandstadRail" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="RandstadRail">RandstadRail</a> connects The Hague to nearby cities, Zoetermeer and Rotterdam. The system suffered from startup problems and derailings in 2006, but is fully operational now.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Major motorways connecting to The Hague include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A12_motorway_(Netherlands)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="A12 motorway (Netherlands)">A12</a>, running to Utrecht and the German border. The A12 runs directly into the heart of the city in a cutting. Built in the 1970s, this section of motorway (the "Utrechtsebaan") is now heavily overburdened. Plans were made in the late 1990s for a second artery road into the city (the "Trekvliettracé" or previously called "Rotterdamsebaan") but have continually been put on hold. Other connecting motorways are the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A4_motorway_(Netherlands)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="A4 motorway (Netherlands)">A4</a>, which connects the city with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A13_motorway_(Netherlands)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="A13 motorway (Netherlands)">A13</a>, which runs to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and connects to motorways towards the Belgian border. There is also the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A44_motorway_(Netherlands)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="A44 motorway (Netherlands)">A44</a> that connects the city to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarlem" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&section=14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Nearby towns and conurbations">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Nearby_towns_and_conurbations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nearby towns and conurbations</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delft" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Delft">Delft</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidschendam-Voorburg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leidschendam-Voorburg">Leidschendam-Voorburg</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootdorp" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nootdorp">Nootdorp</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijnacker" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pijnacker">Pijnacker</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijswijk" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rijswijk">Rijswijk</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorburg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Voorburg">Voorburg</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorschoten" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Voorschoten">Voorschoten</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassenaar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wassenaar">Wassenaar</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wateringen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wateringen">Wateringen</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetermeer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zoetermeer">Zoetermeer</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Hague is the centre of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conurbation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaglanden" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Haaglanden">Haaglanden</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> conurbation lies to the north. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> conurbation (called "Stadsregio Rotterdam" or "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijnmond" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rijnmond">Rijnmond</a>") lies to the east. The conurbations around The Hague and Rotterdam are close enough to be a single conurbation in some contexts. For example, they share the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam_The_Hague_Airport" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rotterdam The Hague Airport">Rotterdam The Hague Airport</a> and a light rail system called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RandstadRail" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="RandstadRail">RandstadRail</a>. Consideration is being given to creating a Rotterdam-The Hague metropolitan area (<i>metropoolregio</i>).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This large conurbation centred on The Hague and Rotterdam is, in turn, part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randstad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Randstad">Randstad</a>, specifically a band of municipalities called the South Wing (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuidvleugel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zuidvleugel">Zuidvleugel</a>). The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randstad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Randstad">Randstad</a>, which includes <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_(city)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Utrecht (city)">Utrecht</a>, has a population of 6,659,300. The Hague lies at the southwestern corner of one of the largest urban areas in Europe.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&section=15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="International_relations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International relations</span></span></h2>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">See also: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_The_Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in The Netherlands">List of twin towns and sister cities in The Netherlands</a></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&section=16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Twin towns and sister cities</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Hague is <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_twinning" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Town twinning">twinned</a> with:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_territories" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palestinian territories"><img alt="Palestinian territories" class="thumbborder" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BethlehemTwinning_10-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_note-BethlehemTwinning-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" class="thumbborder" height="13" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /></a></span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juigalpa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Juigalpa">Juigalpa</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" class="thumbborder" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Poland">Poland</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Warsaw_11-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_note-Warsaw-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" class="thumbborder" height="16" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/22px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Israel">Israel</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" class="thumbborder" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /></a></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In addition, The Hague has a policy to partner with various countries of origin of its citizens. Since 2002 The Hague co-operates with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> and in 2009 a co-operation contract was made with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> provinces of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nador_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nador Province">Nador</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hoceima_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Al Hoceima Province">Al Hoceima</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taza_Province" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Taza Province">Taza</a>. There are plans to make such contracts with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_(country)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Turkey (country)">Turkey</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antilles" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Antilles">Antilles</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_note-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&section=17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">See also</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_The_Hague" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Districts of The Hague"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Districts of The Hague</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famous_people_from_The_Hague" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Famous people from The Hague"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Famous people from The Hague</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTM_Personenvervoer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="HTM Personenvervoer"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">HTM Personenvervoer</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_The_Hague" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of mayors of The Hague"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of mayors of The Hague</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&section=18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="References"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">References</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-webkit-column-width: 30em; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
<ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_ref-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.denhaag.nl/en/residents/news-and-events/to/Baby-Chris-is-500000th-resident-of-The-Hague.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Baby Chris is 500,000th resident of The Hague"</a>. www.denhaag.nl. 01 september 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 September 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Baby+Chris+is+500%2C000th+resident+of+The+Hague&rft.atitle=&rft.date=01+september+2011&rft.pub=www.denhaag.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denhaag.nl%2Fen%2Fresidents%2Fnews-and-events%2Fto%2FBaby-Chris-is-500000th-resident-of-The-Hague.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Hague"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-haaglandenincijfers1-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_ref-haaglandenincijfers1_1-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.denhaag.nl/home/bewoners/to/Den-Haag-verwelkomt-halfmiljoenste-inwoner.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Den Haag verwelkomt halfmiljoenste inwoner"</a>. www.denhaag.nl<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-09-01</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Den+Haag+verwelkomt+halfmiljoenste+inwoner&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=www.denhaag.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denhaag.nl%2Fhome%2Fbewoners%2Fto%2FDen-Haag-verwelkomt-halfmiljoenste-inwoner.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Hague"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_ref-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon" style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold;">(Dutch)</span> <a class="external free" href="http://taaladvies.net/taal/advies/vraag/1199/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://taaladvies.net/taal/advies/vraag/1199/</a> Explanation from Dutch language centre.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_ref-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon" style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold;">(Dutch)</span> <a class="external free" href="http://www.denhaag.nl/home/bewoners/to/Haagse-weetjes.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.denhaag.nl/home/bewoners/to/Haagse-weetjes.htm</a> Why does The Hague have a stork for asymbol?</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_ref-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dutch: 'de Weduwe van Indie'. As per song text by the famous singer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieteke_van_Dort" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wieteke van Dort">Wieteke van Dort</a>. See text of the song 'Arm Den Haag' (Pity The Hague): <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.muzikum.eu/nl/123-1151-22012/wieteke_van_dort/arm_den_haag-songtekst.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_ref-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.denhaag.nl/home/bewoners/stadsdelen-en-wijken/to/Stadsdelen-9.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Stadsdelen"</a> (in Dutch). www.denhaag.nl. 25 augustus 2009 (last update 18 oktober 2010)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 31 August 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Stadsdelen&rft.atitle=&rft.date=25+augustus+2009++%28last+update+18+oktober+2010%29&rft.pub=www.denhaag.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denhaag.nl%2Fhome%2Fbewoners%2Fstadsdelen-en-wijken%2Fto%2FStadsdelen-9.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Hague"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_ref-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.zorgatlas.nl/beinvloedende-factoren/demografie/etniciteit/niet-westerse-allochtonen-per-gemeente-2010-2040/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Niet-westerse allochtonen per gemeente 2010-2040"</a> (in Dutch). Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 31 August 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Niet-westerse+allochtonen+per+gemeente+2010-2040&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Rijksinstituut+voor+Volksgezondheid+en+Milieu%2C+Ministerie+van+Volksgezondheid%2C+Welzijn+en+Sport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zorgatlas.nl%2Fbeinvloedende-factoren%2Fdemografie%2Fetniciteit%2Fniet-westerse-allochtonen-per-gemeente-2010-2040%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Hague"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_ref-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Slager, Seije (11/03/09). <a class="external text" href="http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4324/Nieuws/article/detail/1132183/2009/03/11/Beveiliging-is-routine-voor-Haagse-autoriteiten.dhtml" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Beveiliging is routine voor Haagse autoriteiten"</a> (in Dutch). Trouw<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 31 August 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Beveiliging+is+routine+voor+Haagse+autoriteiten&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Slager&rft.aufirst=Seije&rft.au=Slager%2C%26%2332%3BSeije&rft.date=11%2F03%2F09&rft.pub=Trouw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trouw.nl%2Ftr%2Fnl%2F4324%2FNieuws%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F1132183%2F2009%2F03%2F11%2FBeveiliging-is-routine-voor-Haagse-autoriteiten.dhtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Hague"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_ref-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"TheEuropeanLibrary.org"</a>. TheEuropeanLibrary.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-07-04</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=TheEuropeanLibrary.org&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=TheEuropeanLibrary.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theeuropeanlibrary.org%2Fportal%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Hague"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_ref-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.htm.net/smartsite.dws?id=169" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Public transport map</a> (from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTM_Personenvervoer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="HTM Personenvervoer">HTM</a>)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BethlehemTwinning-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_ref-BethlehemTwinning_10-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bethlehem-city.org/Twining.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Bethlehem Municipality"</a>. www.bethlehem-city.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-10-10</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Bethlehem+Municipality&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=www.bethlehem-city.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bethlehem-city.org%2FTwining.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Hague"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Warsaw-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_ref-Warsaw_11-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://um.warszawa.pl/v_syrenka/new/index.php?dzial=aktualnosci&ak_id=3284&kat=11" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Miasta partnerskie Warszawy"</a>. <i>um.warszawa.pl</i>. Biuro Promocji Miasta. 2005-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-08-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Miasta+partnerskie+Warszawy&rft.atitle=um.warszawa.pl&rft.date=2005-05-04&rft.pub=Biuro+Promocji+Miasta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fum.warszawa.pl%2Fv_syrenka%2Fnew%2Findex.php%3Fdzial%3Daktualnosci%26ak_id%3D3284%26kat%3D11&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Hague"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title=" since April 2012">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a></i>]</span></sup></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague#cite_ref-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://zbs.denhaag.nl/risdoc/2009/RIS163029.PDF" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"Memo from municipality of The Hague"</a> (PDF)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-04-13</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Memo+from+municipality+of+The+Hague&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzbs.denhaag.nl%2Frisdoc%2F2009%2FRIS163029.PDF&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:The_Hague"></span></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hague&action=edit&section=19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">External links</span></span></h2>
<table align="right" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin-left: 8px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div class="infobox sisterproject" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0.2em; text-align: left; width: 20em;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 12px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="8"></td><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="42"><div class="floatleft" style="border: 0px; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0px 0.5em 0.5em 0px; position: relative;">
<a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_Hague" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikimedia Commons"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Search Wikimedia Commons" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="30" /></span></a></div>
</td><td style="vertical-align: top;" width="8"></td><td style="font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.3em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:</span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 10px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Den_Haag" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="commons:Category:Den Haag">Den Haag</a></b></i> or <i><b><a class="extiw" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Scheveningen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="commons:Category:Scheveningen">Scheveningen</a></b></i></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.holland.com/global/cities/thehague/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Tourist information about The Hague</a> – Website of the Netherlands Board of Tourism and Conventions</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="languageicon" style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold;">(English)</span> <a class="external text" href="http://www.thehague.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">City of The Hague</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://wikitravel.org/en/The_Hague" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Guide to The Hague</a> (from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikitravel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikitravel">Wikitravel</a>)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.panorama-mesdag.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The largest painting in The Netherlands</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="languageicon" style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold;">(English)</span> <a class="external text" href="http://www.thehaguefestivals.com/?lang=en" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The Hague Festivals 2011</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">HagueJusticePortal.net</a>, The Hague Justice Portal: an academic gateway to The Hague organisations concerning <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_peace" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International peace">international peace</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Justice">justice</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Security">security</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.scheveningenbeach.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a>, Official site for Scheveningen beach).</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">reference:</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague</a></span></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-10886484339519798382012-05-22T04:32:00.000-07:002012-05-25T09:26:05.297-07:00Governance<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr; font-size: 13px;">
<div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This article is about the concept of Governance. For the journal Governance, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance_(journal)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Governance (journal)">Governance (journal)</a>.</span></div>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 104px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="50" /></span></div>
</td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 748px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This article <b>needs additional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>. Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">improve this article</a> by adding citations to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template:Citation needed">challenged</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><i>(March 2007)</i></small></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: -1px 104px 0px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Ambox_content.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></span></div>
</td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 748px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This article or section <b>needs attention from an expert on the subject</b>.</span><br />
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The following WikiProjects or Portals may be able to help recruit one:</span></div>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">• <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy">WikiProject Philosophy</a>· <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy Portal</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Business" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Business">WikiProject Business</a>· <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Business" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Business">Business Portal</a></span></dd></dl>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If another appropriate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject">WikiProject</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents/Portals" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Contents/Portals">portal</a> exists, please adjust this template accordingly. <small>(<i>February 2009</i>)</small></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Governance</b> is the act of governing. It relates to decisions that define <i>expectations</i>, grant <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(sociology)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Power (sociology)">power</a>, or verify <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_(disambiguation)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Performance (disambiguation)">performance</a>. It consists of either a separate process or part of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Management">management</a> or<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leadership">leadership</a> processes. These processes and systems are typically administered by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government">government</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the case of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Business">business</a> or of a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organisation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Non-profit organisation">non-profit organisation</a>, governance relates to consistent management, cohesive policies, guidance, processes and decision-rights for a given area of responsibility. For example, managing at a corporate level might involve evolving policies on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Privacy">privacy</a>, on internal investment, and on the use of data.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">To distinguish the term <i>governance</i> from govern<i>ment</i>: "governance" is what <i>a</i> "government" does. It might be a geo-political government (nation-state), a corporate government (business entity), a socio-political government (tribe, family etc.), or any number of different kinds of government, but governance is the physical exercise of management power and policy, while<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government">government</a> is the instrument (usually collective) that does it. The term government is also used more abstractly as a synonym for governance, as in the Canadian motto, "Peace, Order and<i>Good Government</i>".</span></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
Contents</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#Origin_of_the_word" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origin of the word</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#Processes_and_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Processes and governance</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#Different_definitions" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Different definitions</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#The_state_and_politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">The state and politics</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#Corporate_organizations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Corporate organizations</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#Fair_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Fair governance</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#Types_of_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Types of governance</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#Global_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Global governance</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#Corporate_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Corporate governance</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#Project_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Project governance</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#Information_technology_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Information technology governance</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#Participatory_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Participatory governance</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#Non-profit_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Non-profit governance</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#Orders_of_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Orders of governance</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#First-order" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">First-order</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#Second-order" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Second-order</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#Metagovernance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Metagovernance</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#Measuring_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Measuring governance</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#Seat_of_government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Seat of government</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#See_also" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#Literature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#External_links" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Origin of the word">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin_of_the_word"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Origin of the word</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The word <i>governance</i> derives from the Greek verb κυβερνάω [<i>kubernáo</i>] which means <i>to steer</i> and was used for the first time in a metaphorical sense by Plato. It then passed on to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Latin">Latin</a> and then on to many languages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Processes and governance">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Processes_and_governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Processes and governance</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As a process, governance may operate in an organization of any size: from a single human being to all of humanity; and it may function for any purpose, good or evil, for profit or not. A reasonable or rational purpose of governance might aim to assure, (sometimes on behalf of others) that an organization produces a worthwhile pattern of good results while avoiding an undesirable pattern of bad circumstances.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Perhaps the moral and natural purpose of governance consists of assuring, on behalf of those governed, a worthy pattern of good while avoiding an undesirable pattern of bad. The ideal purpose, obviously, would assure a perfect pattern of good with no bad. A government, comprises a set of inter-related positions that govern and that use or exercise power, particularly<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Coercion">coercive</a> power.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A good government, following this line of thought, could consist of a set of inter-related positions exercising coercive power that assures, on behalf of those governed, a worthwhile pattern of good results while avoiding an undesirable pattern of bad circumstances, by making decisions that define expectations, grant power, and verify performance.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politics">Politics</a> provides a means by which the governance process operates. For example, people may choose expectations by way of political activity; they may grant power through political action, and they may judge performance through political behavior.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Conceiving of governance in this way, one can apply the concept to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="State (polity)">states</a>, to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corporation">corporations</a>, to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Non-profit organization">non-profits</a>, to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="NGO">NGOs</a>, to partnerships and other associations, to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_team" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Project team">project-teams</a>, and to any number of humans engaged in some purposeful activity.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Different definitions">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Different_definitions"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Different definitions</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> defines governance as:</span></div>
<blockquote class="templatequote" style="line-height: 20px; margin-top: 0px;">
<div class="Bug6200">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country's economic and social resources for development.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwide_Governance_Indicators" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Worldwide Governance Indicators">Worldwide Governance Indicators</a> project of the World Bank defines governance as:</span></div>
<blockquote class="templatequote" style="line-height: 20px; margin-top: 0px;">
<div class="Bug6200">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This considers the process by which governments are selected, monitored and replaced; the capacity of the government to effectively formulate and implement sound policies and the respect of citizens and the state of the institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An alternate definition sees governance as:</span></div>
<blockquote class="templatequote" style="line-height: 20px; margin-top: 0px;">
<div class="Bug6200">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">the use of institutions, structures of authority and even <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Collaboration">collaboration</a> to allocate <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_(economics)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Resource (economics)">resources</a> and coordinate or control activity in society or the economy<i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-style: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></i></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">According to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>'s Regional Project on Local Governance for Latin America:</span></div>
<blockquote class="templatequote" style="line-height: 20px; margin-top: 0px;">
<div class="Bug6200">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Governance has been defined as the rules of the political system to solve conflicts between actors and adopt decision (legality). It has also been used to describe the "proper functioning of institutions and their acceptance by the public" (legitimacy). And it has been used to invoke the efficacy of government and the achievement of consensus by democratic means (participation).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></span></div>
</blockquote>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: The state and politics">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_state_and_politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The state and politics</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. from January 2012">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> suggest making a clear distinction between the concepts of governance and of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politics">politics</a>. Politics involves processes by which a group of people with initially divergent opinions or interests reach collective decisions generally regarded as binding on the group, and enforced as common <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy">policy</a>. Governance, on the other hand, conveys the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public administration">administrative</a> and process-oriented elements of governing rather than its antagonistic ones. Such an argument continues to assume the possibility of the traditional separation between "politics" and "administration". Contemporary governance practice and theory sometimes questions this distinction, premising that both "governance" and "politics" involve aspects of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(sociology)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Power (sociology)">power</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In general terms, governance occurs in three broad ways:</span></div>
<ol style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Through networks involving <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-private_partnership" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public-private partnership">public-private partnerships</a> (PPP) or with the collaboration of community organisations;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Through the use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Market">market</a> mechanisms whereby market principles of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Competition">competition</a> serve to allocate resources while operating under government regulation;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Through top-down methods that primarily involve governments and the state <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>.</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These modes of governance often appear in terms of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markets" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Markets">markets</a>, and networks - but also in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democracies">democracies</a>. For instance, the tripartite governance of the United States consists of three branches of power (the Executive, its Legislature and the Supreme Court).</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Corporate organizations">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Corporate_organizations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Corporate organizations</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corporation">Corporate organizations</a> often use the word <i>governance</i> to describe both:</span></div>
<ol style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The laws and customs (rules) applying to that direction</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The manner in which <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Board of directors">boards</a> or their like direct a corporation</span></li>
</ol>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Fair governance">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Fair_governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fair governance</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Good governance">fair governance</a> implies that mechanisms function in a way that allows the executives (the "agents") to respect the rights and interests of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">stakeholders</a> (the "principals"), in a spirit of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democracy">democracy</a>.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Types of governance">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Types_of_governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Types of governance</span></span></h2>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Global governance">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Global_governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Global governance</span></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Its defined<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. from January 2012">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as "the complex of formal and informal institutions, mechanisms relationships, and processes between and among states, markets, citizens and organizations, both inter- and non-governmental, through which collective interests on the global plane are articulated, right and obligations are established, and differences are mediated". In contrast to the traditional meaning of "governance", some authors like <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rosenau" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="James Rosenau">James Rosenau</a> have used the term "global governance" to denote the regulation of interdependent relations in the absence of an overarching political authority.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> The best example of this in the international system or relationships between independent states. The term can however apply wherever a group of free equals need to form a regular relationship.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Corporate governance">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Corporate_governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Corporate governance</span></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Corporate governance consists of the set of processes, customs, policies, laws and institutions affecting the way people direct, administer or control a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corporation">corporation</a>. Corporate governance also includes the relationships among the many players involved (the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">stakeholders</a>) and the corporate <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_(management)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Goal (management)">goals</a>. The principal players include the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareholder" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shareholder">shareholders</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Management">management</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a>. Other stakeholders include employees, suppliers, customers, banks and other lenders, regulators, the environment and the community at large.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The first documented use of the word "corporate governance" is by Richard Eells (1960, pg. 108) to denote "the structure and functioning of the corporate polity". The "corporate government" concept itself is older and was already used in finance textbooks at the beginning of the 20th century (Becht, Bolton, Röell 2004). These origins support a multiple constituency (stakeholder) definition of corporate governance.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Project governance">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Project_governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Project governance</span></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Project governance">Project governance</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The term <i>governance</i> as used in industry (especially in the information technology (IT) sector) describes the processes that need to exist for a successful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Project">project</a>.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Information technology governance">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Information_technology_governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Information technology governance</span></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Information technology governance">Information technology governance</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">IT governance primarily deals with connections between business focus and IT management. The goal of clear governance is to assure the investment in IT generate business value and mitigate the risks that are associated with IT projects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Participatory governance">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Participatory_governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Participatory governance</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafue_River" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kafue River">Kafue River</a> article, section Participatory governance</span></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Participatory governance focuses on deepening democratic engagement through the participation of citizens in the processes of governance with the state. The idea is that citizens should play a more direct roles in public decision-making or at least engage more deeply with political issues. Government officials should also be responsive to this kind of engagement. In practice, Participatory Governance can supplement the roles of citizens as voters or as watchdogs through more direct forms of involvement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Non-profit governance">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-profit_governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Non-profit governance</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Non-profit governance focuses primarily on the fiduciary responsibility that a board of trustees (sometimes called directors—the terms are interchangeable) has with respect to the exercise of authority over the explicit public trust that is understood to exist between the mission of an organization and those whom the organization serves.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Orders of governance">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Orders_of_governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Orders of governance</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">With the process of governing now involving a variety of private as well as public actors, governance is becoming an increasingly complex issue.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> More traditional theories of conceptualizing and understanding governance (such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>) are now considered unsuitable, as they are too "government-oriented"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> and are unable to examine the more complex, modern nature of interactions between governing actors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> This is where the 'Orders of Governance' conceptualisation comes in. It breaks down governance into three different orders, first, second and meta, which "correlate to the different levels at which governance is used"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-evans_12-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-evans-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup> and allow for a more detailed analysis of the governing process.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: First-order">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="First-order"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">First-order</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">First-order governance is the level at which problems are identified and solutions enacted . This is done through interaction between the governing organisation and its citizens<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kooiman.26Jentoft_13-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-Kooiman.26Jentoft-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup> which helps identify what the problem is, who is experiencing it and what an appropriate solution may be. There can be differing opinions in an organisation as to what constitutes a problem and there is, to some extent, a degree of subjectivity in coming up with an "ordered problem definition".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup> The interaction with those being governed helps in this respect as it legitimises the definition. Once a problem is identified, a solution usually comes in the form of laws and/or regulations passed by the governing body.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Second-order">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Second-order"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Second-order</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Second-order governance is the level at which the "institutional arrangements" are provided "within which first order governing takes place".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kooiman.26Jentoft_13-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-Kooiman.26Jentoft-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup> Institutional arrangements can take many forms in both the public (a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_agency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Regulatory agency">regulatory agency</a>) and private (the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Financial market">financial market</a>) sectors. What is important is that a framework is provided that enables first-order governance to take place. Again, there is a distinct "two-way role" at this level with both "those being governed and those governing"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup> having input into the process to provide an effective and legitimate institutional setting. This approach enables a more comprehensive analysis of governing interactions, as actors can often "be influenced by institutions (and the way) these help or hinder them" in the pursuit of their goals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Metagovernance">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Metagovernance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Metagovernance</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">"Metagovernance" is widely defined as the "governing of governing".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> It represents the established ethical principles, or 'norms', that shape and steer the entire governing process. It is important to note that there are no clearly defined settings within which metagoverning takes place, or particular persons who are responsible for it. While some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. from January 2012">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe metagoverning to be the role of the state who are assumed to want to steer actors in a particular direction, it can "potentially be exercised by any resourceful actor"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup> who wishes to influence the governing process. Examples of this include the publishing of codes of conduct at the highest level of international government,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup> and media focus on specific issues <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-evans_12-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-evans-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup> at the socio-cultural level. Despite their different sources, both seek to establish values in such a way that they become accepted 'norms'. The fact that 'norms' can be established at any level and can then be used to shape the governance process as whole, means metagovernance is part of the both the input and the output of the governing system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Measuring governance">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Measuring_governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Measuring governance</span></span></h2>
<div class="rellink" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Good governance">Good governance</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Over the last decade,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_(dates_and_numbers)#Chronological_items" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)"><span title="The time period in the vicinity of this tag is ambiguous from January 2012">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> several efforts have been conducted in the research and international development community in order to assess and measure the quality of governance of countries all around the world.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Measuring governance is inherently a controversial and political exercise. A distinction is therefore made between external assessments, peer assessments and self-assessments. Examples of external assessments may be donor assessments or comparative indices produced by international non-governmental organisations. An example of a peer assessment may be the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">African Peer Review Mechanism</a>. Examples of self-assessments may be <a class="external text" href="http://gaportal.org/country-initiatives" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">country-led assessments</a> that can be led by Government, civil society, researchers and/or other stakeholders at the national level.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">One of these efforts to create an internationally comparable measure of governance and an example of an external assessment is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwide_Governance_Indicators" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Worldwide Governance Indicators">Worldwide Governance Indicators</a> project, developed by members of the World Bank and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Institute" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Bank Institute">World Bank Institute</a>. The project reports aggregate and individual indicators for more than 200 countries for six dimensions of governance: voice and accountability, political stability and lack of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, control of corruption. To complement the macro-level cross-country Worldwide Governance Indicators, the World Bank Institute developed the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Governance_Surveys" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Bank Governance Surveys">World Bank Governance Surveys</a>, which are a country level governance assessment tools that operate at the micro or sub-national level and use information gathered from a country’s own citizens, business people and public sector workers to diagnose governance vulnerabilities and suggest concrete approaches for fighting corruption.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A new <a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article469" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">World Governance Index (WGI)</a> has been developed and is open for improvement through public participation. The following domains, in the form of indicators and composite indexes, were selected to achieve the development of the WGI: Peace and Security, Rule of Law, Human Rights and Participation, Sustainable Development, and Human Development.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Additionally, in 2009 the Bertelsmann Foundation published the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Governance_Indicators" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sustainable Governance Indicators">Sustainable Governance Indicators</a> (SGI), which systematically measure the need for reform and the capacity for reform within the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) countries. The project examines to what extent governments can identify, formulate and implement effective reforms that render a society well-equipped to meet future challenges, and ensure their future viability. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sgi-network.de/index.php?page=mission" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Examples of country-led assessments include the <a class="external text" href="http://www.gaportal.org/undp-supported/indonesia" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Indonesian Democracy Index</a>, monitoring of the <a class="external text" href="http://www.gaportal.org/undp-supported/mongolia" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Millennium Development Goal 9 on Human Rights and Democratic Governance in Mongolia</a> and the <a class="external text" href="http://www.gaportal.org/undp-supported/bhutan" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Gross National Happiness Index in Bhutan</a>.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Seat of government">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Seat_of_government"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Seat of government</span></span></h2>
<dl style="line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">See: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Capital city">capital city</a> for details and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_capitals" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of national capitals">list of national capitals</a> for each country's seat of government.</span></i></dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <b>seat of government</b> is defined by Brewer's Politics as "the building, complex of buildings or city from which a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government">government</a> exercises its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Authority">authority</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_note-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup> The seat of government is usually located in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Capital city">capital</a>. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_with_multiple_capitals" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of countries with multiple capitals">some countries</a> the seat of government differs from the capital, e.g. in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> where <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> is the seat of government and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> is the Capital of the Netherlands. In most it is the same city, for example <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> as the capital and seat of government of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the seat of government is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, a city within London, the capital.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">See also</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_cost" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Agency cost"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Agency cost</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anarchism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Anarchism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Collaborative governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Collaborative governance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_healthcare_accreditation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International healthcare accreditation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International healthcare accreditation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Internet governance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Global governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Global governance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmentality" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Governmentality"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Governmentality</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Open-source governance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Open-source governance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Participatory democracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Participatory democracy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal%E2%80%93agent_problem" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Principal–agent problem"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Principal–agent problem</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_choice_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public choice theory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public choice theory</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_management" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public management">Public management</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_public_management" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New public management">New public management</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat_of_local_government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Seat of local government"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Seat of local government</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_innovation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social innovation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Social innovation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Statism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Statism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_According_to_Higher_Law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rule According to Higher Law"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rule According to Higher Law</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="References"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">References</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-webkit-column-width: 30em; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
<ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see document on etymology prepared by the European Commission at<a class="external free" href="http://ec.europa.eu/governance/docs/doc5_fr.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">http://ec.europa.eu/governance/docs/doc5_fr.pdf</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Bank, <a class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/03/07/000090341_20060307104630/Rendered/PDF/34899.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">Managing Development - The Governance Dimension</a>, 1991, Washington D.C., p. 1</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWBIGOVANTCOR/Resources/1740479-1150402582357/2661829-1158008871017/booklet_decade_of_measuring_governance.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">A Decade of Measuring the Quality of Governance</a>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell, Stephen, 2002. Economic Governance and Institutional Dynamics, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Australia.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a very widely cited definition, as in <a class="external text" href="http://info.publicintelligence.net/ISAFgovernance.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">Applebaugh, J. (rapporteur), "Governance Working Group", power-point presentation, National Defense University and ISAF, 2010, slide 22</a>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James N. Rosenau, "Toward an Ontology for Global Governance", in Martin Hewson and Thomas Sinclair, eds., <i>Approaches to Global Governance Theory</i>, SUNY Press, Albany, 1999.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smallwood, Deb. Tech Decision CIO Insights. "IT Governance: A Simple Model." March 2009.<a class="external free" href="http://www.ebizq.net/blogs/insurance/2009/02/it_governance_a_simple_model.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.ebizq.net/blogs/insurance/2009/02/it_governance_a_simple_model.php</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ids.ac.uk/download.cfm?file=Wp264.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">'Triumph, Deficit or Contestation? Deepening the 'Deepening Democracy' Debate'</a>Institute of Development Studies (IDS) Working Paper 264 July 2006.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BoardSource's <i>The Handbook of NonProfit Governance</i>, Jossey-Bass, 2010, p.15.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kooiman, J. Social Political Governance: Introduction. In J. Kooiman eds, <i>Modern Governance: New Government-Society Interactions</i>. SAGE Publications 1993.pp1-9 (p6).</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kooiman, J. Social Political Governance: Introduction. In J. Kooiman eds, <i>Modern Governance: New Government-Society Interactions</i>. SAGE Publications 1993.pp1-9 (p5).</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stoker, G. Governance as Theory: Five Propositions. <i>International Social Science Journal</i>. Volume 50 1998, pp17-28 (p19).</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-evans-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-evans_12-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-evans_12-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, J. <i>Environmental Governance</i>. Routledge 2012. p40.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Kooiman.26Jentoft-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-Kooiman.26Jentoft_13-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-Kooiman.26Jentoft_13-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kooiman, J & Jentoft, S. Meta-governance: Values, Norms and Principles, and the Making of Hard Choices.<i>Public Administration</i>. Volume 87 2009, pp 818-836 (p 822).</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kooiman, J. <i>Governing as Governance</i>. Sage publications 2003. p 137.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kooiman, J. <i>Governing as Governance</i>. Sage publications 2003. p 158.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kooiman, J. Societal Governance: Levels, Modes, and Orders of Social-Political Interaction. In Pierre, J eds.<i>Debating Governance</i>. Oxford University Press 2000, pp 138-163 (p 157).</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kooiman, J. <i>Governing as Governance</i>. Sage publications 2003. p170.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sorensen, E. Metagovernance: The Changing Role of Politicians in Processes of Democratic Governance. <i>American Review of Public Administration.</i> Volume 36 2006, pp 98-114 (p 103).</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Onyango, P & Jentoft, S. Assessing Poverty in small-scale fisheries in Lake Victoria, Tanzania.<i>Fish and Fisheries</i>. Volume 11 2010, pp 250-263 (p258).</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kooiman, J. <i>Governing as Governance</i>. Sage publications 2003. p 171.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Empter, Stefan & Josef Janning (2009): Sustainable Governance Indicators 2009 - An Introduction, in: Bertelsmann Stiftung (ed.): Sustainable Governance Indicators 2009. Policy Performance and Executive Capacity in the OECD. Gütersloh: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2009.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance#cite_ref-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comfort, N. (1993) Brewer's Politics. A phrase and fable dictionary. London: Cassell.</span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Literature"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Literature</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=343461" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Becht, Marco, Patrick Bolton, Ailsa Röell, "Corporate Governance and Control" (October 2002; updated August 2004). ECGI - Finance Working Paper No. 02/2002.</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Asie Dwise (2011), Corporate Governance: An Informative Glimpse, International Journal of Governance. 1(2) :206-214</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=XgIeAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Eells, R.S.F. (1960), The Meaning of Modern Business: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Large Corporate Enterprise (Columbia University Press, NY).</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Senn, Marcell. <i>Sovereignty – Some critical Remarks on the Genealogy of Governance</i> In: Journal on European History of Law, London: STS Science Centre, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 9–13, (ISSN 2042-6402).</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.springer.com/business/book/978-3-7908-2079-9" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Türke, Ralf-Eckhard: Governance - Systemic Foundation and Framework (Contributions to Management Science, Physica of Springer, September 2008).</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governance&action=edit&section=23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">External links</span></span></h2>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="37" /></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 166px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Look up <i><b><a class="external text" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/governance" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">governance</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.world-governance.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Forum for a new World Governance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">PUBLIC · ESADE's Institute of Public Governance & Management e-bulletin <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.esade.edu/public" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ijgmagzine.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a> International Journal of Governance</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ijgmagzine.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International Journal of Governance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sgi-network.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">sgi-network.org</a> Sustainable Governance Indicators</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.trust.org/trustlaw/country-profiles/statistics.dot?id=2ccb13a8-f6e3-4133-9c94-7faf1d062dcd" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a> Worldwide Governance Indicators</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.jpg.net.in/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Journal of Politics & Governance</span></a></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">reference : </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance</a></span></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-34840657114380075182012-05-22T04:26:00.003-07:002012-05-25T09:26:21.055-07:00City-state<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div id="siteSub" style="background-color: white; display: inline; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px;"></span></span><br />
<div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
</div>
<div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; height: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#mw-head" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr; font-size: 13px;">
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 104px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="50" /></span></div>
</td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 748px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This article <b>needs additional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>. Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">improve this article</a> by adding citations to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template:Citation needed">challenged</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><i>(July 2010)</i></small></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 20px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 302px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_on_Monacoville.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="225" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/View_on_Monacoville.JPG/300px-View_on_Monacoville.JPG" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_on_Monacoville.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monaco"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Monaco</span></a></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 20px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 302px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Vatican_City.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="231" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_Vatican_City.jpg/300px-Map_of_Vatican_City.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Vatican_City.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, a city-state well known for being the smallest country in the world.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A <b>city-state</b> is an independent or autonomous entity whose territory consists of a city which is not administered as a part of another local government. A city-state can also be defined as a central city and its surrounding villages, which together follow the same law, have one form of government, and share languages, religious beliefs, and ways of life.</span></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
Contents</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#Historical_examples_of_city-states" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical examples of city-states</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#Contemporary_city-states" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Contemporary city-states</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#Sovereign_city-states" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sovereign city-states</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#Monaco" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Monaco</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#Singapore" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Singapore</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#Vatican_City" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Vatican City</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#Non-sovereign_city-states" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Non-sovereign city-states</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#Cities_under_international_supervision" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Cities under international supervision</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#Danzig" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Danzig</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#Fiume" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Fiume</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#Tangier" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Tangier</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#Memel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Memel</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#Trieste" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Trieste</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#Cities_that_are_component_states_of_federations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cities that are component states of federations</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#Federally-administered_cities" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Federally-administered cities</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#Washington.2C_D.C." style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Washington, D.C.</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#Autonomous_cities_of_unitary_states" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Autonomous cities of unitary states</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#Hong_Kong_and_Macau" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hong Kong and Macau</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#Further_reading" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Historical examples of city-states">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_examples_of_city-states"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Historical examples of city-states</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Historical examples include the oldest known <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> cities of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ur">Ur</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> cities of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> (such as<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_people" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Berber people">Berber</a> city-states of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garamantes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a>, the city-states of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> (the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poleis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Poleis">poleis</a> such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Athens" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinth" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> which grew from a city-state into a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_powers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Historical powers">great power</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> of pre-Columbian<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> (including sites such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichen_Itza" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mirador" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="El Mirador">El Mirador</a>), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central Asia">central Asian</a> cities along the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Croatia">Croatian</a> city-state of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusa (Dubrovnik)</a> and many others. The<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vikings">Viking</a> colonial cities in medieval <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, most importantly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, have recently been classed as genuine city-states.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#cite_note-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Within the transalpine part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_imperial_city" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> enjoyed a considerable autonomy, buttressed legally by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lübeck law">Lübeck law</a> which was emulated by many other cities. Some cities — though also members of different <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Confederation">confederacies</a> at that time — officially became sovereign city-states in the 19th century — such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel-Stadt" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Basel-Stadt">Canton of Basel City</a> (1833–48), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bremen (state)">Free Hanseatic City of Bremen</a> (1806–11 and again 1813–71), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Free City of Frankfurt upon Main</a> (1815–66), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Canton of Geneva">Canton of Geneva</a> (1813–48), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hamburg">Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg</a> (1806–11 and again 1814–71) and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Free City of Lübeck">Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck</a> (1806–11 and again 1813–71). Another city-state, though lacking sovereignty, was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> (1948–90), being a state legally not belonging to any other state, but ruled by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Allies" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Western Allies">Western Allies</a>. They allowed — notwithstanding their overlordship as occupant powers — its internal organisation as one state simultaneously being a city, officially called Berlin (West). Though West Berlin held close ties to the West German <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a>, it was legally never part of it. A number of the aforementioned city-states — though partly with altered borders — continue to exist as city-states within today's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> and today's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland#Federal_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Switzerland">Swiss Confederation</a>(see below: 'Cities that are component states of federations').</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Among the most well-known periods of city-state culture in human history include ancient Greek city-states, and the merchant city-states of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance Italy</a>, who organised themselves in small independent centres. The success of small regional units coexisting as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Autonomy">autonomous</a> actors in loose geographical and cultural unity, as in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Italy">Italy</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Greece">Greece</a>, often prevented their<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamation_(politics)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amalgamation (politics)">amalgamation</a> into larger national units. However, such small political entities often survived only for short periods because they lacked the resources to defend themselves against incursions by larger states. Thus they inevitably gave way to larger organisations of society, including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Empire">empire</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nation state">nation state</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asian</a> history, settlements were organised into autonomous or semi-autonomous city-states which were referred to as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mueang" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mueang">mueang</a></i> and usually related in a tributary relationship now described as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala_(political_model)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mandala (political model)">mandala</a>. The system existed until the 19th century when colonisation by European powers resulted in the adoption of the modern concept of statehood.</span></div>
<div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of ancient Greek cities">List of ancient Greek cities</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Phoenician_cities" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Phoenician cities">List of Phoenician cities</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cities of the ancient Near East">Cities of the ancient Near East</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_city-states" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polis">Polis</a></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Contemporary city-states">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Contemporary_city-states"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Contemporary city-states</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Today there are only a handful of cities that exercise authority akin to a sub-regional state, and even fewer that are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a> in their own right.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Sovereign city-states">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Sovereign_city-states"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sovereign city-states</span></span></h3>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Monaco">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Monaco"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Monaco</span></span></h4>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monaco">Principality of Monaco</a> is an independent city-state. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco-Ville" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monaco-Ville">Monaco-Ville</a> (the ancient fortified city) and Monaco's well-known area <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monte Carlo">Monte Carlo</a> are districts of a continuous urban zone, not distinct cities, though they were three separate municipalities (<i>communes</i>) until 1917. The Principality of Monaco and the city of Monaco (each having specific powers) govern the same territory. On 28 June 1919, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Treaty">treaty</a> was signed providing for limited French protection over Monaco. The treaty, part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, established that Monégasque policy would be aligned with French political, military, and economic interests. Only in 1993 did Monaco become a member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, with full voting rights. In 2002, a new treaty between France and Monaco clarifies that if there are no heirs to carry on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Principality">principality</a> will remain an independent nation rather than revert to France (which were the terms of the previous arrangement). Monaco's military defence, however, is still the responsibility of France. Monaco did not receive its first foreign <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ambassador">ambassador</a>, the French ambassador, until 16 February 2006.</span></div>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Singapore">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Singapore"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Singapore</span></span></h4>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Singapore is an island city-state in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. About 5 million people live and work within 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi), making Singapore the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of countries by population density">2nd-most-densely populated country in the world</a> after Monaco, another city-state. The entire island functions as a single <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_centre" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="City centre">city centre</a> near the south of the island is surrounded by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_town" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Satellite town">satellite towns</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parks">parks</a>,<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoirs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Reservoirs">reservoirs</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_estates" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Industrial estates">industrial estates</a>, which are connected to the centre and each other by a dense network of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Roads">roads</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressways" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Expressways">expressways</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> railway lines dubbed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)">MRT</a> by locals. Singapore has a highly centralised, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unitary state">unitary government</a> with a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral_legislature" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unicameral legislature">unicameral legislature</a> (the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Council_of_Singapore" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="City Council of Singapore">City Council</a> and the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rural_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Rural Board (page does not exist)">Rural Board</a> were abolished in the 1960s). While there are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_council" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Town council">town councils</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayors" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mayors">mayors</a> in Singapore, these are essentially <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_management" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Property management">property managers</a> in charge of the maintenance of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_housing" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public housing">public housing</a> within their <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituency" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constituency">constituency</a> boundaries. They do not represent <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_authorities" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Local authorities">local authorities</a> with any<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legislative">legislative</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> autonomy from the national government.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Prior to the 19th century, Singapore was a minor part of various regional empires, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srivijaya" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majapahit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor</a>. From 1826 to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a> in 1942, Singapore was the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Capital (political)">capital</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_Settlements" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>, a British colony that included the Settlements of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Penang">Penang</a> along the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Malacca" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Straits of Malacca">Straits of Malacca</a>. After the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Singapore was hived off as a separate colony while the other two Settlements joined the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malay States">Malay States</a> to form the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a>. In 1963, Singapore merged with Malaya, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> to form <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. However, because of a number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Singapore in Malaysia">problems</a>, Singapore was expelled from the federation in 1965, becoming an independent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Republic">republic</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Since 1965, Singapore rapidly industrialised and modernised, becoming one of the four "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asian_Tigers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="East Asian Tigers">Asian Tigers</a>". In addition to the substantial <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">absolute</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">per-capita</a> size of its <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_singapore" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Economy of singapore">economy</a>, Singapore maintains a significant <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Singapore Armed Forces">armed forces</a>. It ranks highly in terms of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditure" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of countries by military expenditure">defence spending</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_total_troops" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of countries by number of total troops">troop size</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Despite its small land area, Singapore has a population, economy and armed forces that place it in a similar league to small, but full-fledged nations like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> (i.e., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>), rather than semi-dependent <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstates" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Microstates">microstates</a>. Singapore also maintains a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_corps" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Diplomatic corps">diplomatic corps</a> and has memberships in international organizations such as the United Nations, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Singapore places emphasis on self-sufficiency in basic needs, like water. The government also stockpiles other key resources, such as sand and oil. In this way, Singapore tries to avoid overdependence economically, politically or militarily on larger entities. Accordingly, Singapore may represent the most-complete contemporary example of a city-state, meeting the full definitions of both a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="City">city</a> and a fully <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> state.</span></div>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Vatican City">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Vatican_City"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Vatican City</span></span></h4>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Until 1870, the city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rome">Rome</a> had been controlled by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pope">pope</a> as part of his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. When King <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a> seized the city in 1870, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> refused to recognize the newly formed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_unification" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Italian unification">Kingdom of Italy</a>. Because he could not travel without effectively acknowledging the authority of the king, Pius IX and his successors each claimed to be a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">Prisoner in the Vatican</a>", unable to leave the 0.44 km<sup style="line-height: 1em;">2</sup> (0.17 sq mi) papal <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclave" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Enclave">enclave</a> once they had ascended the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throne#Papal_Thrones" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Throne">papal thrones</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Question" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Roman Question">impasse</a> was resolved in 1929 by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateran_Treaties" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lateran Treaties">Lateran Treaties</a> negotiated by the Italian dictator <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> between King <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>. Under this treaty, the Vatican was recognized as an independent state, with the Pope as its head. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vatican City">Vatican City State</a> has its own <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_corps" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Diplomatic corps">diplomatic corps</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Vatican_City" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flag of the Vatican City">flag</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamp" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a>. With a population of less than 1,000 (mostly clergymen) it is by far the smallest sovereign country in the world.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Non-sovereign city-states">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-sovereign_city-states"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Non-sovereign city-states</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Some cities or urban areas, while not sovereign states, may nevertheless enjoy such a high degree of autonomy that they function as "city-states" within the context of the sovereign state that they belong to.</span></div>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Cities under international supervision">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cities_under_international_supervision"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cities under international supervision</span></span></h4>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_city" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International city">International city</a></span></div>
<h5 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Danzig">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Danzig"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Danzig</span></span></h5>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a></span></div>
<h5 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Fiume">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Fiume"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fiume</span></span></h5>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a></span></div>
<h5 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Tangier">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Tangier"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tangier</span></span></h5>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangier" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tangier">Tangier</a></span></div>
<h5 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Memel">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Memel"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Memel</span></span></h5>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Region</a></span></div>
<h5 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Trieste">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Trieste"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Trieste</span></span></h5>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">After the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the UN attempted to make the Free Territory of Trieste into a city state, but it never gained real independence and in 1954 its territory was divided between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Italy">Italy</a>and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.</span></div>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Cities that are component states of federations">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cities_that_are_component_states_of_federations"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Cities that are component states of federations</span></span></h4>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Some cities or metropolitan areas are component states of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Federation">federations</a>. Examples include:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> (formally known in English as the "Autonomous City of Buenos Aires") capital of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Austria" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="States of Austria">Austrian state</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> capital <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brasília">Brasília</a> (coterminous with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Federal_District" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brazilian Federal District">Brazilian Federal District</a>)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paz" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="La Paz">La Paz</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopian</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_city" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charter city">chartered cities</a> (<i>astedader akababiwach</i>) of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_Dawa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dire Dawa">Dire Dawa</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="States of Germany">German states</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and, though consisting of two separate cities, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> - <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Melaka">Melaka</a> (also known as Malacca)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Russia">Russian</a> cities of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Swiss canton</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel-Stadt" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Basel-Stadt">Basel-Stadt</a>, though consisting of three municipalities</span></li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Federally-administered cities">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Federally-administered_cities"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Federally-administered cities</span></span></h4>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Federation">federal country</a> may also have one or more cities that are federally administered:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Australia">Australia</a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a> – <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Territory_of_Delhi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Capital Territory of Delhi">National Capital Territory of Delhi</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Territory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Union Territory">Union Territories</a>)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putrajaya" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Putrajaya">Putrajaya</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labuan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Labuan">Labuan</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Territory_(Malaysia)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Federal Territory (Malaysia)">Federal Territories</a>)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> (being the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Federal_District" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mexican Federal District">Mexican Federal District</a>)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory_(Nigeria)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)">Federal Capital Territory</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> (being the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital Territory</a>)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a> – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></span></li>
</ul>
<h5 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Washington, D.C.">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Washington.2C_D.C."><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Washington, D.C.</span></span></h5>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">See also: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.C._statehood_movement" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="D.C. statehood movement">D.C. statehood movement</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_home_rule" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="District of Columbia home rule">District of Columbia home rule</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="District of Columbia voting rights">District of Columbia voting rights</a></span></div>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 20px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilsonbldg.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="141" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Wilsonbldg.JPG/220px-Wilsonbldg.JPG" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilsonbldg.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Wilson_Building" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John A. Wilson Building">John A. Wilson Building</a> houses the offices of the mayor and council of the District of Columbia.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Not being part of any U.S. state, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>'s government operates under authority derived from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. federal government</a>. The city (generally referred to as the District of Columbia) is run by an elected mayor and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_council" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="City council">city council</a>. The council is composed of 13 members: one elected from each of the eight <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_(subnational_entity)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ward (subnational entity)">wards</a> and five members, including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chairman">chairman</a>, elected <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-large" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="At-large">at-large</a>. The council conducts its work through <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcommittee" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Subcommittee">standing committees</a> and special committees established as needed. District schools are administered by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(education)#United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chancellor (education)">chancellor</a>, who is appointed by the mayor; in addition, a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_of_education" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Superintendent of education">superintendent of education</a> and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_education" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Board of education">board of education</a> are responsible for setting some educational policies. There are 37 elected<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_Neighborhood_Commission" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Advisory Neighborhood Commission">Advisory Neighborhood Commissioners</a> that provide the most direct access for residents to their local government. The commissioners are elected by small neighborhood districts, and their suggestions are given "great weight" by the city council and city agencies. However, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> has the ultimate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenary_power" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plenary power">plenary power</a> over the District. It has the right to review and overrule laws created locally and has often done so. The<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a>, which reserves to states all rights not belonging to the federal government, does not apply to the District. Residents of the District have one non-voting representative in the U.S. Congress.</span></div>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 16px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Autonomous cities of unitary states">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Autonomous_cities_of_unitary_states"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Autonomous cities of unitary states</span></span></h4>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For nations without a federal administrative structure, i.e. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unitary state">unitary states</a>, cities may sometimes enjoy a greater degree of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>, e.g.:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melilla" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spain">Spain</a>)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a>)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Macau">Macau</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a>)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>)</span></li>
</ul>
<h5 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Hong Kong and Macau">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Hong_Kong_and_Macau"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hong Kong and Macau</span></span></h5>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">See also: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Administrative_Region_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China">Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Because of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>'s and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Macau">Macau</a>'s long histories as colonies of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Colony" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British Colony">British</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> empires, respectively, and the unique "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="One country, two systems">one-country, two-systems</a>" policy, the two city-states continue to enjoy a high degree of autonomy even after their return to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Republic of China">China</a>. Having <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legal system">legal systems</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_force" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Police force">police forces</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monetary system">monetary systems</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Customs">customs policies</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Immigration policy">immigration policies</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_sports_team" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National sports team">national sports teams</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Official language">official languages</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Postal system">postal systems</a>, academic and educational systems, and certain degrees of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Diplomacy">international representation</a> that are different or independent from the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, make their status almost equivalent to independent nations in many respects.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="References"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">References</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
<ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#cite_ref-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holm, Poul, "Viking Dublin and the City-State Concept: Parameters and Significance of the Hiberno-Norse Settlement" (Respondent: Donnchadh Ó Corráin), in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogens_Herman_Hansen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mogens Herman Hansen">Mogens Herman Hansen</a> (ed.), <i><a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures</a></i>. Denmark: Special-Trykkeriet Viborg. (University of Copenhagen, Polis Center). 2000. pp. 251–62.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state#cite_ref-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sri Aurobindo, "Ideal of Human Unity" included in <i>Social and Political Thought</i>, 1970.</span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Further reading</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogens_Herman_Hansen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mogens Herman Hansen">Mogens Herman Hansen</a> (ed.), <i>A comparative study of thirty city-state cultures : an investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Centre</i>, Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 2000. (Historisk-filosofiske skrifter, 21). <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8778761778" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 87-7876-177-8</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mogens Herman Hansen (ed.), <i>A comparative study of six city-state cultures : an investigation</i>, Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 2002. (Historisk-filosofiske skrifter, 27).<a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8778763169" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 87-7876-316-9</a>.</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">reference : </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state</a></span></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-9045449536832995242012-05-22T04:20:00.000-07:002012-05-25T12:05:09.082-07:00The National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #7d7d7d; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">(Redirected from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NASPAA&redirect=no" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="NASPAA">NASPAA</a>)</span></div>
<div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="background-color: white; height: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASPAA#mw-head" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASPAA#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr;">
<table cellspacing="5" class="infobox vcard" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: left; width: 22em;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="fn org" colspan="2" style="background-image: none; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration</span></th></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Abbreviation</span></th><td class="nickname" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">NASPAA</span></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Type</span></th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">NGO</span></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Purpose/focus</span></th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_accreditation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Educational accreditation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Educational accreditation</span></a></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Website</span></th><td class="url" style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.naspaa.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">naspaa.org</span></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <b>National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration</b> (<b>NASPAA</b>) is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>-based <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit organization</a>. It is an association of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_schools" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public policy schools">public policy schools</a> (schools of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public policy">public affairs</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public administration">administration</a>) at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University">universities</a> mostly in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a>and several abroad. Its stated mission is to "Ensure excellence in education and training for public service, promote the ideal of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil service">public service</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accredit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Accredit">accredit</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degrees" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Master's degrees">master's degrees</a> in public administration, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Public_Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Master of Public Administration">Master of Public Administration</a> (MPA) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Public_Policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Master of Public Policy">Master of Public Policy</a> (MPP) degrees."</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Founded in 1970, NASPAA serves as a national and international resource for the promotion of excellence in education for the public service. Its institutional membership includes more than 275 university programs in the United States in public administration, policy, and management. NASPAA is also the accreditator of its member schools, seeking to promote the quality of education. It accomplishes its purposes through direct services to its member institutions and by</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Developing and administering appropriate standards for educational programs in public affairs through its Executive Council and its Commission on Peer Review and Accreditation;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Representing to governments and other institutions the objectives and needs of education for public affairs and administration;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Encouraging curriculum development and innovation and providing a forum for publication and discussion of education scholarship, practices, and issues;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Undertaking surveys that provide members and the public with information on key educational issues;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Meeting with employers to promote internship and employment for students and graduates;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Undertaking joint educational projects with practitioner professional organizations; and</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Collaborating with institutes and schools of public administration in other countries through conferences, consortia, and joint projects.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">NASPAA provides opportunities for international engagement for NASPAA members, placing a global emphasis on educational quality and quality assurance through a series of networked international initiatives, in particular the Network of Institutes and Schools of Public Administration in Central and Eastern Europe (NISPAcee), the Inter-American Network of Public Administration Education (INPAE), and the Georgian Institute of Public Affairs (GIPA). It is also involved locally, directing the Small Communities Outreach Project for Environmental Issues, which networks public affairs schools and local governments around environmental regulation policy issues, with support from the Environmental Protection Agency.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">NASPAA’s twofold mission is to ensure excellence in education and training for public service and to promote the ideal of public service.</span></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 20px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Contents</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASPAA#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASPAA#Journal_of_Public_Affairs_Education" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Journal of Public Affairs Education</i></span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASPAA#Distinguished_Alumni" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Distinguished Alumni</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASPAA#Presidents" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Presidents</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASPAA#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASPAA#External_links" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Association_of_Schools_of_Public_Affairs_and_Administration&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Journal of Public Affairs Education">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Journal_of_Public_Affairs_Education"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Journal of Public Affairs Education</span></i></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The society's official journal is the <i><b>Journal of Public Affairs Education</b></i>. (JPAE) JPAE was founded in 1995 by a consortium from the University of Kansas and the University of Akron and was originally published as the Journal of Public Administration Education. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._George_Frederickson" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="H. George Frederickson">H. George Frederickson</a> was the journal’s founding editor. In addition to serving as NASPAA’s journal of record, JPAE is affiliated with the Section on Public Administration Education of the American Society for Public Administration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASPAA#cite_note-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Association_of_Schools_of_Public_Affairs_and_Administration&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Distinguished Alumni">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Distinguished_Alumni"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Distinguished Alumni</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The following are some notable MPA/MPP graduates.</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Petraeus" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> general</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Sebelius" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kathleen Sebelius">Kathleen Sebelius</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón</a>, President of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a>, President of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Association_of_Schools_of_Public_Affairs_and_Administration&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Presidents">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Presidents"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Presidents</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2009-2010 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Raffel&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Jeffrey Raffel (page does not exist)">Jeffrey Raffel</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delaware" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Delaware">University of Delaware</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2008-2009 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marvin_Mandell&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Marvin Mandell (page does not exist)">Marvin Mandell</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore_County" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Maryland, Baltimore County">University of Maryland, Baltimore County</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2007-2008 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathleen_Beatty&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Kathleen Beatty (page does not exist)">Kathleen Beatty</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Denver" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Colorado Denver">University of Colorado Denver</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2006-2007 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathryn_Newcomer&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Kathryn Newcomer (page does not exist)">Kathryn Newcomer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2005-2006 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Mazmanian&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Dan Mazmanian (page does not exist)">Dan Mazmanian</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2004-2005 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugenia_Toma&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Eugenia Toma (page does not exist)">Eugenia Toma</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kentucky" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Kentucky">University of Kentucky</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2003-2004 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B.J._Reed&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="B.J. Reed (page does not exist)">B.J. Reed</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_at_Omaha" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Nebraska at Omaha">University of Nebraska at Omaha</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2002-2003 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jo_Ivey_Boufford&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Jo Ivey Boufford (page does not exist)">Jo Ivey Boufford</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New York University">New York University</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2001-2002 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carolyn_Ban&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Carolyn Ban (page does not exist)">Carolyn Ban</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2000-2001 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_P._Lauth&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas P. Lauth (page does not exist)">Thomas P. Lauth</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1999-2000 - <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_D._Broadnax" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Walter D. Broadnax">Walter D. Broadnax</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="American University">American University</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1998-1999 - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_M._Kerwin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cornelius M. Kerwin">Cornelius M. Kerwin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="American University">American University</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1997-1998 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Gordon&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Margaret Gordon (page does not exist)">Margaret Gordon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1996-1997 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Wise&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles Wise (page does not exist)">Charles Wise</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indiana University (Bloomington)">Indiana University (Bloomington)</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1995-1996 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patricia_W._Ingraham&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Patricia W. Ingraham (page does not exist)">Patricia W. Ingraham</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1994-1995 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davis_B._Bobrow&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Davis B. Bobrow (page does not exist)">Davis B. Bobrow</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1993-1994 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H._Brinton_Milward&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="H. Brinton Milward (page does not exist)">H. Brinton Milward</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arizona" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1992-1993 - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_B._Lynn" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Naomi B. Lynn">Naomi B. Lynn</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangamon_State_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sangamon State University">Sangamon State University</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1991-1992 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Thompson&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Frank J. Thompson (page does not exist)">Frank J. Thompson</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Albany,_SUNY" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University at Albany, SUNY">University at Albany, SUNY</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1990-1991 - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Herbert" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Adam Herbert">Adam W. Herbert</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Florida" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of North Florida">University of North Florida</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1989-1990 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eleanor_V._Laudicina&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Eleanor V. Laudicina (page does not exist)">Eleanor V. Laudicina</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kean_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kean University">Kean College of New Jersey</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1988-1989 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_R._Sherman&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Max R. Sherman (page does not exist)">Max R. Sherman</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1987-1988 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delmer_D._Dunn&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Delmer D. Dunn (page does not exist)">Delmer D. Dunn</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1986-1987 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_D._Heimovics&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Richard D. Heimovics (page does not exist)">Richard D. Heimovics</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas_City" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Missouri–Kansas City">University of Missouri–Kansas City</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1985-1986 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astrid_E._Merget&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Astrid E. Merget (page does not exist)">Astrid E. Merget</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1984-1985 - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Cleary" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert E. Cleary">Robert E. Cleary</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="American University">American University</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1983-1984 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augustus_Turnbull,_III&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Augustus Turnbull, III (page does not exist)">Augustus Turnbull, III</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1982-1983 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_P._Biller&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert P. Biller (page does not exist)">Robert P. Biller</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080;" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1981-1982 - <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Stokes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Donald Stokes">Donald Stokes</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1980-1981 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman_J._Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Norman J. Johnson (page does not exist)">Norman J. Johnson</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1979-1980 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clinton_V._Oster&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Clinton V. Oster (page does not exist)">Clinton V. Oster</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1978-1979 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_D._Kitchen&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="James D. Kitchen (page does not exist)">James D. Kitchen</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_State_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="San Diego State University">San Diego State University</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1977-1978 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._Dwight_Waldo&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="C. Dwight Waldo (page does not exist)">C. Dwight Waldo</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1976-1977 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_F._Bonser&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles F. Bonser (page does not exist)">Charles F. Bonser</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1975-1976 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_K._Campbell&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Alan K. Campbell (page does not exist)">Alan K. Campbell</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1974-1975 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_P._Murphy&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas P. Murphy (page does not exist)">Thomas P. Murphy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1973-1974 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clyde_J._Wingfield&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Clyde J. Wingfield (page does not exist)">Clyde J. Wingfield</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_College" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Baruch College">Baruch College</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1972-1973 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morris_W.H._Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Morris W.H. Collins (page does not exist)">Morris W.H. Collins</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1971-1972 - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurin_L._Henry" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Laurin L. Henry">Laurin L. Henry</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1970-1971 - <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_F._Wilcox&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert F. Wilcox (page does not exist)">Robert F. Wilcox</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_State_University" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="San Diego State University">San Diego State University</a></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Association_of_Schools_of_Public_Affairs_and_Administration&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="References"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">References</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
<ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASPAA#cite_ref-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Journal of Public Affairs Education.</i> (Winter, 2009). Vol. 15, No. 1.</span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Association_of_Schools_of_Public_Affairs_and_Administration&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">External links</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.naspaa.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Official website</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.gopublicservice.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">GoPublicService</span></a></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">reference :</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASPAA">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASPAA</a></span></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-1272877751175056292012-05-22T04:17:00.003-07:002012-05-25T09:26:57.442-07:00Citizenship<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> (Redirected from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizen&redirect=no" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citizen">Citizen</a>)</span></div>
<div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; height: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#mw-head" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr; font-size: 13px;">
<div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">"Citizen" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_(disambiguation)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citizen (disambiguation)">Citizen (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div>
<div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">"Civic duty" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Duty_(film)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civic Duty (film)">Civic Duty (film)</a>.</span></div>
<div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This article is about the civic duty of citizens. For information about the nationality laws of particular countries, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nationality law">Nationality law</a>.</span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-spacing: 0.4em 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 180px;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="" style="background-color: #f0f0ff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_status" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Legal status">Legal status</a> of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Person">persons</a></span></th></tr>
<tr><th class="" style="padding-top: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Concepts</span></th></tr>
<tr><td class="plainlist" style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><strong class="selflink" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Citizenship</span></strong></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Immigration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Immigration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Illegal immigration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Illegal immigration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Nationality"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nationality</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Naturalization"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Naturalization</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_to_Remain" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Leave to Remain"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Leave to Remain</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statelessness" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Statelessness"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Statelessness</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><th class="" style="padding-top: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Designations</span></th></tr>
<tr><td class="plainlist" style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_detention" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Administrative detention"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Administrative detainee</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_(law)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Alien (law)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Alien</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><strong class="selflink" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Citizen</span></strong></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Multiple citizenship"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dual-citizen</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Illegal immigration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Illegal immigrant</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_worker" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Migrant worker"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Migrant worker</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native-born_citizen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Native-born citizen"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Native-born citizen</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Naturalization"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Naturalized citizen</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Political prisoner"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political prisoner</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Refugee"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Refugee</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statelessness#Stateless_person" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Statelessness"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Stateless person</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><th class="" style="padding-top: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Social politics</span></th></tr>
<tr><td class="plainlist" style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Immigration law"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Immigration law</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Illegal immigration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Illegal immigration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Nationalism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nationalism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Nationality law"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nationality law</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Nativism (politics)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nativism (politics)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="font-size: 13px; text-align: right;"><div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px;">
<ul style="display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Legal_status" style="background-image: none !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template:Legal status"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Legal_status" style="background-image: none !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template talk:Legal status"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;" title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Legal_status&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li>
</span></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Citizenship</b> is the state of being a <b>citizen</b> of a particular social, political, national, or human resource community. The term describing all citizens as a whole is <i>citizenry</i>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In law, citizenship denotes a link between an individual and a state. Under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International law">international law</a>, citizenship is synonymous to nationality, although the two may have different meanings under national law. A person who does not have citizenship in any state is <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateless_person" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stateless person">stateless</a>.</span></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
Contents</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#National_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">National citizenship</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#Factors_determining_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Factors determining citizenship</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#Different_senses_of_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Different senses of citizenship</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#International_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">International citizenship</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#Commonwealth_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Commonwealth citizenship</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#European_Union_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">European Union citizenship</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#Subnational_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Subnational citizenship</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#History" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#Polis_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Polis citizenship</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#Roman_ideas_of_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Roman ideas of citizenship</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#Middle_Ages" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Ages</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#Renaissance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Renaissance</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#Modern_times" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Modern times</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#Honorary_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Honorary citizenship</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#Citizenship_education" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Citizenship education</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#United_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#Ireland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ireland</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#Nova_Scotia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Nova Scotia</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#See_also" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#Further_reading" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#External_links" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: National citizenship">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="National_citizenship"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">National citizenship</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 20px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 402px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Citizenship_contrasting_views.png" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="300" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Citizenship_contrasting_views.png/400px-Citizenship_contrasting_views.png" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="400" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Citizenship_contrasting_views.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Many theorists suggest that there are two opposing conceptions of citizenship: an economic one, and a political one. For further information, see<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_citizenship#Competing_senses_of_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of citizenship">History of citizenship</a>.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Generally citizenship is seen as the relation between an individual and a particular nation. For example, a person can be described as being a citizen of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Australia">Australia</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. While in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> the main political entity was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="City-state">city-state</a>, during the past five hundred years with the rise of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation-state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a>, citizenship is most closely identified with being a member of a particular nation. To some extent, certain entities cross national boundaries such as trade organizations, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organizations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Non-governmental organizations">non-governmental organizations</a> as well as multi-national corporations, and sometimes the term "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_citizen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World citizen">citizen of the world</a>" has been applied in the sense of people having less ties to a particular nation and more of a sense of belonging to the world in general, but generally citizenship is seen as a marker denoting membership in a nation.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Factors determining citizenship">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Factors_determining_citizenship"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Factors determining citizenship</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The modern sense of citizenship is usually based on one or more of these factors:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Parents are citizens</b>. If a person has one or both parents who are citizens of a given nation, then the person is generally presumed to be a citizen as well, and this is often called by the Latin legal term <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_sanguinis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jus sanguinis">jus sanguinis</a></i>meaning "right of blood". A <i>jus sanguinis</i> policy means that citizenship is granted based on ancestry or<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, and is related to the concept of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation_state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nation state">nation state</a> common in Europe. A person could be born outside of the physical territory of a nation, but if his or her parents are citizens, then the child is presumed to be a citizen as well.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Born within the nation</b>. Many people are presumed to be citizens of a nation if they were born within the physical geographic territory of the nation. This policy is called by the Latin legal term <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_soli" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jus soli">jus soli</a></i> meaning "right of soil". This policy is typical of many countries in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Americas">Americas</a>. Many countries have a hybrid birthright requirement of local nativity and citizenship of at least one parent. These first two factors are usually lumped together under the term <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthright_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Birthright citizenship">birthright citizenship</a>.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Marriage to a citizen</b>. Citizenship can also be obtained by marrying a citizen, which is termed <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jure_matrimonii" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jure matrimonii">jure matrimonii</a></i>.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Naturalization</b>. Citizenship can be obtained by immigrating to a nation, and fulfilling its requirements for citizenship, such as passing a test, and this form of citizenship is termed<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Naturalization">naturalization</a>.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nationality law">Nationality law</a></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Different senses of citizenship">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Different_senses_of_citizenship"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Different senses of citizenship</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Citizenship status, under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social contract">social contract</a> theory, carries with it both rights and responsibilities. In this sense, citizenship was described as "a bundle of rights -- primarily, political participation in the life of the community, the right to vote, and the right to receive certain protection from the community, as well as obligations."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twsJun16_0-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-twsJun16-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> Citizenship is seen by most scholars as culture-specific, in the sense that the meaning of the term varies considerably from culture to culture, and over time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y17_1-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y17-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> How citizenship is understood depends on the person making the determination. The relation of citizenship has never been fixed or static, but constantly changes within each society. While citizenship has varied considerably throughout history, and within societies over time, there are some common elements but they vary considerably as well. As a bond, citizenship extends beyond basic kinship ties to unite people of different genetic backgrounds. It usually signifies membership in a political body. It is often based on, or was a result of, some form of military service or expectation of future service. It usually involves some form of political participation, but this can vary from token acts to active service in government. Citizenship is a status in society. It is an ideal state as well. It generally describes a person with legal rights within a given political order. It almost always has an element of exclusion, meaning that some people are not citizens, and that this distinction can sometimes be very important, or not important, depending on a particular society. Citizenship as a concept is generally hard to isolate intellectually and compare with related political notions, since it relates to many other aspects of society such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Family">family</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Military service">military service</a>, the individual, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_freedom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political freedom">freedom</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Religion">religion</a>, ideas of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethics">right and wrong</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, and patterns for how a person should behave in society.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y14_2-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y14-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> When there are many different groups within a nation, citizenship may be the only real bond which unites everybody as equals without discrimination—it is a "broad bond" linking "a person with the state" and gives people a universal identity as a legal member of a specific nation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y15_3-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y15-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Modern citizenship has often been looked at as two competing underlying ideas:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y18_4-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y18-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <b>liberal-individualist</b> or sometimes <i>liberal</i> conception of citizenship suggests that citizens should have entitlements necessary for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_dignity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human dignity">human dignity</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y14qwea_5-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y14qwea-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> It assumes people act for the purpose of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightened_self-interest" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlightened self-interest">enlightened self-interest</a>. According to this viewpoint, citizens are sovereign, morally autonomous beings with duties to pay taxes, obey the law, engage in business transactions, and defend the nation if it comes under attack,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y14qwea_5-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y14qwea-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> but are essentially passive politically,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y18_4-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y18-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> and their primary focus is on economic betterment. This idea began to appear around the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and became stronger over time, according to one view.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y12-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> According to this formulation, the state exists for the benefit of citizens and has an obligation to respect and protect the rights of citizens, including civil rights and political rights.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y12-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> It was later that so-called social rights became part of the obligation for the state.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y12-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <b>civic-republican</b> or sometimes <i>classical</i> or <i>civic humanist</i> conception of citizenship emphasizes man's political nature, and sees citizenship as an active process, not a passive state or legal marker.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y18_4-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y18-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> It is relatively more concerned that government will interfere with popular places to practice citizenship in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sphere" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a>. Citizenship means being active in government affairs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y14qwea_5-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y14qwea-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> According to one view, most people today live as citizens according to the liberal-individualist conception but wished they lived more according to the civic-republican ideal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y18_4-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y18-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> An ideal citizen is one who exhibits "good civic behavior".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y12-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> Free citizens and a republic government are "mutually interrelated."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y12-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> Citizenship suggested a commitment to "duty and civic virtue".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y12-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Scholars suggest that the concept of citizenship contains many unresolved issues, sometimes called tensions, existing within the relation, that continue to reflect uncertainty about what citizenship is supposed to mean.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y12-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> Some unresolved issues regarding citizenship include questions about what is the proper balance between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duty" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Duty">duties</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rights">rights</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y12-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> Some see these two aspects of citizenship as incompatible, such that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_rights" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social rights">social rights</a> have gone too far with not enough emphasis on <i>duties</i> citizens owe to the state.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y12-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> Another is a question about what is the proper balance between <i>political citizenship</i> versus <i>social citizenship</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y12-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> Some thinkers see benefits with people being absent from public affairs, since too much participation such as revolution can be destructive, yet too little participation such as total apathy can be problematic as well.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y12-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> Citizenship can be seen as a special elite status, and it can also be seen as a democratizing force and something that everybody has; the concept can include both senses.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-11" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y12-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political science">political scientist</a> Arthur Stinchcombe, citizenship is based on the extent that a person can control one's own destiny within the group in the sense of being able to influence the government of the group.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y14_2-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y14-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">:p.150</sup> One last distinction within citizenship is the so-called <i>consent descent</i>distinction, and this issue addresses whether citizenship is a fundamental matter determined by a person <i>choosing</i> to belong to a particular nation––by his or her <i>consent</i>––or is citizenship a matter of where a person was born––that is, by his or her <i>descent</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y16_7-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y16-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: International citizenship">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="International_citizenship"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International citizenship</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In recent years, some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental organizations</a> have extended the concept and terminology associated with citizenship to the international level,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup> where it is applied to the totality of the citizens of their constituent countries combined. Citizenship at this level is a secondary concept, with rights deriving from national citizenship.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Commonwealth citizenship">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Commonwealth_citizenship"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Commonwealth citizenship</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The concept of "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Commonwealth citizen">Commonwealth Citizenship</a>" has been in place ever since the establishment of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. As with the EU, one holds Commonwealth citizenship only by being a citizen of a Commonwealth member state. This form of citizenship offers certain privileges within some Commonwealth countries:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Some such countries do not require tourist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_(document)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Visa (document)">visas</a> of citizens of other Commonwealth countries.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In some Commonwealth countries <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_resident" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Permanent resident">resident</a> citizens of other Commonwealth countries are entitled to political rights, e.g., the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_vote" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Right to vote">right to vote</a> in local and national elections and in some cases even the right to stand for election.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In some instances the right to work in any position (including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil service">civil service</a>) is granted, except for certain specific positions, such as in the defense departments, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</a> or<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="President">President</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a>.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Although <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> left the Commonwealth in 1949, it is often treated as if it were a member, with references being made in legal documents to 'the Commonwealth and the Republic of Ireland', and its citizens are not classified as foreign nationals, particularly in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Canada departed from the principle of nationality being defined in terms of allegiance in 1921. In 1935 the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_State" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> was the first to introduce its own citizenship. However, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_citizen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Irish citizen">Irish citizens</a>were still treated as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_subject" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British subject">subjects of the Crown</a>, and they are still not regarded as foreign, even though Ireland is not a member of the Commonwealth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Citizenship_Act_1946" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Canadian Citizenship Act 1946">Canadian Citizenship Act</a> of 1947 provided for a distinct Canadian Citizenship, automatically conferred upon most individuals born in Canada, with some exceptions, and defined the conditions under which one could become a naturalized citizen. The concept of Commonwealth citizenship was introduced in 1948 in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_British_nationality_law#British_Nationality_Act_1948" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of British nationality law">British Nationality Act 1948</a>. Other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dominion">dominions</a> adopted this principle such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, by way of the British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act of 1948.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: European Union citizenship">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="European_Union_citizenship"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">European Union citizenship</span></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizenship of the European Union</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> introduced the concept of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citizenship of the European Union">citizenship of the European Union</a>. Article 17 (1) of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union#Treaty_on_European_Union" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaty on European Union</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> stated that:</span></div>
<blockquote style="line-height: 20px;">
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall be additional to and not replace national citizenship.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rome_11-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-Rome-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An agreement known as the amended <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC_Treaty" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="EC Treaty">EC Treaty</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rome_11-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-Rome-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> established certain minimal rights for European Union citizens. Article 12 of the amended EC Treaty guaranteed a general right of non-discrimination within the scope of the Treaty. Article 18 provided a limited right to free movement and residence in Member States other than that of which the European Union citizen is a national. Articles 18-21 and 225 provide certain political rights.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Union citizens have also extensive <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Freedoms_(European_Union)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Four Freedoms (European Union)">rights to move in order to exercise economic activity</a> in any of the Member States<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup> which predate the introduction of Union citizenship.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Subnational citizenship">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Subnational_citizenship"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Subnational citizenship</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Citizenship most usually relates to membership of the nation state, but the term can also apply at the subnational level. Subnational entities may impose requirements, of residency or otherwise, which permit citizens to participate in the political life of that entity, or to enjoy benefits provided by the government of that entity. But in such cases, those eligible are also sometimes seen as "citizens" of the relevant state, province, or region. An example of this is how the fundamental basis of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> citizenship is citizenship of an individual commune, from which follows citizenship of a canton and of the Confederation. Another example is <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85land" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Åland">Åland</a> where the residents enjoy a special provincial citizenship within <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <i>hembygdsrätt</i>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a> has a federal system in which a person is a citizen of their specific state of residence, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="California">California</a>, as well as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_in_the_United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citizenship in the United States">citizen of the United States</a>. State constitutions may grant certain rights above and beyond what are granted under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> and may impose their own obligations including the sovereign right of taxation and military service; each state maintains at least one military force subject to national militia transfer service, the state's national guard, and some states maintain a second military force not subject to nationalization.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="History"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">History</span></span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of citizenship">History of citizenship</a></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Polis citizenship">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Polis_citizenship"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Polis citizenship</span></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polis">Polis</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Many thinkers point to the concept of citizenship beginning in the early <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="City-state">city-states</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, although others see it as primarily a modern phenomenon dating back only a few hundred years. Another view is that the concept of citizenship arose with the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Law">laws</a>. <i>Polis</i> meant both the political assembly of the city-state as well as the entire society.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199832_14-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199832-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup> Citizenship has generally been identified as a western phenomenon.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZarrow19974_15-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZarrow19974-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup> There is a general view that citizenship in ancient times was a simpler relation than modern forms of citizenship, although this view has come under scrutiny.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y17_1-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y17-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> The relation of citizenship has not been a fixed or static relation, but constantly changed within each society, and that according to one view, citizenship might "really have worked" only at select periods during certain times, such as when the Athenian politician <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Solon">Solon</a> made reforms in the early Athenian state.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y12-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Historian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Hosking" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Geoffrey Hosking">Geoffrey Hosking</a> in his 2005 <i>Modern Scholar</i> lecture course suggested that citizenship in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> arose from an appreciation for the importance of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_freedom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political freedom">freedom</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twsfjiui_16-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-twsfjiui-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> Hosking explained:</span></div>
<blockquote class="templatequote" style="line-height: 20px; margin-top: 0px;">
<div class="Bug6200">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It can be argued that this growth of slavery was what made Greeks particularly conscious of the value of freedom. After all, any Greek farmer might fall into debt and therefore might become a slave, at almost any time ... When the Greeks fought together, they fought in order to avoid being enslaved by warfare, to avoid being defeated by those who might take them into slavery. And they also arranged their political institutions so as to remain free men.</span></div>
<div class="templatequotecite" style="line-height: 1em; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 2em; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">—Geoffrey Hosking, 2005<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twsfjiui_16-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-twsfjiui-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 20px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arte_greca,_pietra_tombale_di_donna_con_la_sua_assistente,_100_ac._circa.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="177" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arte_greca%2C_pietra_tombale_di_donna_con_la_sua_assistente%2C_100_ac._circa.JPG/220px-Arte_greca%2C_pietra_tombale_di_donna_con_la_sua_assistente%2C_100_ac._circa.JPG" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arte_greca,_pietra_tombale_di_donna_con_la_sua_assistente,_100_ac._circa.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf2/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Geoffrey Hosking suggests that fear of being enslaved was a central motivating force for the development of the Greek sense of citizenship. Sculpture: a Greek woman being served by a slave-child.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Slavery permitted slaveowners to have substantial free time, and enabled participation in public life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twsfjiui_16-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-twsfjiui-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> Polis citizenship was marked by exclusivity. Inequality of status was widespread; citizens had a higher status than non-citizens, such as women, slaves or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarians" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Barbarians">barbarians</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y16_7-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y16-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199833_17-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199833-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> The first form of citizenship was based on the way people lived in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> times, in small-scale organic communities of the polis. Citizenship was not seen as a separate activity from the private life of the individual person, in the sense that there was not a distinction between<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sphere" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public sphere">public</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_sphere" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Private sphere">private</a> life. The obligations of citizenship were deeply connected into one’s everyday life in the polis. These small-scale organic communities were generally seen as a new development in world history, in contrast to the established ancient civilizations of Egypt or Persia, or the hunter-gatherer bands elsewhere. From the viewpoint of the ancient Greeks, a person's public life was not separated from their private life, and Greeks did not distinguish between the two worlds according to the modern western conception. The obligations of citizenship were deeply connected with everyday life. To be truly human, one had to be an active citizen to the community, which Aristotle famously expressed: “To take no part in the running of the community's affairs is to be either a beast or a god!” This form of citizenship was based on obligations of citizens towards the community, rather than rights given to the citizens of the community. This was not a problem because they all had a strong affinity with the polis; their own destiny and the destiny of the community were strongly linked. Also, citizens of the polis saw obligations to the community as an opportunity to be virtuous, it was a source of honour and respect. In Athens, citizens were both ruler and ruled, important political and judicial offices were rotated and all citizens had the right to speak and vote in the political assembly. An important aspect of polis citizenship was exclusivity. Citizenship had a much higher status than non-citizens, such as women, slaves or ‘barbarians’.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Roman ideas of citizenship">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Roman_ideas_of_citizenship"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Roman ideas of citizenship</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, citizenship expanded from small scale communities to the entire empire. Romans realised that granting citizenship to people from all over the empire legitimized Roman rule over conquered areas. Roman citizenship was no longer a status of political agency; it had been reduced to a judicial safeguard and the expression of rule and law.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup> Rome carried forth Greek ideas of citizenship such as the principles of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_under_the_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Equality under the law">equality under the law</a>, civic participation in government, and notions that "no one citizen should have too much power for too long",.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twsffujfk_19-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-twsffujfk-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup> but Rome offered relatively generous terms to its captives, including chances for lesser forms of citizenship.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twsffujfk_19-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-twsffujfk-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup> If Greek citizenship was an "emancipation from the world of things",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199835_20-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199835-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup> the Roman sense increasingly reflected the fact that citizens could act upon material things as well as other citizens, in the sense of buying or selling property, possessions, titles, goods. One historian explained:</span></div>
<blockquote class="templatequote" style="line-height: 20px; margin-top: 0px;">
<div class="Bug6200">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The person was defined and represented through his actions upon things; in the course of time, the term property came to mean, first, the defining characteristic of a human or other being; second, the relation which a person had with a thing; and third, the thing defined as the possession of some person.</span></div>
<div class="templatequotecite" style="line-height: 1em; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 2em; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">—<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._G._A._Pocock" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="J. G. A. Pocock">J. G. A. Pocock</a>, 1988<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199836_21-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199836-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Roman citizenship reflected a struggle between the upper-class <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> interests against the lower-order working groups known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plebs">plebeian</a> class.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twsffujfk_19-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-twsffujfk-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup> A citizen came to be understood as a person "free to act by law, free to ask and expect the law's protection, a citizen of such and such a legal community, of such and such a legal standing in that community."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199837_22-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199837-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup> Citizenship meant having rights to have possessions, immunities, expectations, which were "available in many kinds and degrees, available or unavailable to many kinds of person for many kinds of reason."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199837_22-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199837-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup> And the law, itself, was a kind of bond uniting people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199838_23-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199838-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup> Roman citizenship was more impersonal, universal, multiform, having different degrees and applications.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199838_23-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199838-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Middle_Ages"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Middle Ages</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">During European Middle Ages, citizenship was usually associated with cities, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bourgeoisie">burgher</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Burgher" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Great Burgher">Great Burgher</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> used to have <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Privilege">privileges</a> above <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commoner" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Commoner">commoners</a> (see<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>), but the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and other revolutions revoked these privileges and made citizens.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Renaissance">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Renaissance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Renaissance</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">During the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, people transitioned from being <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjects" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Subjects">subjects</a> of a king or queen to being citizens of a city and later to a nation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y14_2-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y14-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">:p.161</sup> Each city had its own law, courts, and independent administration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber199844_24-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber199844-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup> And being a citizen often meant being subject to the city's law in addition to having power in some instances to help choose officials.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber199844_24-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber199844-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup> City dwellers who had fought alongside nobles in battles to defend their cities were no longer content with having a subordinate social status, but demanded a greater role in the form of citizenship.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber199846_25-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber199846-25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup> Membership in<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guild">guilds</a> was an indirect form of citizenship in that it helped their members succeed financially.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber199846-47_26-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber199846-47-26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup> The rise of citizenship was linked to the rise of republicanism, according to one account, since independent citizens meant that kings had less power.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZarrow19973_27-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZarrow19973-27" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup> Citizenship became an idealized, almost abstract, concept,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-13" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y12-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> and did not signify a submissive relation with a lord or count, but rather indicated the bond between a person and the state in the rather abstract sense of having <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rights">rights</a> and duties.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-14" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y12-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Modern times">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Modern_times"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Modern times</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The modern idea of citizenship still respects the idea of political participation, but it is usually done through "elaborate systems of political representation at a distance" such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y17_1-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y17-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> Modern citizenship is much more passive; action is delegated to others; citizenship is often a constraint on acting, not an impetus to act.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y17_1-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y17-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> Nevertheless, citizens are usually aware of their obligations to authorities, and are aware that these bonds often limit what they can do.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tws2Y17_1-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-tws2Y17-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></span></div>
<div class="rellink boilerplate further" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of citizenship">History of citizenship</a></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Honorary citizenship">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Honorary_citizenship"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Honorary citizenship</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Some countries extend "honorary citizenship" to those whom they consider to be especially admirable or worthy of the distinction.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Congress" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Act of Congress">act of United States Congress</a> and presidential assent, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_citizen_of_the_United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Honorary citizen of the United States">honorary United States citizenship</a> has been awarded to only seven individuals. Honorary Canadian citizenship requires the unanimous approval of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a>. The only people to ever receive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_Canadian_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Honorary Canadian citizenship">honorary Canadian citizenship</a> are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Raoul Wallenberg">Raoul Wallenberg</a> posthumously in 1985, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> in 2001, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>, Tenzin Gyatso in 2006, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> in 2007 and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aga Khan IV">Prince Karim Aga Khan</a> in 2009.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In 2002 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> awarded honorary citizenship to Dutch football (soccer) coach <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guus_Hiddink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guus Hiddink">Guus Hiddink</a> who successfully and unexpectedly took the national team to the semi-finals of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2002 FIFA World Cup">2002 FIFA World Cup</a>. Honorary citizenship was also awarded to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hines_Ward" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hines Ward">Hines Ward</a>, a black <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_American" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Korean American">Korean American</a> football player, in 2006 for his efforts to minimize discrimination in Korea against half-Koreans.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">American actress <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_Jolie" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Angelina Jolie">Angelina Jolie</a> received an honorary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambodia">Cambodian</a> citizenship in 2005 due to her humanitarian efforts. Cricketers <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Hayden" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Matthew Hayden">Matthew Hayden</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschelle_Gibbs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Herschelle Gibbs">Herschelle Gibbs</a> were awarded honorary citizenship of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Kitts_and_Nevis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="St. Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a> in March 2007 due to their record-breaking innings in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2007 Cricket World Cup">2007 Cricket World Cup</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Germany">Germany</a> the honorary citizenship is awarded by cities, towns and sometimes federal states. The honorary citizenship ends with the death of the honoured, or, in exceptional cases, when it is taken away by the council or parliament of the city, town, or state. In the case of war criminals, all such honours were taken away by "Article VIII, section II, letter i of the directive 38 of the Allied Control Council for Germany" on October 12, 1946. In some cases, honorary citizenship was taken away from members of the former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="East Germany">GDR</a> regime, e.g. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Honecker" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a>, after the collapse of the GDR in 1989/90.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2008">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In Ireland, "honorary citizenship" bestowed on a foreigner is in fact full legal citizenship including the right to reside in Ireland, to vote etc.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">According to the Chapter II, Article 29, Paragraph 'e)' of the Cuban Constitution, Cuban citizens by birth are those foreigners who, by virtue of their exceptional merits won in the struggles for Cuba’s liberation, were considered Cuban citizens by birth. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_Guevara" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> was made an honorary citizen of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> for his part in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>, of which Guevara later renounced in his well known farewell letter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dfes1_28-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-dfes1-28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Historically, many states limited citizenship to only a proportion of their population, thereby creating a citizen class with political rights superior to other sections of the population, but equal with each other. The classical example of a limited citizenry was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Athenian democracy">Athens</a> where slaves, women, and resident foreigners (called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Metic">metics</a>) were excluded from political rights. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> forms another example (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a>), and, more recently, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Szlachta">nobility</a> of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> had some of the same characteristics.</span></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: both; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: auto; padding: 1px; text-align: center; width: 1040px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="padding: 2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" id="collapsibleTable0" style="background-color: transparent; border-spacing: 0px; font-size: 12px; width: 1036px;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col" style="background-color: #ccccff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 6em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#" id="collapseButton0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">hide</a>]</span></span><br />
<div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="float: left; font-weight: normal; margin-right: 0.5em; text-align: left; width: 6em;">
<ul style="display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Honorary_Citizenship" style="background-image: none !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template:Honorary Citizenship"><span style="background-color: transparent; background-image: none; border: none; font-variant: small-caps;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Honorary_Citizenship" style="background-image: none !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template talk:Honorary Citizenship"><span style="background-color: transparent; background-image: none; border: none; font-variant: small-caps;" title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Honorary_Citizenship&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; background-image: none; border: none; font-variant: small-caps;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li>
</span></ul>
</div>
<div class="">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship#Honorary_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Citizenship">Honorary citizenship</a> around the world</span></div>
</th></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px; width: 1036px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Berlin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="List of honorary citizens of Berlin">Berlin</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_Canadian_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Honorary Canadian citizenship">Canada</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_granted_honorary_French_citizenship_during_the_French_Revolution" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="List of people granted honorary French citizenship during the French Revolution">Revolutionary France</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Gyumri" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="List of honorary citizens of Gyumri">Gyumri</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Hamburg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="List of honorary citizens of Hamburg">Hamburg</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_nationality_law#By_grant_of_honorary_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Irish nationality law">Ireland</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Paris" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="List of honorary citizens of Paris">Paris</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Schleswig-Holstein" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="List of honorary citizens of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_Citizen_of_Singapore" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Honorary Citizen of Singapore">Singapore</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_citizen_of_the_United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Honorary citizen of the United States">United States</a> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Zagreb" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="List of honorary citizens of Zagreb">Zagreb</a></span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Citizenship education">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Citizenship_education"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Citizenship education</span></span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_education" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citizenship education">Citizenship education</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Active citizenship">Active citizenship</a>" is the philosophy that citizens should work towards the betterment of their community through economic participation, public, volunteer work, and other such efforts to improve life for all citizens. In this vein, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="School">schools</a> in some countries provide <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_education" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citizenship education">citizenship education</a>.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="United_Kingdom"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">United Kingdom</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Citizenship is offered as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">General Certificate of Secondary Education</a> (GCSE) course in many schools in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. As well as teaching knowledge about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, parliament, government, the justice system, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and the UK's relations with the wider world, students participate in active citizenship, often involving a social action or social enterprise in their local community.</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Citizenship is a compulsory subject of the National Curriculum in state schools in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="England">England</a> for all pupils aged 11–16. Some schools offer a qualification in this subject at <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCSE" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="GCSE">GCSE</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_level" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="A level">A level</a>. All state schools have a statutory requirement to teach the subject, assess pupil attainment and report student's progress in citizenship to parents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dfes_29-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-dfes-29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wales">Wales</a> the model used is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_and_Social_Education" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Personal and Social Education">Personal and Social Education</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-31" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Citizenship is not taught as a discrete subject in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> schools, but is a cross-curricular strand of the Curriculum for Excellence. However they do teach a subject called "Modern Studies" which covers the social, political and economic study of local, national and international issues.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-32" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ireland"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ireland</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It is taught in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> as an exam subject for the Junior Certificate. It is known as Civic, Social and Political Education (CSPE). A new Leaving Certificate exam subject with the working title 'Politics & Society' is being developed by the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NCCA) and is expected to be introduced to the curriculum sometime after 2012.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_note-33" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Nova Scotia">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Nova_Scotia"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Nova Scotia</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Citizenship is taught as a unit as part of the curriculum in Grade 8 Social Studies in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from July 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">See also</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_in_the_United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citizenship in the United States"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Citizenship in the United States</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="History of citizenship"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">History of citizenship</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnational_citizenship" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Transnational citizenship"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Transnational citizenship</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="References"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">References</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-webkit-column-count: 3; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
<ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-twsJun16-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-twsJun16_0-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Virginia Leary (2000). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=HIKz0oJxGSgC&pg=PA247" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Citizenship. Human rights, and Diversity"</a>. In Alan C. Cairns, John C. Courtney, Peter MacKinnon, Hans J. Michelmann, David E. Smith.<a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=HIKz0oJxGSgC" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Citizenship, Diversity, and Pluralism: Canadian and Comparative Perspectives</i></a>. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 247–264. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1893-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1893-3">978-0-7735-1893-3</a>. "... The concept of 'citizenship' has long acquired the connotation of a bundle of rights... ."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Citizenship.+Human+rights%2C+and+Diversity&rft.atitle=Citizenship%2C+Diversity%2C+and+Pluralism%3A+Canadian+and+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.aulast=Virginia+Leary&rft.au=Virginia+Leary&rft.date=2000&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B247%E2%80%93264&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-1893-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHIKz0oJxGSgC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws2Y17-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y17_1-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y17_1-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y17_1-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y17_1-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y17_1-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Isin (co-editor), Engin F.; Bryan S. Turner (co-editor) (2002). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=gtiZqLcJYZEC&pg=PA89&dq=%22history+of+citizenship%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h4YhT_b0Mcbl0gHF9MH_CA&ved=0CHUQ6AEwCTgU#v=onepage&q=%22history%20of%20citizenship%22&f=false" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Handbook of Citizenship Studies</i></a>. Chapter 5 -- David Burchell -- Ancient Citizenship and its Inheritors; Chapter 6 -- Rogers M. Smith -- Modern Citizenship. London: Sage. pp. 89–104, 105. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-6858-X" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-6858-X">0-7619-6858-X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Citizenship+Studies&rft.aulast=Isin+%28co-editor%29&rft.aufirst=Engin+F.&rft.au=Isin+%28co-editor%29%2C%26%2332%3BEngin+F.&rft.date=2002&rft.series=Chapter+5+--+David+Burchell+--+Ancient+Citizenship+and+its+Inheritors%3B+Chapter+6+--+Rogers+M.+Smith+--+Modern+Citizenship&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B89%E2%80%93104%2C+105&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage&rft.isbn=0-7619-6858-X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgtiZqLcJYZEC%26pg%3DPA89%26dq%3D%2522history%2Bof%2Bcitizenship%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3Dh4YhT_b0Mcbl0gHF9MH_CA%26ved%3D0CHUQ6AEwCTgU%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522history%2520of%2520citizenship%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws2Y14-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y14_2-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y14_2-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y14_2-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Taylor, David; Bryan Turner and Peter Hamilton (editors) (1994). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=hX-mbqrZeHsC&pg=PA137&dq=%22history+of+citizenship%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7awgT46HJsbq0QGxrNnQCA&ved=0CHYQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=%22history%20of%20citizenship%22&f=false" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Citizenship: Critical Concepts</i></a>. United States and Canada: Routledge. pp. 476 pages total;.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07036-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-07036-8">0-415-07036-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship%3A+Critical+Concepts&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Taylor%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.date=1994&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B476+pages+total%3B&rft.place=United+States+and+Canada&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=0-415-07036-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhX-mbqrZeHsC%26pg%3DPA137%26dq%3D%2522history%2Bof%2Bcitizenship%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3D7awgT46HJsbq0QGxrNnQCA%26ved%3D0CHYQ6AEwCTgK%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522history%2520of%2520citizenship%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws2Y15-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y15_3-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gross, Feliks (1999). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=I6wM4X9UQ8QC&pg=PR8&dq=%22history+of+citizenship%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h4YhT_b0Mcbl0gHF9MH_CA&ved=0CF0Q6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&q=%22history%20of%20citizenship%22&f=false" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Citizenship and ethnicity: the growth and development of a democratic multiethnic institution</i></a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. xi, xii, xiii,4.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30932-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30932-9">0-313-30932-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+and+ethnicity%3A+the+growth+and+development+of+a+democratic+multiethnic+institution&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Feliks&rft.au=Gross%2C%26%2332%3BFeliks&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3Bxi%2C+xii%2C+xiii%2C4&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.isbn=0-313-30932-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI6wM4X9UQ8QC%26pg%3DPR8%26dq%3D%2522history%2Bof%2Bcitizenship%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3Dh4YhT_b0Mcbl0gHF9MH_CA%26ved%3D0CF0Q6AEwBTgU%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522history%2520of%2520citizenship%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws2Y18-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y18_4-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y18_4-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y18_4-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y18_4-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Beiner (editor), Ronald (1995). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=N8kI2WCUML0C&pg=PA54&dq=%22history+of+citizenship%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wg4iT9KMHqL00gHB04XeCA&ved=0CD4Q6AEwADge#v=onepage&q=%22history%20of%20citizenship%22&f=false" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Theorizing Citizenship</i></a>. J. G. A. Pocock, Michael Ignatieff. USA: State University of New York, Albany. pp. 29, 54. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2335-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2335-2">0-7914-2335-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theorizing+Citizenship&rft.aulast=Beiner+%28editor%29&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Beiner+%28editor%29%2C%26%2332%3BRonald&rft.date=1995&rft.series=J.+G.+A.+Pocock%2C+Michael+Ignatieff&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B29%2C+54&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York%2C+Albany&rft.isbn=0-7914-2335-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN8kI2WCUML0C%26pg%3DPA54%26dq%3D%2522history%2Bof%2Bcitizenship%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3Dwg4iT9KMHqL00gHB04XeCA%26ved%3D0CD4Q6AEwADge%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522history%2520of%2520citizenship%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws2Y14qwea-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y14qwea_5-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y14qwea_5-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y14qwea_5-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Oldfield, Adrian; Bryan Turner and Peter Hamilton (editors) (1994). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=hX-mbqrZeHsC&pg=PA137&dq=%22history+of+citizenship%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7awgT46HJsbq0QGxrNnQCA&ved=0CHYQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=%22history%20of%20citizenship%22&f=false" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Citizenship: Critical Concepts</i></a>. United States and Canada: Routledge. pp. 476 pages total; source: <i>The Political Quarterly</i>, 1990 vol.61, pp. 177–187; in the book, pages 188+.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship%3A+Critical+Concepts&rft.aulast=Oldfield&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Oldfield%2C%26%2332%3BAdrian&rft.date=1994&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B476+pages+total%3B+source%3A+%27%27The+Political+Quarterly%27%27%2C+1990+vol.61%2C+pp.+177%E2%80%93187%3B+in+the+book%2C+pages+188%2B&rft.place=United+States+and+Canada&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhX-mbqrZeHsC%26pg%3DPA137%26dq%3D%2522history%2Bof%2Bcitizenship%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3D7awgT46HJsbq0QGxrNnQCA%26ved%3D0CHYQ6AEwCTgK%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522history%2520of%2520citizenship%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws2Y12-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y12_6-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Heater, Derek (2004). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=c-falFSTRQwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22history+of+citizenship%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=F4kgT_ol6bzQAa6eoLUI&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22history%20of%20citizenship%22&f=false" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>A Brief History of Citizenship</i></a>. New York City: New York University Press. pp. 157. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-3671-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-3671-8">0-8147-3671-8</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Citizenship&rft.aulast=Heater&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Heater%2C%26%2332%3BDerek&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B157&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-8147-3671-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc-falFSTRQwC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3D%2522history%2Bof%2Bcitizenship%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DF4kgT_ol6bzQAa6eoLUI%26ved%3D0CDsQ6AEwAA%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522history%2520of%2520citizenship%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tws2Y16-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y16_7-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-tws2Y16_7-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hebert (editor), Yvonne M. (2002). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=wHN4POIB1IIC&pg=PA38&dq=%22history+of+citizenship%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h4YhT_b0Mcbl0gHF9MH_CA&ved=0CG8Q6AEwCDgU#v=onepage&q=%22history%20of%20citizenship%22&f=false" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Citizenship in transformation in Canada</i></a>. chapters by Veronica Strong-Boag, Yvonne Hebert, Lori Wilkinson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 3, 4, 5. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-0850-X" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-0850-X">0-8020-0850-X</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+in+transformation+in+Canada&rft.aulast=Hebert+%28editor%29&rft.aufirst=Yvonne+M.&rft.au=Hebert+%28editor%29%2C%26%2332%3BYvonne+M.&rft.date=2002&rft.series=chapters+by+Veronica+Strong-Boag%2C+Yvonne+Hebert%2C+Lori+Wilkinson&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B3%2C+4%2C+5&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.isbn=0-8020-0850-X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwHN4POIB1IIC%26pg%3DPA38%26dq%3D%2522history%2Bof%2Bcitizenship%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3Dh4YhT_b0Mcbl0gHF9MH_CA%26ved%3D0CG8Q6AEwCDgU%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522history%2520of%2520citizenship%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a>, <a class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8737.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>"The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy"</i></a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, Princeton, 2008</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Murray v Parkes</i> [1942] All ER 123.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: the consolidated version.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Rome-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-Rome_11-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-Rome_11-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2008:115:0001:01:EN:HTML" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: Articles 39, 43, 49 EC.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Violaine Hacker, « Citoyenneté culturelle et politique européenne des médias : entre compétitivité et promotion des valeurs », NATIONS, CULTURES ET ENTREPRISES EN EUROPE, sous la direction de Gilles Rouet, Collection Local et Global, L’Harmattan, Paris, pp. 163-184</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199832-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199832_14-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#CITEREFPocock1998" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Pocock 1998</a>, p. 32.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZarrow19974-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZarrow19974_15-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#CITEREFZarrow1997" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Zarrow 1997</a>, p. 4.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-twsfjiui-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-twsfjiui_16-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-twsfjiui_16-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-twsfjiui_16-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hosking, Geoffrey (2005). <i>Epochs of European Civilization: Antiquity to Renaissance</i>. Lecture 3: Ancient Greece. United Kingdom: The Modern Scholar via Recorded Books. pp. 1, 2 (tracks). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4025-8360-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-4025-8360-5">1-4025-8360-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epochs+of+European+Civilization%3A+Antiquity+to+Renaissance&rft.aulast=Hosking&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Hosking%2C%26%2332%3BGeoffrey&rft.date=2005&rft.series=Lecture+3%3A+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%2C+2+%28tracks%29&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=The+Modern+Scholar+via+Recorded+Books&rft.isbn=1-4025-8360-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199833-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199833_17-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#CITEREFPocock1998" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Pocock 1998</a>, p. 33.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civis_romanus_sum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civis romanus sum">Civis romanus sum</a>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-twsffujfk-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-twsffujfk_19-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-twsffujfk_19-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-twsffujfk_19-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Hosking, Geoffrey (2005). <i>Epochs of European Civilization: Antiquity to Renaissance</i>. Lecture 5: Rome as a city-state. United Kingdom: The Modern Scholar via Recorded Books. pp. tracks 1 through 9. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4025-8360-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-4025-8360-5">1-4025-8360-5</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epochs+of+European+Civilization%3A+Antiquity+to+Renaissance&rft.aulast=Hosking&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Hosking%2C%26%2332%3BGeoffrey&rft.date=2005&rft.series=Lecture+5%3A+Rome+as+a+city-state&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3Btracks+1+through+9&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=The+Modern+Scholar+via+Recorded+Books&rft.isbn=1-4025-8360-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199835-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199835_20-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#CITEREFPocock1998" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Pocock 1998</a>, p. 35.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199836-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199836_21-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#CITEREFPocock1998" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Pocock 1998</a>, p. 36.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199837-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199837_22-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199837_22-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#CITEREFPocock1998" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Pocock 1998</a>, p. 37.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPocock199838-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199838_23-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPocock199838_23-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#CITEREFPocock1998" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Pocock 1998</a>, p. 38.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber199844-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber199844_24-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber199844_24-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#CITEREFWeber1998" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Weber 1998</a>, p. 44.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber199846-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber199846_25-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#CITEREFWeber1998" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Weber 1998</a>, p. 46.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber199846-47-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber199846-47_26-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#CITEREFWeber1998" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Weber 1998</a>, pp. 46-47.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZarrow19973-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZarrow19973_27-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#CITEREFZarrow1997" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">Zarrow 1997</a>, p. 3.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-dfes1-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-dfes1_28-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.historyofcuba.com/history/cheltr.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Che's Farewell Letter"</a>. History of Cuba (historyofcuba.com). 1965<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-09-22</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Che%27s+Farewell+Letter&rft.atitle=&rft.date=1965&rft.pub=History+of+Cuba+%28historyofcuba.com%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofcuba.com%2Fhistory%2Fcheltr.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-dfes-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-dfes_29-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.dfes.gov.uk/citizenship/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"National curriculum"</a>. British Government, Department for Children, Schools and Families<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2009-02-02</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=National+curriculum&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=British+Government%2C+Department+for+Children%2C+Schools+and+Families&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfes.gov.uk%2Fcitizenship%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://new.wales.gov.uk/publications/circular/circulars03/NAFWC132003?lang=en" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"NAFWC 13/2003 Personal and Social Education (PSE) and Work-Related Education (WRE) in the Basic Curriculum. Education (WRE) in the Basic Curriculum."</a>. Welsh Assembly Government. 15 June 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-06-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=NAFWC+13%2F2003+Personal+and+Social+Education+%28PSE%29+and+Work-Related+Education+%28WRE%29+in+the+Basic+Curriculum.+Education+%28WRE%29+in+the+Basic+Curriculum.&rft.atitle=&rft.date=15+June+2003&rft.pub=Welsh+Assembly+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew.wales.gov.uk%2Fpublications%2Fcircular%2Fcirculars03%2FNAFWC132003%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-31" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/educationandskills/policy_strategy_and_planning/schools/339214-wag/key_documents/supporting_specific_groups/personal_social_education?lang=en" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Personal and Social Education Framework: Key Stages 1 to 4 in Wales"</a>. Welsh Assembly Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-06-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Personal+and+Social+Education+Framework%3A+Key+Stages+1+to+4+in+Wales&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Welsh+Assembly+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnew.wales.gov.uk%2Ftopics%2Feducationandskills%2Fpolicy_strategy_and_planning%2Fschools%2F339214-wag%2Fkey_documents%2Fsupporting_specific_groups%2Fpersonal_social_education%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-32" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.msa-scotland.co.uk/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Modern Studies Association"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-08-09</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Modern+Studies+Association&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msa-scotland.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen#cite_ref-33" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span><span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.ncca.ie/en/Publications/Reports/Senior_Cycle_Politics_and_Society_Report_on_the_consultation.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.ncca.ie/en/Publications/Reports/Senior_Cycle_Politics_and_Society_Report_on_the_consultation.pdf</a></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFWeber1998" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Weber, Max (1998). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=i6U7CTuCJLYC" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Citizenship in Ancient and Medieval Cities</i></a>. Chapter 3. Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota. pp. 43–49. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2880-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-2880-7">0-8166-2880-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+in+Ancient+and+Medieval+Cities&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Weber%2C%26%2332%3BMax&rft.date=1998&rft.series=Chapter+3&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B43%E2%80%9349&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=The+University+of+Minnesota&rft.isbn=0-8166-2880-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di6U7CTuCJLYC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFZarrow1997" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Zarrow, Peter (1997), Fogel, Joshua A.; Zarrow, Peter G., eds., <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=JL6hMClDKMgC" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Imagining the People: Chinese Intellectuals and the Concept of Citizenship, 1890-1920</i></a>, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, pp. 3, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7656-0098-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-7656-0098-6">0-7656-0098-6</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+the+People%3A+Chinese+Intellectuals+and+the+Concept+of+Citizenship%2C+1890-1920&rft.aulast=Zarrow&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Zarrow%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&rft.date=1997&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B3&rft.place=Armonk%2C+NY&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.isbn=0-7656-0098-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJL6hMClDKMgC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" id="CITEREFPocock1998" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Pocock, J. G. A. (1998). Shafir, Gershon. ed. <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=i6U7CTuCJLYC" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The Citizenship Debates</i></a>. Chapter 2 -- The Ideal of Citizenship since Classical Times (originally published in <i>Queen's Quarterly</i> 99, no. 1). Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota. pp. 31. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2880-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-2880-7">0-8166-2880-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Citizenship+Debates&rft.aulast=Pocock&rft.aufirst=J.+G.+A.&rft.au=Pocock%2C%26%2332%3BJ.+G.+A.&rft.date=1998&rft.series=Chapter+2+--+The+Ideal+of+Citizenship+since+Classical+Times+%28originally+published+in+%27%27Queen%27s+Quarterly%27%27+99%2C+no.+1%29&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B31&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=The+University+of+Minnesota&rft.isbn=0-8166-2880-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di6U7CTuCJLYC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Further reading</span></span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Daniele Archibugi">Archibugi, Daniele</a> (2008). <i>The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2976-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2976-7">978-1-4008-2976-7</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Commonwealth+of+Citizens.+Toward+Cosmopolitan+Democracy&rft.aulast=%5B%5BDaniele+Archibugi%7CArchibugi%2C+Daniele%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BDaniele+Archibugi%7CArchibugi%2C+Daniele%5D%5D&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2976-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Beaven, Brad, and John Griffiths. "Creating the Exemplary Citizen: The Changing Notion of Citizenship in Britain 1870–1939," <i>Contemporary British History</i> (2008) 22#2 pp 203–225<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F13619460701189559" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1080/13619460701189559</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Carens" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Joseph Carens">Carens, Joseph</a> (2000). <i>Culture, Citizenship, and Community: A Contextual Exploration of Justice as Evenhandedness</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829768-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829768-0">978-0-19-829768-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture%2C+Citizenship%2C+and+Community%3A+A+Contextual+Exploration+of+Justice+as+Evenhandedness&rft.aulast=%5B%5BJoseph+Carens%7CCarens%2C+Joseph%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BJoseph+Carens%7CCarens%2C+Joseph%5D%5D&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829768-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Heater, Derek (2004). <i>A Brief History of Citizenship</i>. NYU Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3672-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3672-2">978-0-8147-3672-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Citizenship&rft.aulast=Heater&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Heater%2C%26%2332%3BDerek&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3672-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka, Will</a> (1995). <i>Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829091-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829091-9">978-0-19-829091-9</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicultural+Citizenship%3A+A+Liberal+Theory+of+Minority+Rights&rft.aulast=Kymlicka&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Kymlicka%2C%26%2332%3BWill&rft.date=1995&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829091-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Maas, Willem (2007). <i>Creating European Citizens</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5486-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5486-3">978-0-7425-5486-3</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+European+Citizens&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Willem&rft.au=Maas%2C%26%2332%3BWillem&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5486-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Marshall, T.H. (1950). <i>Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays</i>. Cambridge University Press.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+and+Social+Class+and+Other+Essays&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=T.H.&rft.au=Marshall%2C%26%2332%3BT.H.&rft.date=1950&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Shue, Henry (1950). <i>Basic Rights</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Rights&rft.aulast=Shue&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Shue%2C%26%2332%3BHenry&rft.date=1950&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Smith, Rogers (2003). <i>Stories of Peoplehood: The Politics and Morals of Political Membership</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52003-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52003-4">978-0-521-52003-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stories+of+Peoplehood%3A+The+Politics+and+Morals+of+Political+Membership&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Rogers&rft.au=Smith%2C%26%2332%3BRogers&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52003-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Somers, Margaret (2008). <i>Genealogies of Citizenship: Markets, Statelessness, and the Right to Have Rights</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79394-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79394-0">978-0-521-79394-0</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogies+of+Citizenship%3A+Markets%2C+Statelessness%2C+and+the+Right+to+Have+Rights&rft.aulast=Somers&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Somers%2C%26%2332%3BMargaret&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79394-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Soysal, Yasemin (1994). <i>Limits of Citizenship. Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe</i>. University of Chicago Press.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limits+of+Citizenship.+Migrants+and+Postnational+Membership+in+Europe&rft.aulast=Soysal&rft.aufirst=Yasemin&rft.au=Soysal%2C%26%2332%3BYasemin&rft.date=1994&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Turner, Bryan S. (1994). <i>Citizenship and Social Theory</i>. Sage. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-8611-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-8611-4">978-0-8039-8611-4</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+and+Social+Theory&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Bryan+S.&rft.au=Turner%2C%26%2332%3BBryan+S.&rft.date=1994&rft.pub=Sage&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-8611-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Citizenship"></span></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Citizenship&action=edit&section=22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">External links</span></span></h2>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 163px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:<i><b><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Citizenship" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Citizenship</a></b></i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="37" /></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 166px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Look up <i><b><a class="external text" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/citizenship" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">citizenship</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/pshe_and_citizenship/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">BBC PSHE & Citizenship</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/citizenship" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Citizenship</a> entry by Dominique Leydet in the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060404042127/http://www.opm.gov/extra/investigate/IS-01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-position: 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"Citizenship Laws of the World"</a> (pdf). United States Office of Personnel Management Investigations Service. March 2001. Archived from<a class="external text" href="http://opm.gov/extra/investigate/IS-01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-position: 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on 2006-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2007-03-07</span>.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">reference : </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen</a></span></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-16571673394939382862012-05-22T04:11:00.000-07:002012-05-25T09:27:09.780-07:00Political Prisoner<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">According to the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, a </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">political prisoner</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> is ‘someone who is in prison because they have opposed or criticized the government of their own country’.</span><br />
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The term is used by persons or groups challenging the legitimacy of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Internment">detention</a> of a prisoner. Supporters of the term define a political prisoner as someone who is imprisoned for his or her participation in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politics">political activity</a>. If a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_offense" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political offense">political offense</a> was not the official reason for detention, the term would imply that the detention was motivated by the prisoner's politics.</span></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"></span><br />
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
Contents</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#Various_definitions" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Various definitions</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#Variants" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Variants</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#Famous_historic_political_prisoners" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Famous historic political prisoners</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#Further_reading" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_prisoner&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Various definitions">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Various_definitions"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Various definitions</span></span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Some understand the term political prisoner narrowly, equating it with the term <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prisoner of conscience">prisoner of conscience</a> (POC). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> campaigns for the release of prisoners of conscience, which include both political prisoners as well as those imprisoned for their religious or philosophical beliefs. To reduce controversy, and as a matter of principle, the organization's policy applies only to prisoners who have not committed or advocated violence. Thus, there are political prisoners who do not fit the narrower criteria for POCs:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_note-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></span></div>
<blockquote style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">AI uses the term “political prisoner” broadly. It does not use it, as some others do, to imply that all such prisoners have a special status or should be released. It uses the term only to define a category of prisoners for whom AI demands a fair and prompt trial. In AI's usage, the term includes any prisoner whose case has a significant political element: whether the motivation of the prisoner's acts, the acts in themselves, or the motivation of the authorities. “Political” is used by AI to refer to aspects of human relations related to “politics”: the mechanisms of society and civil order, the principles, organization, or conduct of government or public affairs, and the relation of all these to questions of language, ethnic origin, sex or religion, status or influence (among other factors). The category of political prisoners embraces the category of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_conscience" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prisoners of conscience">prisoners of conscience</a>, the only prisoners who AI demands should be immediately and unconditionally released, as well as people who resort to criminal violence for a political motive. In AI's use of the term, here are some examples of political prisoners:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">a person accused or convicted of an ordinary crime carried out for political motives, such as murder or robbery carried out to support the objectives of an opposition group;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">a person accused or convicted of an ordinary crime committed in a political context, such as at a demonstration by a trade union or a peasants' organization;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">a member or suspected member of an armed opposition group who has been charged with treason or “subversion”.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Governments often say they have no political prisoners, only prisoners held under the normal criminal law. AI however describes cases like the examples given above as “political” and uses the terms “political trial” and “political imprisonment” when referring to them. But by doing so AI does not oppose the imprisonment, except where it further maintains that the prisoner is a prisoner of conscience, or condemn the trial, except where it concludes that it was unfair.</span></blockquote>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the parlance of many political movements that utilize <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_resistance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Armed resistance">armed resistance</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>, and other forms of political violence, a political prisoner includes people who are imprisoned because they are awaiting trial for, or have been convicted of, actions which states they oppose describe as (accurately or otherwise) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>. These movements may consider the actions of political prisoners morally justified against some system of governance, may claim innocence, or have varying understandings of what types of violence are morally and ethically justified. For instance, French<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> groups typically call the former members of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Directe_(gang)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Action Directe (gang)">Action Directe</a> held in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="France">France</a> political prisoners. While the French government deemed Action Directe illegal, the group fashioned itself as an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_guerilla" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Urban guerilla">urban guerilla</a> movement, claiming a legitimate <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_struggle" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Armed struggle">armed struggle</a>. In this sense, "political prisoner" can be used to describe any politically active prisoner who is held in custody for a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Fighter" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Freedom Fighter">violent action which supporters deem ethically justified</a>.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. from October 2009">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> also include all convicted for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Treason">treason</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Espionage">espionage</a> in the category of political prisoners.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political prisoners can also be imprisoned with no legal veneer by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Extrajudicial punishment">extrajudicial processes</a>. Some political prisoners need not be imprisoned at all. Supporters of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedhun_Choekyi_Nyima" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gedhun Choekyi Nyima">Gedhun Choekyi Nyima</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Panchen_Lama_controversy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="11th Panchen Lama controversy">11th Panchen Lama controversy</a> have called him a "political prisoner", despite the fact that he is not accused of a political offense. He is held under secluded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arrest" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="House arrest">house arrest</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political prisoners are also arrested and tried with a veneer of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_process" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legal process">legality</a> where false <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Criminal law">criminal</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indictment">charges</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsified_evidence" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Falsified evidence">manufactured evidence</a>, and unfair trials (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_court" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kangaroo court">kangaroo courts</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_trial" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Show trial">show trials</a>) are used to disguise the fact that an individual is a political prisoner. This is common in situations which may otherwise be decried nationally and internationally as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human rights">human rights</a> violation or suppression of a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_dissident" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political dissident">political dissident</a>. A political prisoner can also be someone that has been denied <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bail" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bail">bail</a> unfairly, denied <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parole">parole</a> when it would reasonably have been given to a prisoner charged with a comparable crime, or special powers may be invoked by the judiciary. Particularly in this latter situation, whether an individual is regarded as a political prisoner may depend upon subjective political perspective or interpretation of the evidence.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_prisoner&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Variants">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Variants"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Variants</span></span></h3>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikhushka" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Psikhushka">dubious psychiatric diagnoses</a> were sometimes used to confine political prisoners.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacht_und_Nebel" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nacht und Nebel">"Night and Fog" prisoners</a> were among the first victims of fascist repression.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, entire families are jailed in large <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea#Internment_camps_for_political_prisoners" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human rights in North Korea">political prison camps</a> if one family member is suspected of anti-government sentiments.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political prisoners sometimes write memoirs of their experiences and resulting insights. See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_memoirs_of_political_prisoners" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of memoirs of political prisoners">list of memoirs of political prisoners</a>. Some of these memoirs have become important political texts.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In Finland, on 30 May 2008, the Tampere District Court sentenced Seppo Lehto, a political activist, to two years and four months imprisonment. Lehto was charged with nine counts of his political opinions, especially gross defamation, inciting ethnic hatred and religious blasphemy against Islam.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_prisoner&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Famous historic political prisoners">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Famous_historic_political_prisoners"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Famous historic political prisoners</span></span></h3>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; color: black; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 83px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Unbalanced scales.svg" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="45" /></span></div>
</td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 580px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>. Please see the discussion on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Political_prisoner" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Talk:Political prisoner">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOVD#What_is_an_NPOV_dispute.3F" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:NPOVD">dispute is resolved.</a> <small><i>(February 2012)</i></small></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> led the opposition <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National League for Democracy">National League for Democracy</a> which was victorious in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_general_election,_1990" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Myanmar general election, 1990">1990 general election</a>. Under jail or house arrest for 15 out of the 21 years from 1990 to 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-time10_3-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_note-time10-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Dae_Jung" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kim Dae Jung">Kim Dae Jung</a> served one term (1976–1979) and in 1980 was exiled to the United States, but returned in 1985 and became President of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> in 1998.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Sands" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bobby Sands">Bobby Sands</a> was an Irish volunteer of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and elected member of the UK Parliament who died on hunger strike along with several other Irish volunteers while imprisoned in HM Prison Maze. His funeral was attended by 100,000 people <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> was arrested for treason in 1956 and acquitted. He left the country and returned, only to be rearrested and imprisoned for a long term (1962–1990) for paramilitary offences & political activism, after which he negotiated the end of Apartheid and went on to become President of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-time10_3-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_note-time10-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mapfumo" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas Mapfumo">Thomas Mapfumo</a> was imprisoned without charges in 1979 by the Rhodesian government for his Shona-language music calling for revolution.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> was a political prisoner for four years under <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Zia_ul_Haq" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="General Zia ul Haq">General Zia ul Haq</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> was a leftist Italian writer and political activist who was jailed and spent 8 years in prison. He was released conditionally due to his health situation and died shortly after.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_prisoner&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="References"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">References</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
<ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_ref-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.amnesty-volunteer.org/aihandbook/ch3.html#Politicalprisoners" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"AI's FOCUS"</a>. Amnesty International. Retrieved April 5, 2012.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_ref-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4551425.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Tibet's missing spiritual guide"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. May 16, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 3, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tibet%27s+missing+spiritual+guide&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.date=May+16%2C+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F4551425.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Political_prisoner"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_ref-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.hrnk.org/download/The_Hidden_Gulag.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"The Hidden Gulag – Exposing North Korea’s Prison Camps"</a>. <i>The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 7, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Gulag+%E2%80%93+Exposing+North+Korea%E2%80%99s+Prison+Camps&rft.atitle=The+Committee+for+Human+Rights+in+North+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrnk.org%2Fdownload%2FThe_Hidden_Gulag.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Political_prisoner"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-time10-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_ref-time10_3-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_ref-time10_3-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,2024558,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Top 10 Political Prisoners"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Time (magazine)">TIME</a>. 2010-08-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-01-01</span>. "Full List FREEDOM FIGHTERS: Aung San Suu Kyi, Nelson Mandela, Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Andrei Sakharov, Vaclav Havel, Akbar Ganji, Benigno Aquino Jr., Ho Chi Minh"</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Top+10+Political+Prisoners&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2010-08-15&rft.pub=%5B%5BTime+%28magazine%29%7CTIME%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Fcompletelist%2F0%2C29569%2C2024558%2C00.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Political_prisoner"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_ref-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Kim, Jack (2009-08-18). <a class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE57H0LO20090818" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Former South Korean leader Kim Dae-jung dies"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Reuters">Reuters</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-01-01</span>. "The former political prisoner, once sentenced to death under one of the country's early military rulers whom he relentlessly opposed, was elected South Korea's president in December 1997 on his fourth attempt."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Former+South+Korean+leader+Kim+Dae-jung+dies&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Kim%2C%26%2332%3BJack&rft.date=2009-08-18&rft.place=%5B%5BSeoul%5D%5D&rft.pub=%5B%5BReuters%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSTRE57H0LO20090818&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Political_prisoner"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_ref-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/hstrike/chronology.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/hstrike/chronology.htm</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_ref-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><i>The Struggle Continues</i>. <b>5</b>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spin (magazine)">Spin</a>. February 1990. "The chimurenga of Thomas Mapfumo has made him both a pop star and political prisoner in Zimbabwe"</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+Continues&rft.date=February+1990&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=11&rft.pub=%5B%5BSpin+%28magazine%29%7CSpin%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Political_prisoner"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_ref-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Weaver, Mary Anne (2003). <i>Pakistan: In the Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. p. 73. "Benazir Bhutto... was under house arrest at the time of her father's death; Zia made her a political prisoner for four years"</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+In+the+Shadow+of+Jihad+and+Afghanistan&rft.aulast=Weaver%2C+Mary+Anne&rft.au=Weaver%2C+Mary+Anne&rft.date=2003&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B73&rft.pub=%5B%5BMacmillan+Publishers%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Political_prisoner"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner#cite_ref-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Germino, Dante L. (1990). <i>Antonio Gramsci: Architect of a New Politics</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>. p. 23. "Gramsci carried with him from his Sardinian upbringing two qualities that were to enable him to stand... his long years as a political prisoner in Benito Mussolini's Italy"</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antonio+Gramsci%3A+Architect+of+a+New+Politics&rft.aulast=Germino%2C+Dante+L.&rft.au=Germino%2C+Dante+L.&rft.date=1990&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B23&rft.pub=%5B%5BLouisiana+State+University+Press%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Political_prisoner"></span></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_prisoner&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Further reading</span></span></h2>
<ul style="background-color: white; line-height: 19px;">
<li style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Whitehorn, Laura. (2003). <i>Fighting to Get Them Out</i>. Social Justice, San Francisco; 2003. Vol. 30, Iss. 2; pg. 51.</span></li>
<li style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">n.a. 1973. <i>Political Prisoners in South Vietnam</i>. London: Amnesty International Publications.</span></li>
<li style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luz_Arce&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Luz Arce (page does not exist)">Luz Arce</a>. 2003. <i>The Inferno: A Story of Terror and Survival in Chile</i>. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299195546" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-299-19554-6</a></span></li>
<li style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Christie" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stuart Christie">Stuart Christie</a>. 2004. <i>Granny Made Me An Anarchist: General Franco, The Angry Brigade and Me</i>. London: Simon & Schuster. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0743259181" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-7432-5918-1</a></span></li>
<li style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Fink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Christina Fink">Christina Fink</a>. 2001. <i>Living Silence: Burma Under Military Rule</i>. Bangkok: <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="White Lotus Press (page does not exist)">White Lotus Press</a> and London: <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zed_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Zed Press (page does not exist)">Zed Press</a>. (See in particular Chapter 8: <i>Prison: 'Life University'</i> ). In Thailand <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9747534681" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 974-7534-68-1</a>, elsewhere <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1856499251" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 1-85649-925-1</a> and <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/185649926X" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 1-85649-926-X</a></span></li>
<li style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marek_M._Kaminski&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Marek M. Kaminski (page does not exist)">Marek M. Kaminski</a>. 2004. <i>Games Prisoners Play</i>. Princeton University Press. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691117217" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-691-11721-7</a><a class="external free" href="http://webfiles.uci.edu/mkaminsk/www/book.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://webfiles.uci.edu/mkaminsk/www/book.html</a></span></li>
<li style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ben Kiernan. 2002. <i>The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–1975</i>. Yale University Press. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300096496" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-300-09649-6</a></span></li>
<li style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Stephen M. Kohn. 1994. <i>American Political Prisoners</i>. Westport, CT: Praeger. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0275944158" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-275-94415-8</a></span></li>
<li style="font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Barbara Olshansky. 2002. <i>Secret Trials and Executions: Military Tribunals and the Threat to Democracy</i>. New York: Seven Stories Press.<a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1583225374" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 1-58322-537-4</a></span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Reference : </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner</a></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-82976660609769290712012-05-22T01:05:00.003-07:002012-05-25T09:27:39.144-07:00The Public Policy Cycle<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<h1 style="background-color: yellow; border: thick groove red; color: navy; font-style: italic; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
The Public Policy Cycle</span></h1>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The logo of the Policy Studies Organization, a professional association of policy analysts, reflects the orientation of the field to understand public policy as a systematic process:</span><br />
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Logo" border="0" height="111" src="http://profwork.org/images/pso.gif" width="331" /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Think about the diagram above. It illustrates through a classic mythology what political scientist Robert L. Lineberry calls the two faces of the policy process: The Roman God Janus was always depicted as having two faces, one that looked eternally to the left and the other that always faced to the right. Public policy is somewhat like that, and we can imagine its having two such faces.</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The first face of policy is that of an <i>output</i> of the political process that presumably <i>causes</i> policies to be developed. In terms of cause and effect this is policy-as-effect, the result of all the constraints, compromises, and conflicts within the political system.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The other face represents policy as the beginning point in a series of subsequent empirical effects and focuses on <i>policy impacts</i>. In the language of the social sciences, the first sees policy as the dependent variable, the second as an independent variable. (Lineberry 71)</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The political scientist David Easton is often credited with interpreting political dynamics in terms of a continuous process, a system of interaction (Easton 1957). To Easton, a political system is an interrelated set of activities, roles, and institutions that operates within an environment which provides inputs to the political system and then translates these inputs into policy outputs.</span><br />
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Easton Model" border="0" height="219" src="http://profwork.org/images/easton.gif" width="394" /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The political actors and institutions act as <i>gatekeepers</i>, filtering demands into the tightly sealed political <i>black box</i>. The gatekeeper function is important, for it determines the political agenda. Most demands on the political system fail to pass through this filter.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The outputs of these political decisions are the actual policies formulated by the political institutions and actors. The <i>impacts</i> of the policy are concrete changes categorized as economic, social, and environmental. Hopefully, the impacts are what were intended, even desired and anticipated, but there may be impacts that were not intended and that might be adverse. Finally, such impacts are perceived and then injected back into the political system as <i>feedback</i>. The majority of agenda items in the political system may come from feedback. Most policy decisions are relatively minor modifications of past policies, a phenomenon called policy succession or <i>incrementalism</i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Easton's simple but elegant model was well received. Many political scientists find that it provided a systematic, comprehensive, orderly, coherent, and consistent framework from which to conceptualize political processes. Perhaps it could serve as a scientific statement advancing the field of policy analysis. At least it appealed to those who sought rigor and definition. Policy students recognized that it provided a useful alternative to the historical-institutional approach which had dominated the field. Easton opened up a systematic approach for public policy.</span><br />
<h2 style="background-color: navy; color: yellow;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
The Public Policy <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3759235170228644252" name="cycle">Cycle</a></span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Easton cast policy as the output of a closed political process, a sealed <i>black box</i>. Rather than ad hoc, messy, unconnected events, policy could now be depicted as smooth, flowing, logical, and even harmonious. Easton's model could be broken down into particular discrete stages, each understood as a coherent chain of events and given a context by which the chronology could be coherently organized. Thus, events could be logically related to each other and predictions could be made as the analyst anticipated the next stage in the sequence. A methodology was emerging.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Without the appealing design of a logo or diagram, political scientist Charles O. Jones elaborated on the idea of a system and a process, contributing a comprehensive treatment of policy as a <i>cycle</i>, a logical sequence of recurring events. This replaced Easton's black box, a reductionist depiction of the political process, and provided more definition without losing the coherence provided by a systematic model. Further, Jones attached elements of analysis to the stages in the cycle, creating an orderly, but somewhat arbitrary, container by which to logically organize a comprehensive and integrated study of public policy. Jones's treatment was seminal.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Jones did not offer a picture or logo, but I have:</span><br />
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img align="BOTTOM" alt="cycle logo" border="0" height="117" src="http://profwork.org/images/cyclelogo.gif" width="623" /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The policy cycle has thus been cast as steps that display the sequential flow depicted by Jones's approach to public policy:</span><br />
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Agenda setting</b>: Problems are defined and issues are raised. Gatekeepers filter out those which well be given attention by either the executive or the legislative branches.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Formulation</b>: Analysis and politics determines how the agenda item is translated into an authoritative decision: a law, rule or regulation, administrative order, or resolution. There are two steps in policy formulation:<br />
</span><ol>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Alternative policy proposals are put forth, claiming rationality and technical analysis within the process. Policy analysts bring these alternatives to the attention of political decision makers with their recommendations.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The policy prescription is chosen among the alternatives, including the no-action option. This is usually accomplished by building the support of a majority. What is produced here is a binding decision or series of decisions by elected or appointed officials who are not necessarily experts but who are presumably accountable to the public.</span></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Implementation</b>: The authorized policy must be administered and enforced by an agency of government. The agency must take instructions as stated in the policy, but will probably be called upon to provide missing pieces and to make judgments as to intent, goals, timetables, program design, and reporting methods. The agency's mission may be well defined or poorly understood, but the action has shifted.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Budgeting</b>: Financial resources must be brought to bear within an ongoing annual stream of budget cycles. Budget decisions are generally made with partial information and by changes from year to year which are only slightly different from the year before, a process called <i>incrementalism</i>. In recent years, budget constraints have significantly elevated budget considerations in importance within the policy cycle. Budget items are highly competitive and vital for policy delivery.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Evaluation</b>: The impacts of the policy may be assessed. If goals exist, the effectiveness of the policy and its components can be determined. Side-effects must also be discovered and reckoned. The output of evaluation may be no change, minor modification. overhaul, or even (but rarely) termination. The feedback provided by evaluation is injected back into the agenda setting stage, thus closing the loop of the cycle.</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The framework can comprehensively and coherently organize facts and concepts that support an understanding of public policy. A recent text in public policy supports the cycle model:</span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As a methodological approach, the policy cycle deconstructs the policy process in a manner most conducive to understanding how private issues evolve into public and political concerns, how the legislative process structures political concerns into legislative concerns, how the laws are formulated and put into effect, as well as how such policies are evaluated and may eventually change or end. (Theodoulou and Kofinis 34)</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">But there are dangers.</span><br />
<h3 style="background-color: navy; color: yellow;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
Caution!</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The aura of the systems model contains several hazards, however. The smooth symmetry stands in contrast to the rough-and-tumble of political life. The implicit and value-laden efficiency which we could easily project on such an orderly system may bias the analyst. Is the policy making process so harmonious or so efficient? What do you think?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">So, the caution of <i>critical thinking</i> is again advised. Do not be misled into projecting <i>a priori</i> an unwarranted enthusiasm for the efficacy of public policy. While the model provides a framework within which to cast the analysis of public policy, we must always maintain a skeptical and critical perspective. The realism explained earlier may balance the idealization inherent in such neat and tidy concepts as process, system, cycle, dynamics, and feedback. While the systems approach may help provide a handle to grasp public policy, we must resist any bias it engenders. It must not sanitize the reality behind the presumed orderly structure of the interactions.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The next five chapters follow the diagram of the public policy cycle. In turn, we will examine in detail agenda setting, policy formulation, implementation, budgeting, and evaluation.</span><br />
<h3 style="background-color: navy; color: yellow;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">
WORKS CITED</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dewey, John. <i>The Public and Its Problems</i>. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1927.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Easton, David. "An Approach to the Analysis of Political Systems." <i>World Politics</i>. 9 (April. 1957). Jones, Charles 0. An Introduction to Public Policy. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1984.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Jones, Charles. <i>An Introduction to the Study of Public Policy</i>. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1984.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lineberry, Robert L. <i>American Public Policy</i>. New York: Harper & Row, 1977.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Theodoulou, Stella Z, and Chris Kofinis. <i>The Art of the Game: Understanding American Public Policy Making</i>. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2004.</span></div>
<div align="CENTER">
<hr style="color: navy;" />
<div align="CENTER">
<cite><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Public Policy Cycle Web Site | Page: http://profwork.org/pp/study/cycle.html<br />© Wayne Hayes, Ph.D. | ™ ProfWork | <a href="mailto:wayne@profwork.com">wayne@profwork.com</a><br />Initialized: June 16, 2001 | Last 5/27/2009</span></cite></div>
<div align="CENTER">
<cite><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></cite></div>
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>reference : </i><a href="http://profwork.org/pp/study/cycle.html">http://profwork.org/pp/study/cycle.html</a></span></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-24626359564726160812012-05-22T00:51:00.001-07:002012-05-25T09:27:50.753-07:00POSDCORB<h1 style="text-align: -webkit-center;">
<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">POSDCORB</span></h1>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b>POSDCORB </b>is a word composed of the initials of the functions of the executives. <b>POSDCORB</b> is developed by <a href="http://www.vectorstudy.com/management_gurus/luther_gulick.htm">Luther Gulick</a>.</span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b>POSDCORB</b> lists the functions of the executives according to <a href="http://www.vectorstudy.com/management_gurus/luther_gulick.htm">Luther Gulick</a> who was a well known member of the <a href="http://www.vectorstudy.com/management_schools/classical_school.htm">classical school</a>. <b>POSDCORB</b> includes seven functions. According to POSDCORB model the seven functions of executives are as follows:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><img alt="POSDCORB" border="0" height="426" src="http://www.vectorstudy.com/management_theories/img/posdcorb.jpg" title="POSDCORB" width="230" /></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b>POSDCORB</b> is an acronym created by <a href="http://www.vectorstudy.com/management_gurus/luther_gulick.htm">Luther Gulick</a> and Lyndall Urwick in their �Papers on the Science of Administration� (1937). Developed as a means to structure and analyze management activities, it set a new paradigm in Public Administration. Based on the theories of Henri Fayol�s 14 Principles of Management, Gulick and <a href="http://www.vectorstudy.com/management_gurus/lyndall_urwick.htm" title="Lyndall Urwick ">Lyndall Urwick</a> disputed the prevailing thinking that there was a dichotomy between politics and administration. Instead that it was impossible to separate the two. It has been called the �high noon of orthodoxy,� due to the assumption that it was the principles that were important and not where they were applied.<br /><br />The acronym which formulates the responsibility of a chief executive or administrator stands for: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Direction, Coordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting. It defines the principles as follows:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b>Planning</b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Planning is working out in broad outline the things that need .to be done and the methods for doing them to accomplish the purpose set for the enterprise;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b>Organizing</b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Organizing is the establishment of the formal structure of authority through which work subdivisions are arranged, defined and coordinated for the defined objective;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b>Staffing</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Staffing is the whole personnel function of bringing in and training the staff and maintaining favorable conditions of work;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b>Directing</b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Directing is the continuous task of making decisions and embodying them in specific and general orders and instructions and serving as the leader of the enterprise; </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b>Coordinating</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Coordinating is the all-important duty of interrelating the various parts of the work;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b>Reporting</b></span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Reporting is keeping those to whom the executive is responsible informed as to what is going on, which thus includes keeping himself and his subordinates informed through records, research and inspections;</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><b>Budgeting</b></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">Budgeting, with all that goes with budgeting in the form of fiscal planning, accounting and control<br /><br />All executives perform broadly similar functions. The President of the United States, like the governors of the states or the Prime Minister of England, does many things in common with his subordinate executives and with all those who have headed large organizations. Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick have classified these common tasks of the executive, and his categories of important executive functions: What is the work of the chief executive? What does he do? The answer is <b>POSDCORB.</b><br /><br /><strong>References</strong></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><strong><br /></strong></span></div>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;">http://polt906f07.wikispaces.com/POSDCORB</span><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSDCORB">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSDCORB</a>
<br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: -webkit-center;"></span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-27792674860370861332012-04-14T07:05:00.001-07:002012-07-10T18:26:41.486-07:00National Assembly of Thailand<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">The </span><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">National Assembly of Thailand</b><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> or the </span><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Parliament of Thailand</b><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai language">Thai</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">: </span><span lang="th" style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto;" xml:lang="th">รัฐสภาไทย</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">; </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">: Ratthasapha Thai; </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none;" title="Abbreviation">Abrv:</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> NAT) is the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none;" title="Legislature">legislative branch</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> of the government of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">. The National Assembly of Thailand is a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameralism" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none;" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto;"> body, consisting of two chambers: the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none;" title="Upper house">upper house</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">, (the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none;" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate of Thailand</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">), and the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none;" title="Lower house">lower house</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">, (the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Thailand" style="background-color: white; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-decoration: none;" title="House of Representatives of Thailand">House of Representatives of Thailand</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">). The Assembly is composed of 650 members: 500 Representatives (MPs) and 150 Senators.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The National Assembly was established in 1932 after the adoption of Thailand's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand#1932_Temporary_Charter" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitution of Thailand">first Constitution</a>, which transformed Thailand from an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>. The Assembly took its current form after the adoption of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2007 Constitution of Thailand">2007 Constitution of Thailand</a>. The National Assembly currently convenes in the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament House of Thailand">Parliament House of Thailand</a>, which is located in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dusit">Dusit</a> district in the capital <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>.</span></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#Composition" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Composition</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#The_Senate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">The Senate</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#The_House_of_Representatives" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">The House of Representatives</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#Elections" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Elections</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#Officers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Officers</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#Functions" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Functions</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#Legislation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Legislation</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#Relationship_with_the_Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Relationship with the Government</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#Appointment" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Appointment</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#Term" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Term</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#Privileges" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Privileges</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#Parliament_House_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Parliament House of Thailand</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#History" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#28_June_1932" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">28 June 1932</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#Attempts_at_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Attempts at democracy</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#Military_dominace" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Military dominace</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#The_present" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">The present</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#See_also" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#Notes" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#External_links" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellspacing="5" class="infobox vcard" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: left; width: 22em;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="" colspan="2" style="background-color: #f0dc82; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="fn org">National Assembly of Thailand</span><br /><i>รัฐสภาไทย</i><br /><span class="nickname">(Ratthasapha Thai)</span></span></th></tr>
<tr class=""><td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Thailand.png" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Coat of arms or logo" height="200" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Seal_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Thailand.png/200px-Seal_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Thailand.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><th class="" colspan="2" style="background-color: #f0dc82; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Type</span></th></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Type</span></th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="category"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bicameral"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bicameral</span></a></span></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Houses</span></th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="House of Representatives of Thailand">House of Representatives</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><th class="" colspan="2" style="background-color: #f0dc82; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Leadership</span></th></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="President of the National Assembly of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">President</span></a></th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somsak_Kiatsuranont" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Somsak Kiatsuranont">Somsak Kiatsuranont</a>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheu_Thai_Party" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pheu Thai Party">Pheu Thai Party</a>)<br />since 3 August 2011</span></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Presidents of the Senate of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Vice President</span></a></th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeradej_Meepien" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teeradej Meepien">Teeradej Meepien</a><br />since 9 May 2011</span></td></tr>
<tr><th class="" colspan="2" style="background-color: #f0dc82; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Structure</span></th></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Members</span></th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>650</b><br />150 Senators<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_Thai_general_election,_2011" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of MPs elected in the Thai general election, 2011">500 Representatives (MPs)</a></span></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate</a> Political groups</span></th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">76 elected, 74 appointed</span></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="House of Representatives of Thailand">House</a> Political groups</span></th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheu_Thai_Party" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pheu Thai Party">Pheu Thai Party</a>,<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Thailand)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democrat Party (Thailand)">Democrat Party</a>,<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumjaithai_Party" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bhumjaithai Party">Bhumjaithai Party</a>,<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartthaipattana_Party" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chartthaipattana Party">Chartthaipattana Party</a>,<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart_Pattana_Puea_Pandin_Party" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chart Pattana Puea Pandin Party">Chart Pattana Puea Pandin Party</a>,<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalang_Chon_Party" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phalang Chon Party">Phalang Chon Party</a>,<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_Thailand_Party" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rak Thailand Party">Rak Thailand Party</a>,<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matubhum_Party" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Matubhum Party">Matubhum Party</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><th class="" colspan="2" style="background-color: #f0dc82; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Elections</span></th></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate</a> Last election</span></th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Senate_election,_2008" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai Senate election, 2008"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2 March 2008</span></a></td></tr>
<tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="House of Representatives of Thailand">House</a> Last election</span></th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_general_election,_2011" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai general election, 2011"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3 July 2011</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><th class="" colspan="2" style="background-color: #f0dc82; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Meeting place</span></th></tr>
<tr class=""><td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chamber_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Thailand.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Chamber of the National Assembly of Thailand.jpg" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Chamber_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Thailand.jpg/220px-Chamber_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Thailand.jpg" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr class=""><td class="label" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament House of Thailand">Parliament House of Thailand</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusit" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dusit">Dusit</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><th class="" colspan="2" style="background-color: #f0dc82; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Website</span></th></tr>
<tr class=""><td class="" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.go.th/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">www.parliament.go.th</span></a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="vcard vertical-navbox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="adr"><b><span class="fn org country-name"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Thailand</span></a></span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garuda_Emblem_of_Thailand.svg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" height="159" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Garuda_Emblem_of_Thailand.svg/150px-Garuda_Emblem_of_Thailand.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a></span><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><small>This article is part of the series:</small><br /><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politics of Thailand">Politics and government of<br />Thailand</a></b></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><hr style="background-color: #aaaaaa; border: 0px; color: #aaaaaa; height: 1px; margin: 0.2em 0px;" />
</td></tr>
<tr><td align="left"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thailand_flag_bar.svg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Thailand flag bar.svg" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Thailand_flag_bar.svg/233px-Thailand_flag_bar.svg.png" style="border: none; margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="233" /></span></a></div>
<div class="NavFrame" id="NavFrame1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px; padding: 4px; text-align: center;">
<div class="NavHead" style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; height: 1.6em; padding-left: 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monarchy of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Monarchy</span></a><a class="NavToggle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand" id="NavToggle1" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration: none; top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[hide]</span></a></div>
<div class="NavContent" style="border: none; margin: 0px 1px; text-align: left;">
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a> (Rama IX)</span>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakri_Dynasty" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chakri Dynasty">Chakri Dynasty</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Kings of Thailand">List of monarchs</a>)</span></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Privy Council of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Privy Council</span></a></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Royal_Household" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bureau of the Royal Household"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Royal Household</span></a></dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame2" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px; padding: 4px;">
<div class="NavHead" style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; height: 1.6em; padding-left: 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Government</span></a><a class="NavToggle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand" id="NavToggle2" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration: none; top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[hide]</span></a></div>
<div class="NavContent" style="border: none; margin: 0px 1px; text-align: left;">
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Prime Ministers of Thailand">List of PMs</a>)</span>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingluck_Shinawatra" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yingluck Shinawatra"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Yingluck Shinawatra</span></a></dd></dl>
</dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cabinet of Thailand">Cabinet of Thailand</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cabinet_Ministries_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Cabinet Ministries of Thailand">Ministries</a>)</span>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yingluck_cabinet" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yingluck cabinet"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Current Cabinet</span></a></dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame3" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px; padding: 4px;">
<div class="NavHead" style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; height: 1.6em; padding-left: 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: left;">
<strong class="selflink"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">National Assembly</span></strong><a class="NavToggle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand" id="NavToggle3" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration: none; top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[hide]</span></a></div>
<div class="NavContent" style="border: none; margin: 0px 1px; text-align: left;">
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="President of the National Assembly of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">President</span></a>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somsak_Kiatsuranont" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Somsak Kiatsuranont"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Somsak Kiatsuranont</span></a></dd></dl>
</dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Senate of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Senate</span></a>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Presidents of the Senate of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">President (List)</span></a></dd></dl>
</dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="House of Representatives of Thailand">House of Representatives</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_Thai_general_election,_2011" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of MPs elected in the Thai general election, 2011">Members</a>)</span>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Speakers of the House of Representatives of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Speaker (List)</span></a></dd></dl>
</dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Thailand)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leader of the Opposition (Thailand)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Leader of the Opposition</span></a>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhisit_Vejjajiva" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abhisit Vejjajiva"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Abhisit Vejjajiva</span></a></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shadow Cabinet of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Shadow Cabinet</span></a></dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame4" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px; padding: 4px;">
<div class="NavHead" style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; height: 1.6em; padding-left: 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judiciary of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Judiciary</span></a><a class="NavToggle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand" id="NavToggle4" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration: none; top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[hide]</span></a></div>
<div class="NavContent" style="border: none; margin: 0px 1px; text-align: left;">
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Supreme Court of Justice of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Courts of Justice</span></a></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Administrative_Court_of_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Administrative Court of Thailand (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Administrative Courts</span></a></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional Court of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constitutional Court</span></a></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Law of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Law</span></a></dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame5" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px; padding: 4px;">
<div class="NavHead" style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; height: 1.6em; padding-left: 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Elections in Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Elections</span></a><a class="NavToggle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand" id="NavToggle5" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration: none; top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[hide]</span></a></div>
<div class="NavContent" style="border: none; margin: 0px 1px; text-align: left;">
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Commission_(Thailand)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Election Commission (Thailand)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Election Commission</span></a>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Senate: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Senate_election,_2008" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai Senate election, 2008">2008</a></span></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">House: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_general_election,_2011" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai general election, 2011">2011</a> <i>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Thai_general_election" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Next Thai general election">Next</a>)</i></span></dd></dl>
</dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of political parties in Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political Parties</span></a></dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame6" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px; padding: 4px;">
<div class="NavHead" style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; height: 1.6em; padding-left: 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: left;">
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutions_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutions of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constitution</span></a><a class="NavToggle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand" id="NavToggle6" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration: none; top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[hide]</span></a></div>
<div class="NavContent" style="border: none; margin: 0px 1px; text-align: left;">
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2007 Constitution of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Current Constitution (2007)</span></a>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_constitutional_referendum,_2007" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai constitutional referendum, 2007"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Referendum</span></a></dd></dl>
</dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_Thai_government" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Independent agencies of the Thai government"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Independent agencies</span></a></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human rights in Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Human rights</span></a></dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame7" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px; padding: 4px;">
<div class="NavHead" style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; height: 1.6em; padding-left: 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Provinces of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Subdivisions</span></a><a class="NavToggle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand" id="NavToggle7" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration: none; top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[hide]</span></a></div>
<div class="NavContent" style="border: none; margin: 0px 1px; text-align: left;">
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Administrative divisions of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Provincial Administration</span></a>
<dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaban" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thesaban"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Thesaban</span></a></dd></dl>
</dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Metropolitan_Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangkok Metropolitan Administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bangkok Metropolitan Administration</span></a></dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame8" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0px; padding: 4px;">
<div class="NavHead" style="background-color: transparent; font-weight: bold; height: 1.6em; padding-left: 0.5em; position: relative; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Related issues</span><a class="NavToggle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand" id="NavToggle8" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration: none; top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[show]</span></a></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thailand_flag_bar.svg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Thailand flag bar.svg" height="12" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Thailand_flag_bar.svg/233px-Thailand_flag_bar.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="233" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0px 5px; text-align: right;"><hr style="background-color: #aaaaaa; border: 0px; color: #aaaaaa; height: 1px; margin: 0.2em 0px;" />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><small><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_present-day_nations_and_states" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politics of present-day nations and states">Other countries</a></small> <span style="font-weight: bold;">·</span> <small><a class="extiw" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="commons:Atlas of Thailand">Atlas</a></small><br /><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></b><br /><div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar" style="display: inline;">
<ul style="display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">
<li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template:Politics of Thailand"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template talk:Politics of Thailand"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Politics_of_Thailand&action=edit" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Composition">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Composition"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Composition</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <b>National Assembly of the Kingdom of Thailand</b> is a bicameral legislature composed of a Senate and a House of Representatives. Combined, the Assembly has 650 members, 576 of which are elected (500 MPs and 76 Senators). Others include 74 non elected (74 Senators through party selection). The majority of elections in Thailand follows the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Past_the_Post" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="First Past the Post">First Past the Post</a> system which is used in the elections for the 375 members of the House of Representatives and 76 members of the Senate. The remaining 125 members of the House are elected by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_list_proportional_representation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Party list proportional representation">party list proportional representation</a>.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: The Senate">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Senate"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The Senate</span></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Senate of Thailand">Senate of Thailand</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_house" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Upper house">upper house</a> is called the <b>Senate of Thailand</b> (<span lang="th" xml:lang="th">วุฒิสภา</span>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: Wutthisapha). The chamber is non-partisan and has limited legislative powers. The Senate is made up of 76 elected members (one representing each province) and the rest (74) are selected from the following sectors: from the academic sector, the public sector, the private sector, the professional sector and other sectors, by the Senate Selection Committee. The senate's term lasts six years. It forbids members from holding any additional office or membership in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political parties">political parties</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_note-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: The House of Representatives">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_House_of_Representatives"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The House of Representatives</span></span></h3>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="House of Representatives of Thailand">House of Representatives of Thailand</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_house" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lower house">lower house</a> is called the <b>House of Representatives of Thailand</b> (<span lang="th" xml:lang="th">สภาผู้แทนราษฎร</span>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: Sapha Phu Thaen Ratsadon). The chamber is made up of 375 members from single constituency elections and 125 members from "proportional representation" by party lists, as termed in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2007 Constitution of Thailand">2007 Constitution of Thailand</a>. Thailand's "proportional representation" is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_voting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a> or Mixed Member Majoritarian (MMM). This is where the 125 seats are divided, to different political parties in accordance with the '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>' popular vote each party receives. Every eligible voter in Thailand in the event of a general election has two votes, the first for the constituency MP, the second for the party the voter prefers. The second category is then added and the results divided into 8 electoral areas. The other 375 seats are directly elected through a constituency basis. The House's term lasts four years, however, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolution</a> can happen at any time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Elections">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Elections"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Elections</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Elections in Thailand are held under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, however some restrictions apply: The voter must be a national of Thailand; if not by birth then by being a citizen for 5 years, must be over 18 years old before the year the election is held and the voter must have also registered 90 days before the election at his constituency. Those barred from voting in House elections are: members of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangha" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sangha">sangha</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, those suspended from the privilege for various reasons, detainees under legal or court orders and being of unsound mind or of mental infirmity. Voting in Thailand is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_voting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Compulsory voting">compulsory</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></span></div>
<div class="rellink" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Elections in Thailand">Elections in Thailand</a></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Officers">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Officers"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Officers</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="President of the National Assembly of Thailand">President of the National Assembly of Thailand</a></b> is an <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-officio" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ex-officio">ex-officio</a></i> position occupied by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Speakers of the House of Representatives of Thailand">Speaker of the House of Representatives of Thailand</a>, who upon election as Speaker of the House, will automatically assume office as President of the National Assembly. The <b>Vice President of the National Assembly of Thailand</b> is also an <i>ex-officio</i> position occupied by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Presidents of the Senate of Thailand">President of the Senate of Thailand</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_note-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> The current officers are:</span></div>
<table class="wikitable" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0px;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Title</span></th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Name</span></th><th style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Appointment</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>President of the National Assembly</b> and<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Speakers of the House of Representatives of Thailand">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a></span></td><td align="center" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somsak_Kiatsuranont" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Somsak Kiatsuranont"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Somsak Kiatsuranont</span></a></td><td align="center" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1 August 2011</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Vice President of the National Assembly</b><br />and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Presidents of the Senate of Thailand">President of the Senate</a></span></td><td align="center" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeradej_Meepien" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Teeradej Meepien"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Teeradej Meepien</span></a></td><td align="center" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">9 May 2011</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Functions">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Functions"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Functions</span></span></h2>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Legislation">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Legislation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Legislation</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 322px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thai_Parliament_House.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="179" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Thai_Parliament_House.JPG/320px-Thai_Parliament_House.JPG" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="320" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thai_Parliament_House.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament House of Thailand">Parliament House of Thailand</a> the meeting place for both the House and the Senate since 1974, currently there is a project to build a new, grander building.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Powers of the National Assembly are enshrined in Chapter 6, Part 7 of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2007 Constitution of Thailand">2007 Constitution of Thailand</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> The main powers of the National Assembly are its legislative powers, the procedure for an enactment of a Bill is as follows:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A bill can be introduced to the National Assembly for consideration by: the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cabinet of Thailand">Cabinet of Thailand</a>, a minimum of twenty members of the House of Representatives, a Court (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judiciary of Thailand">Judiciary</a>), a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_Thai_government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Independent agencies of the Thai government">constitutional independent organ</a>(but only in respect of the law that is concerned with that organization) and persons having the right to vote signing and petition of not less than ten thousand in number (a form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>). If the bill is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_bill" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Money bill">money bill</a> its introduction must only be made with the endorsement of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The bill is then introduced to the House of Representative for debate, amendment and vote. When the House of Representatives has considered the bill and passed a resolution approving it, the House of Representatives shall submit the bill to the Senate. The Senate must finish the consideration of such bill within sixty days; but if it is a money bill, the consideration must be finished within thirty days.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_note-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">After the Senate has finished the consideration of a bill, and if it agrees with the House of Representatives the bill will the proceed to the next stage. If the Senate disagrees with the House of Representatives, then the bill will be withheld and returned to the House of Representatives. If there is an amendment, the amended bill will then be returned to the House of Representatives. If the House of Representatives approves such an amendment, the bill will proceed to the next stage. In other cases, each Houses will appoint representatives (being or not being its members) in equal number (as may be fixed by the House of Representatives), to constitute a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_committee" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Joint committee">joint committee</a> for considering the bill. The joint committee will then prepare a report and submit the bill which it has already considered to both Houses. If both Houses approve the bill already considered by the joint committee, further proceedings under section the bill will proceed to the next stage. If either House disapproves it, the bill will be withheld.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">After a bill has already been approved by the National Assembly, the Prime Minister shall present it to the King for his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Assent" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a> within twenty days from the date of the receipt of such bill from the National Assembly, and it shall come into force upon its publication in the Royal Gazette.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_note-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">If the King refuses his Royal assent, by withholding his signature to a bill and either returns it to the National Assembly or does not return it within ninety days (a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Veto">veto</a>), the National Assembly must re-deliberate that bill. If the National Assembly resolves to reaffirm the bill with the votes of not less than two-thirds of the total number of existing members of both Houses, the Prime Minister shall present such bill to the King for signature on another occasion. If the King still does not sign and return the bill within thirty days, the Prime Minister can cause the bill to be promulgated as an Act in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Gazette" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Gazette">Royal Gazette</a> as if the King had signed it. Giving the National Assembly the power to overturn the Royal veto.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_note-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup></span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Relationship with the Government">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Relationship_with_the_Government"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Relationship with the Government</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 202px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abhisit_in_the_Thai_House_of_Representatives.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="300" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Abhisit_in_the_Thai_House_of_Representatives.jpg/200px-Abhisit_in_the_Thai_House_of_Representatives.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abhisit_in_the_Thai_House_of_Representatives.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhisit_Vejjajiva" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abhisit Vejjajiva">Abhisit Vejjajiva</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cabinet of Thailand">Cabinet</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Questions" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prime Minister's Questions">answers questions</a> in the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="House of Representatives of Thailand">House of Representatives</a>.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government of Thailand">Government of Thailand</a>, particularly the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cabinet of Thailand">Cabinet of Thailand</a> is answerable directly to the National Assembly. The constitution mandates that within fifteen days of being sworn-in the Cabinet must state its policies to the National Assembly.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_note-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> The National Assembly has the authority to call any Minister to appear before it at any time to explain policies or answer questions. This power of scrutiny is extremely important as some members of the Cabinet do not need to be a member of the National Assembly, if they are a member they can only be from the lower house or the House of Representatives, as the constitution expressly forbidden members of the Senate from being members of the Cabinet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_note-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As the Prime Minister is selected from the ranks of the House of Representatives and elected by the House, the Prime Minister is therefore directly responsible to the legislature. The National Assembly can also compel him to appear before it like any other Minister, and force him to explain policies and answer questions, just like any other member of the Cabinet. In reverse the Cabinet also has some powers over the National Assembly, the Cabinet can, according to the constitution, call an emergency session of the National Assembly at any time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_note-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Appointment">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Appointment"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Appointment</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Apart from legislative and scrutiny functions, the National Assembly also has the power of appointment and removal. The House is given exclusive rights to elect the Prime Minister of Thailand, first the candidate must receive the support of one-fifth of all members, afterwards a simple majority vote will confirm his appointment which will be made officially by the King, the royal assent is then countersigned by the President of the National Assembly.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_note-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Senate is given exclusive powers to advise on the appointment of members of the judiciary and members of independent government organizations. These include the: Judges of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional Court of Thailand">Constitutional Court of Thailand</a>, members of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Commission_(Thailand)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Election Commission (Thailand)">Election Commission</a>, Members of the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Counter_Corruption_Commission_(Thailand)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="National Counter Corruption Commission (Thailand) (page does not exist)">Counter Corruption Commission</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission_(Thailand)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Human Rights Commission (Thailand)">National Human Rights Commission</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_note-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup> However the power to appoint members of the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Audit_Commission_(Thailand)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="State Audit Commission (Thailand) (page does not exist)">State Audit Commission</a> (including the Auditor General) belongs to the King, with only a counter signature of the President of the Senate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_note-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The National Assembly also has the power to impeach and remove these officers. The Prime Minister can only be removed by the House in a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vote of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a>. Members of the Cabinet are not appointed by the National Assembly, but they can be removed by the National Assembly in a similar process, this time the vote of no confidence is allowed by both or individual houses. Judges and Independent government officers can also be removed by both houses of the National Assembly.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_note-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Term">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Term"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Term</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bangkok_old_parliament.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="167" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bangkok_old_parliament.jpg/250px-Bangkok_old_parliament.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bangkok_old_parliament.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Samakhom_Throne_Hall" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall">Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall</a> the old meeting place of the National Assembly, now only the State Opening is held there.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The two houses of the National Assembly have two different terms. In accordance with the constitution the Senate is elected to a six year term, while the House is elected to a four year term. Overall the term of the National Assembly is based on that of the House. The National Assembly each year will sit in two sessions an "ordinary session" and a "legislative session". The first session of the National Assembly must take place within thirty days after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_election" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="General election">general election</a> of the House of Representatives. The first session must be opened by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of Thailand">King</a> in person by reading a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_from_the_Throne" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Speech from the Throne">Speech from the Throne</a>; this ceremony is held in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Samakhom_Throne_Hall" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall">Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall</a>. He may also appoint the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prince" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Crown Prince">Crown Prince</a> or a representative to carry out this duty. It is also the duty of the King to prologue sessions through a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Decree" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Decree">Royal Decree</a> when the House term expires. The King also has the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_prerogative" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal prerogative">prerogative</a> to call extraordinary sessions and prolong sessions at his discretion.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The National Assembly may host a "Joint-sitting" of both Houses under several circumstances. These include: The appointment of a Regent, any alteration to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Palace_Law_of_Succession" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1924 Palace Law of Succession">1924 Palace Law of Succession</a>, the opening of the first session, the announcement of policies by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cabinet of Thailand">Cabinet of Thailand</a>, the approval of the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_war" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a>, the hearing of explanations and approval of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Treaty">treaty</a> and the amendment of the Constitution.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Privileges">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Privileges"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Privileges</span></span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Members of the National Assembly enjoy <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_privilege" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliamentary privilege">parliamentary privilege</a> which were enshrined in the constitution, these include: the "words expressed in giving statements of fact or opinions or in casting the vote" in a joint sitting of the National Assembly, No member of the House of Representatives or Senator shall, during a session, be arrested, detained or summoned by a warrant for an inquiry as the suspect in a criminal case unless permission of the House of which he or she is a member is obtained or he or she is arrested in <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagrante_delicto" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Flagrante delicto">flagrante delicto</a></i>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The two Houses also retain the privilege to decide its own rules and procedures, committees, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quorum">quorum</a> of committees, sittings, the submission and consideration of organic law bills and bills, the submission of motions, the consultation, debates, the passing of a resolution, the recording and disclosure of the passing of a resolution, the interpellation, the initiation of a general debate and committee members.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Parliament House of Thailand">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Parliament_House_of_Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Parliament House of Thailand</span></span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament House of Thailand">Parliament House of Thailand</a></span></div>
<div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empty_desks_Thai_House_of_Representatives.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="167" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Empty_desks_Thai_House_of_Representatives.jpg/250px-Empty_desks_Thai_House_of_Representatives.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empty_desks_Thai_House_of_Representatives.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Empty desks during a session.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">From June 28, 1932 to 1974, the legislature met in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananta_Samakhom_Throne_Hall" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall">Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall</a>. After the first elections to the National Assembly in 1933, King <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajadhipok" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prajadhipok">Prajadhipok</a> officially gave the Throne Hall for the legislature's use. However through the years the composition of the Assemblies increased and the Throne Hall became too small to accommodate all the legislators and its secretariat. Three attempts were made to build a new building, however each failed because the government in power was terminated before a budget could be appropriated.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The fourth time however was a success with the help of King <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a> who appropriated to the National Assembly, royal land immediately north of the Throne Hall for the site of the new Parliament House. Construction began on 5 November 1970, with a budget of 51,027,360 baht. The new Parliament House complex comprises of three buildings:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The First Building: or the Parliament House with 3 stories containing the meeting chamber for the National Assembly, the chamber is shared by both the Senate and the House. It also contain the offices of the President and Vice President of the National Assembly and other deputy presiding officers.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Second Building: a 7 story building contains the Secretariat and offices of the National Assembly as well as its official printing press.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Third Building: a 2 story building used as the Parliament club, with facilities for Assembly members.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Parliament House was first used in 19 September 1974, as the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall became a national historic building and was returned to the king as part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusit_Palace" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dusit Palace">Dusit Palace</a>. From then on the Parliament House became the primary building used for the National Assembly, only the State Opening ceremony is now held in the Throne Hall.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">On 29 July 2008, the National Assembly appropriated new funds to construct a new and grander Parliament House. As of December 2008, a site belonging to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_Army" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Thai Army">Royal Thai Army</a> has been found but has not yet been confirmed.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="History"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">History</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft" style="clear: left; float: left; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 302px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Assembly_1940.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="225" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/76/National_Assembly_1940.jpg/300px-National_Assembly_1940.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></span></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:National_Assembly_1940.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf6/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The People's Assembly of Thailand, meeting in the<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Samakhom_Throne_Hall" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall">Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall</a>, during the premiership of Luang <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Phibunsongkhram</a>.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: 28 June 1932">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="28_June_1932"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">28 June 1932</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Prior to 1932, the Kingdom of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Siam">Siam</a> did not possess a legislature, as all legislative powers were vested within the person of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Kings of Thailand">monarch</a>. This has been the case since the foundation of the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai Kingdom</a> in the 12th century: as the King was seen as a “Dharmaraja” or “King who rules in accordance with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>” (the Buddhist law of righteousness). However on 24 June 1932 a group of civilians and military officers, calling themselves the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khana_Ratsadon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Khana Ratsadon">Khana Ratsadon</a> (or People’s Party) carried out a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_Revolution_of_1932" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Siamese Revolution of 1932">bloodless revolution</a>, in which the 150 years of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_Monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Absolute Monarchy">absolute rule</a> of the<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Chakri" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="House of Chakri">House of Chakri</a> was ended. In its stead the group advocated a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Monarchy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional Monarchy">constitutional form of monarchy</a>with an elected legislature.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The "Draft Constitution" of 1932 signed by King <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajadhipok" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prajadhipok">Prajadhipok</a>, create Thailand’s first legislature, a<b>People’s Assembly</b> with 70 appointed members. The Assembly met for the first time on 28 June 1932, in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Samakhom_Throne_Hall" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall">Ananda Samakhom Throne Hall</a>. The Khana Ratsadon decided that the people were not yet ready for an elected assembly, however they later changed their minds. By the time the "Permanent" Constitution came into force in December of that year, elections were scheduled for the 15 November 1933. The new constitution also changed the composition of the Assembly to 78 directly elected and 78 appointed (by the Khana Ratsadon) together compromising 156 members.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Attempts at democracy">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Attempts_at_democracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Attempts at democracy</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">After the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> a new constitution was promulgated in 1946 under the government of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridi_Panomyong" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pridi Panomyong">Pridi Panomyong</a>. The constitution is considered Thailand’s most democratic and created for the first time a bicameral legislature: the Senate and the House of Representatives. Also for the first and last time the constitution called for a fully elected Senate (albeit indirectly) and House, the Senate to 6 years term and the House to 4 years. The ban on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of political parties in Thailand">political parties</a> were lifted and the first full elections were held in 1946. However in 1947 a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1947" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Siamese coup d'état of 1947">coup d’etat</a> executed by the military, abrogated the constitution and replaced it with the 1947 ‘temporary’ and then a ‘permanent’ charter in 1949. The new constitution retained the House but created a 100 member Senate directly appointed by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="King of Thailand">King</a>.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Military dominace">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Military_dominace"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Military dominace</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This charter lasted until 1957 when the military again carried out a coup d’etat and created a single 123 member appointed National Assembly, 103 of which were from the military or police. In 1959 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chom_Phon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chom Phon">Field Marshal</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarit_Dhanarajata" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sarit Dhanarajata">Sarit Dhanarajata</a> carried out another <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1957_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="1957 Thai coup d'état (page does not exist)">coup d’etat</a> this time abolishing the National Assembly altogether. In 1969 under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanom_Kittikachorn" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thanom Kittikachorn">Thanom Kittikachorn</a> the National Assembly returned; this time with a 219 member House and again a royally appointed Senate. This lasted until 1972 when Thanom overthrew his own government and ruled the country through a National Executive Council. Under pressure Thanom reinstated a 299 appointed National Legislative Assembly, 200 which were members of the military.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In 1974 the rule of the 'Three Tyrants’ (as Thanom’s tenure became known) was finally overthrown. A new constitution was promulgated, this time swinging the power back to the legislature by creating a bicameral legislature with an elected House and a House-appointed Senate. Within two years the military led by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanin_Kraivixien" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tanin Kraivixien">Tanin Kraivixien</a> again abrogated the constitution and installed a royally-appointed 360 member unicameral National Assembly.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By 1978, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriangsak_Chomanan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kriangsak Chomanan">Kriangsak Chomanan</a> (who succeeded Tanin in 1977) restored the bicameral legislature with an elected 301 member House and a Prime Ministerially-appointed 225 Senate. This arrangement lasted for almost 13 years until <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Commanders_of_the_Royal_Thai_Army" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of Commanders of the Royal Thai Army">Army Commander</a> General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchinda_Kraprayoon" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Suchinda Kraprayoon">Suchinda Kraprayoon</a> overthrew the government of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatichai_Choonhavan" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chatichai Choonhavan">Chatichai Choonhavan</a> in 1991 and returned the unicameral appointed National Assembly with 292 members. However Suchinda’s rule was brought down by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_May_(1992)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black May (1992)">Black May uprising</a>, which led to the overthrow of the military and the drafting of a new constitution.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: The present">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_present"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The present</span></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="1997 Constitution of Thailand">Constitution of 1997</a> or the People’s Constitution returned Thailand to democracy with a National Assembly composed of an elected 500 (400 directly, 100 by party-lists) House of Representatives, and an elected 200 member Senate, this arrangement lasted for almost ten years. The constitution was abrogated following the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">2006 Coup d’etat</a>, by the military under General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonthi_Boonyaratglin" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sonthi Boonyaratglin">Sonthi Boonyaratglin</a>. In 2007 the military appointed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Legislative_Assembly_of_Thailand_(2006)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Legislative Assembly of Thailand (2006)">National Legislative Assembly</a>to draft the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2007 Constitution of Thailand">new constitution</a>. This copy was eventually adopted after it was approved through a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_constitutional_referendum,_2007" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thai constitutional referendum, 2007">referendum</a> in 2007, this is the constitution currently in use.</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Further Information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitution of Thailand</a></span></i></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">See also</span></span></h2>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="30" /></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 172.8000030517578px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <i><b><a class="external text" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:National_Assembly_of_Thailand" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">National Assembly of Thailand</a></b></i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="President of the National Assembly of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">President of the National Assembly of Thailand</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Assembly_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National People's Assembly of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">National People's Assembly of Thailand</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Legislative_Assembly_of_Thailand_2006" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Legislative Assembly of Thailand 2006"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">National Legislative Assembly of Thailand 2006</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Government of Thailand</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politics of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Politics of Thailand</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitution of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constitution of Thailand</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2007 Constitution of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2007 Constitution of Thailand</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Senate of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Senate of Thailand</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="House of Representatives of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">House of Representatives of Thailand</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Elections in Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Elections in Thailand</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Assembly_of_Thailand&action=edit&section=19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Notes</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-webkit-column-width: 30em; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_ref-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand_(2007)/Chapter_6#Part_3_:_The_Senate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6">Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand</a> 2007. Chapter 6: The National Assembly, Part 3: The Senate</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_ref-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand_(2007)/Chapter_6#Part_2_:_House_of_Representatives" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6">Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand</a> 2007. Chapter 6: The National Assembly, Part 2: House of Representatives</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_ref-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand_(2007)/Chapter_4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 4">Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand</a> 2007. Chapter 4: Duties of the Thai People, Section 72</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_ref-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand_(2007)/Chapter_6#Part_1_:_General_Provisions" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6">Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand</a> 2007. Chapter 6: National Assembly of Thailand, Part 1: General Provisions</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_ref-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand_(2007)/Chapter_6#Part_7_:_Enactment_of_Acts" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6">Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand</a> 2007. Chapter 6: National Assembly of Thailand, Part 7: Enactment of Acts</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_ref-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand_(2007)/Chapter_6#Part_7_:_Enactment_of_Acts" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6">Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand</a> 2007. Chapter 6: National Assembly of Thailand, Section 142</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_ref-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand_(2007)/Chapter_6#Part_7_:_Enactment_of_Acts" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6">Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand</a> 2007. Chapter 6: National Assembly of Thailand, Section 146</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_ref-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand_(2007)/Chapter_6#Part_7_:_Enactment_of_Acts" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6">Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand</a> 2007. Chapter 6: National Assembly of Thailand, Section 147-149</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_ref-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand_(2007)/Chapter_6#Part_7_:_Enactment_of_Acts" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6">Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand</a> 2007. Chapter 6: National Assembly of Thailand, Section 150</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_ref-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand_(2007)/Chapter_6#Part_7_:_Enactment_of_Acts" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6">Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand</a> 2007. Chapter 6: National Assembly of Thailand, Section 151</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_ref-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand_(2007)/Chapter_9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 9">Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand</a> 2007. Chapter 9: Council of Ministers, Section 176</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_ref-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand_(2007)/Chapter_6#Part_9_:_Scrutiny_of_Administration_of_the_State_Affairs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6">Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand</a> 2007. Chapter 6: National Assembly of Thailand, Part 9: Scrutiny of Administration of the State Affairs</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_ref-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand_(2007)/Chapter_9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 9">Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand</a> 2007. Chapter 9: Council of Ministers, Section 171-196</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_ref-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand_(2007)/Chapter_9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 9">Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand</a> 2007. Chapter 9: Council of Ministers, Section 171-173</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_ref-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand_(2007)/Chapter_11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 11">Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand</a> 2007. Chapter 11: Constitutional organs, Section 229-251</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_ref-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand_(2007)/Chapter_9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 9">Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand</a> 2007. Chapter 9: Council of Ministers, Section 252</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand#cite_ref-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand_(2007)/Chapter_6#Part_9_:_Scrutiny_of_Administration_of_the_State_Affairs" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Constitution of Thailand (2007)/Chapter 6">Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand</a> 2007. Chapter 6: The National Assembly, Section 158</span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="References"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">References</span></span></h2>
<br />
<br />
<ul style="line-height: 19.200000762939453px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="extiw" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/2007_Constitution_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:2007 Constitution of Thailand"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2007 Constitution of Thailand</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.go.th/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Parliament of Thailand</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.senate.go.th/th_senate/English/index.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Senate of Thailand</span></a></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><br />
<br />
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" id="collapsibleTable0" style="background-color: transparent; border-spacing: 0px; line-height: 19.200000762939453px; text-align: center; width: 848.7999877929688px;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col" style="background-color: #ccccff; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;"><div class="">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Parliament of Asia</span></div>
</th></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="background-color: #ddddff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of sovereign states"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sovereign<br />states</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 719.2000122070313px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Afghanistan" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Armenia" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Azerbaijan" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Bahrain" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Bangladesh" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Bhutan" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Brunei" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Burma" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Burma">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Cambodia" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of the People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Cyprus" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_East_Timor" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Egypt" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia_(country)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_India" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of India">India</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Indonesia" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Iran" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Iraq" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Israel" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Japan" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Jordan" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Kazakhstan" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_North_Korea" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Korea" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Kuwait" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Kyrgyzstan" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Laos" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Maldives" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Mongolia" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Nepal" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Oman" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Philippines" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Qatar" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Russia" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Saudi_Arabia" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Syria" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Tajikistan" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Turkey" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Turkmenistan" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Uzbekistan" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Vietnam" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Yemen" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Yemen">Yemen</a></li>
</span></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="background-color: #ddddff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of states with limited recognition"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">States with limited<br />recognition</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 719.2000122070313px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Abkhazia" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Nagorno-Karabakh" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Cyprus" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Palestine" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Palestine">Palestine</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Taiwan" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Ossetia" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li>
</span></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="background-color: #ddddff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Territory (country subdivision)">territories</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 719.2000122070313px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Christmas_Island" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Hong_Kong" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Macau" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of Macau">Macau</a></li>
</span></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">reference : <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand" style="background-color: white; text-align: center;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Thailand</a></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-30964387288427842362012-04-12T00:50:00.001-07:002012-06-05T05:23:45.515-07:00Public administration<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></span><br />
<div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
</div>
<div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#mw-head" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#p-search" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr;">
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 202px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FEMA_-_43019_-_FEMA_National_Advistory_Council_meets_in_Washington,_DC.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="133" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/FEMA_-_43019_-_FEMA_National_Advistory_Council_meets_in_Washington%2C_DC.jpg/200px-FEMA_-_43019_-_FEMA_National_Advistory_Council_meets_in_Washington%2C_DC.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FEMA_-_43019_-_FEMA_National_Advistory_Council_meets_in_Washington,_DC.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public administration is both an academic discipline and a field of practice; the latter is depicted in this picture of US federal public servants at a meeting.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Public administration</b> houses the implementation of government policy and an academic discipline that studies this implementation and that prepares civil servants for this work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> As a "field of inquiry with a diverse scope" its "fundamental goal... is to advance management and policies so that government can function."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> Some of the various definitions which have been offered for the term are: "the management of public programs";<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> the "translation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politics">politics</a> into the reality that <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Citizen">citizens</a> see every day";<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KettlDonald_3-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-KettlDonald-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> and "the study of government decision making, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_analysis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy analysis">analysis of the policies</a> themselves, the various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs necessary to produce alternative policies."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public administration is "centrally concerned with the organization of government policies and programmes as well as the behavior of officials (usually non-elected) formally responsible for their conduct"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> Many unelected <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_servant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public servant">public servants</a> can be considered to be public administrators, including heads of city, county, regional, state and federal departments such as municipal budget directors, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resources" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human resources">HRadministrators</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_manager" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="City manager">city managers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Census">Census</a> managers, state [mental health]directors, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_secretaries" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cabinet secretaries">cabinet secretaries</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KettlDonald_3-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-KettlDonald-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> Public administrators are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_servant" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public servant">public servants</a> working in public departments and agencies, at all levels of government.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-KettlDonald_3-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-KettlDonald-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the US, civil servants and academics such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> promoted American civil service reform in the 1880s, moving public administration into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Academia">academia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wilson_6-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-Wilson-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> However, "until the mid-20th century and the dissemination of the German sociologist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>'s theory of bureaucracy" there was not "much interest in a theory of public administration."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> The field is <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidisciplinarity" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Multidisciplinarity">multidisciplinary</a> in character; one of the various proposals for public administration's sub-fields sets out six pillars, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resources" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human resources">human resources</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Organizational theory">organizational theory</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_analysis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy analysis">policy analysis</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Budget">budgeting</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ethics">ethics</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Shafritz_8-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-Shafritz-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></span></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); color: black; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<h2 style="background-image: none; border: none; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
Contents</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#" id="togglelink" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Definitions" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Definitions</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#History" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Antiquity_to_the_19th_century" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Antiquity to the 19th century</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#US_in_the_1940s" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">US in the 1940s</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Post.E2.80.93World_War_II_to_the_1970s" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Post–World War II to the 1970s</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#1980s.E2.80.931990s" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">1980s–1990s</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Late_1990s.E2.80.932000" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Late 1990s–2000</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Approaches_to_the_study_of_Public_Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Approaches to the study of Public Administration</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Core_branches" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Core branches</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Decision-making_models" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Decision-making models</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Niskanen.27s_budget-maximizing" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Niskanen's budget-maximizing</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Dunleavy.27s_bureau-shaping" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dunleavy's bureau-shaping</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#As_an_academic_field" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">As an academic field</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Comparative_public_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Comparative public administration</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Master.27s_degrees" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Master's degrees</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Doctoral_degrees" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Doctoral degrees</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Notable_scholars" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Notable scholars</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#International_public_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">International public administration</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#See_also" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Societies_for_public_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Societies for public administration</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#References" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#External_links" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Suggested_reading" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Suggested reading</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Definitions" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Definitions</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 202px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_020614-N-0552D-001_SPAWAR_award_winning_employee.jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="134" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/US_Navy_020614-N-0552D-001_SPAWAR_award_winning_employee.jpg/200px-US_Navy_020614-N-0552D-001_SPAWAR_award_winning_employee.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_020614-N-0552D-001_SPAWAR_award_winning_employee.jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Even in the digital age, public servants tend to work with both paper documents and computer files (pictured here is Stephen C. Dunn, Deputy Comptroller for the US Navy)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">One scholar claims that "public administration has no generally accepted definition", because the "scope of the subject is so great and so debatable that it is easier to explain than define".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-thecanadianencyclopedia_9-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-thecanadianencyclopedia-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> Public administration is a field of study (i.e., a discipline) and an occupation. There is much disagreement about whether the study of public administration can properly be called a discipline, largely because of the debate over whether public administration is a subfield of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political science">political science</a> or a subfield of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_(government)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Administration (government)">administrative science</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-thecanadianencyclopedia_9-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-thecanadianencyclopedia-9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup> Scholar Donald Kettl is among those who view public administration "as a subfield within political science".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-h-net_10-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-h-net-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Industry_Classification_System" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="North American Industry Classification System">North American Industry Classification System</a> definition of the Public Administration (NAICS 91) sector states that public administration "... comprises establishments primarily engaged in activities of a governmental nature, that is, the enactment and judicial interpretation of laws and their pursuant regulations, and the administration of programs based on them". This includes "Legislative activities, taxation, national defense, public order and safety, immigration services, foreign affairs and international assistance, and the administration of government programs are activities that are purely governmental in nature".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">From the academic perspective, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) in the United States defines the study of public administration as "A program that prepares individuals to serve as managers in the executive arm of local, state, and federal government and that focuses on the systematic study of executive organization and management. Includes instruction in the roles, development, and principles of public administration; the management of public policy; executive-legislative relations; public budgetary processes and financial management; administrative law; public personnel management; professional ethics; and research methods."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="History" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">History</span></h2>
<h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Antiquity to the 19th century">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Antiquity_to_the_19th_century" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Antiquity to the 19th century</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dating back to Antiquity, Pharaohs, kings and emperors have required pages, treasurers, and tax collectors to administer the practical business of government. Prior to the 19th century, staffing of most public administrations was rife with nepotism, favoritism, and political patronage, which was often referred to as a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoils_system" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Spoils system">spoils system</a>". Public administrators have been the "eyes and ears" of rulers until relatively recently. In medieval times, the abilities to read and write, add and subtract were as dominated by the educated elite as public employment. Consequently, the need for expert civil servants whose ability to read and write formed the basis for developing expertise in such necessary activities as legal record-keeping, paying and feeding armies and levying <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tax">taxes</a>. As the European Imperialist age progressed and the militarily powers extended their hold over other continents and people, the need for a sophisticated public administration grew.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The eighteenth-century noble, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_I_of_Prussia" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Frederick William I of Prussia">King Frederick William I of Prussia</a>, created professorates in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameralism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kameralism">Cameralism</a> in an effort to train a new class of public administrators. The universities of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_an_der_Oder" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Frankfurt an der Oder">Frankfurt an der Oder</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Halle" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Halle">University of Halle</a> were <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prussian">Prussian</a> institutions emphasizing economic and social disciplines, with the goal of societal reform. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Gottlob_Justi" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi">Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi</a> was the most well-known professor of Cameralism. Thus, from a Western European perspective, Classic, Medieval, and Enlightenment-era scholars formed the foundation of the discipline that has come to be called public administration.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_von_Stein" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lorenz von Stein">Lorenz von Stein</a>, an 1855 German professor from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, is considered the founder of the science of public administration in many parts of the world. In the time of Von Stein, public administration was considered a form of administrative law, but Von Stein believed this concept too restrictive. Von Stein taught that public administration relies on many prestablished disciplines such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political science">political science</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Administrative law">administrative law</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_finance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public finance">public finance</a>. He called public administration an integrating science, and stated that public administrators should be concerned with both theory and practice. He argued that public administration is a science because knowledge is generated and evaluated according to the scientific method.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Modern American public administration is an extension of democratic governance, justified by classic and liberal philosophers of the western world ranging from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> to John Locke<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup> to Thomas Jefferson<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup></span></div>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 202px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woodrow_Wilson_(Nobel_1919).png" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="283" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Woodrow_Wilson_%28Nobel_1919%29.png/200px-Woodrow_Wilson_%28Nobel_1919%29.png" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woodrow_Wilson_(Nobel_1919).png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Woodrow Wilson</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States of America">United States of America</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> is considered the father of public administration. He first formally recognized public administration in an 1887 article entitled "The Study of Administration." The future president wrote that "it is the object of administrative study to discover, first, what government can properly and successfully do, and, secondly, how it can do these proper things with the utmost possible efficiency and at the least possible cost either of money or of energy."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wilson_6-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-Wilson-6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> Wilson was more influential to the science of public administration than Von Stein, primarily due to an article Wilson wrote in 1887 in which he advocated four concepts:</span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Separation of politics and administration</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Comparative analysis of political and private organizations</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Improving efficiency with business-like practices and attitudes toward daily operations</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Improving the effectiveness of public service through management and by training civil servants, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit_pay" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Merit pay">merit</a>-based assessment</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The separation of politics and administration has been the subject of lasting debate. The different perspectives regarding this dichotomy contribute to differentiating characteristics of the suggested generations of public administration.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">By the 1920s, scholars of public administration had responded to Wilson's solicitation and thus textbooks in this field were introduced. A few distinguished scholars of that period were, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Gulick" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Luther Gulick">Luther Gulick</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndall_Urwick" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lyndall Urwick">Lyndall Urwick</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fayol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Henri Fayol">Henri Fayol</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Taylor" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Frederick Taylor">Frederick Taylor</a>, and others. Frederick Taylor (1856-1915), another prominent scholar in the field of administration and management also published a book entitled ‘The Principles of Scientific Management’ (1911). He believed that scientific analysis would lead to the discovery of the ‘one best way’ to do things and /or carrying out an operation. This, according to him could help save cost and time. Taylor’s technique was later introduced to private industrialists, and later into the various government organizations (Jeong, 2007).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-JeongChun_16-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-JeongChun-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Taylor's approach is often referred to as Taylor's Principles, and/or Taylorism. Taylor's scientific management consisted of main four principles (Frederick W. Taylor, 1911):</span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Scientifically select, train, and develop each employee rather than passively leaving them to train themselves.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Provide ‘Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker's discrete task’ (Montgomery 1997: 250).</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Taylor had very precise ideas about how to introduce his system (approach): ‘It is only through enforced standardization of methods, enforced adoption of the best implements and working conditions, and enforced cooperation that this faster work can be assured. And the duty of enforcing the adoption of standards and enforcing this cooperation rests with management alone.’<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Public_Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="American Society for Public Administration">American Society for Public Administration</a> (ASPA) the leading professional group for public administration was founded in 1939. ASPA sponsors the journal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Administration_Review" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public Administration Review">Public Administration Review</a>, which was founded in 1940.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: US in the 1940s">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="US_in_the_1940s" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">US in the 1940s</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The separation of politics and administration advocated by Wilson continues to play a significant role in public administration today. However, the dominance of this dichotomy was challenged by second generation scholars, beginning in the 1940s. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Gulick_(social_scientist)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Luther Gulick (social scientist)">Luther Gulick</a>'s fact-value dichotomy was a key contender for Wilson's proposed politics-administration dichotomy. In place of Wilson's first generation split, Gulick advocated a "seamless web of discretion and interaction".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup></span></div>
<div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: white; clear: left; float: left; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 152px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luther_Gulick_(social_scientist).jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="169" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Luther_Gulick_%28social_scientist%29.jpg/150px-Luther_Gulick_%28social_scientist%29.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luther_Gulick_(social_scientist).jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Luther Gulick (1892–1993) was an expert on public administration.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Luther Gulick and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndall_Urwick" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lyndall Urwick">Lyndall Urwick</a> are two second-generation scholars. Gulick, Urwick, and the new generation of administrators built on the work of contemporary behavioral, administrative, and organizational scholars including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fayol" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Henri Fayol">Henri Fayol</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrick_Winslow_Taylor" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fredrick Winslow Taylor">Fredrick Winslow Taylor</a>, Paul Appleby, Frank Goodnow, and Willam Willoughby. The new generation of organizational theories no longer relied upon logical assumptions and generalizations about human nature like classical and enlightened theorists.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Gulick developed a comprehensive, generic theory of organization that emphasized the scientific method, efficiency, professionalism, structural reform, and executive control. Gulick summarized the duties of administrators with an acronym; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSDCORB" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="POSDCORB">POSDCORB</a>, which stands for planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting. Fayol developed a systematic, 14-point, treatment of private management. Second-generation theorists drew upon private management practices for administrative sciences. A single, generic management theory bleeding the borders between the private and the public sector was thought to be possible. With the general theory, the administrative theory could be focused on governmental organizations.</span></div>
<h4 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Post–World War II to the 1970s">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Post.E2.80.93World_War_II_to_the_1970s" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Post–World War II to the 1970s</span></h4>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The mid-1940s theorists challenged Wilson and Gulick. The politics-administration dichotomy remained the center of criticism. In the 1960s and 1970s, government itself came under fire as ineffective, inefficient, and largely a wasted effort. The costly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vietnam War">American intervention in Vietnam</a> along with domestic scandals including the bugging of Democratic party headquarters (the 1974 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watergate" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Watergate">Watergate</a> scandal) are two examples of self-destructive government behavior that alienated citizens.</span></div>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-52D(061127-F-1234S-017).jpg" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/B-52D%28061127-F-1234S-017%29.jpg/220px-B-52D%28061127-F-1234S-017%29.jpg" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B-52D(061127-F-1234S-017).jpg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The costly Vietnam War alienated US citizens from their government (pictured is<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Arc_Light" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Operation Arc Light">Operation Arc Light</a>, a US bombing operation)</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There was a call by citizens for efficient administration to replace ineffective, wasteful bureaucracy. Public administration would have to distance itself from politics to answer this call and remain effective. Elected officials supported these reforms. The Hoover Commission, chaired by University of Chicago professor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Brownlow" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Louis Brownlow">Louis Brownlow</a>, to examine reorganization of government. Brownlow subsequently founded the Public Administration Service (PAS) at the university, an organization which has provided consulting services to all levels of government until the 1970s.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Concurrently, after World War II, the whole concept of public administration expanded to include policy-making and analysis, thus the study of ‘administrative policy making and analysis’ was introduced and enhanced into the government decision-making bodies. Later on, the human factor became a predominant concern and emphasis in the study of Public Administration. This period witnessed the development and inclusion of other social sciences knowledge, predominantly, psychology, anthropology, and sociology, into the study of public administration (Jeong, 2007).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-JeongChun_16-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-JeongChun-16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> Henceforth, the emergence of scholars such as, Fritz Morstein Marx with his book ‘The Elements of Public Administration’ (1946), Paul H. Appleby ‘Policy and Administration’ (1952), Frank Marini ‘Towards a New Public Administration’ (1971), and others that have contributed positively in these endeavors.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=6" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: 1980s–1990s">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1980s.E2.80.931990s" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1980s–1990s</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the late 1980s, yet another generation of public administration theorists began to displace the last. The new theory, which came to be called <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Public_Management" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Public Management">New Public Management</a>, was proposed by David Osborne and Ted Gaebler in their book <i>Reinventing Government</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup> The new model advocated the use of private sector-style models, organizational ideas and values to improve the efficiency and service-orientation of the public sector. During the<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Clinton Administration">Clinton Administration</a> (1993–2001), Vice President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> adopted and reformed federal agencies using NPM approaches. In the 1990s, new public management became prevalent throughout the bureaucracies of the US, the UK and, to a lesser extent, in Canada.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Some modern authors define NPM as a combination of splitting large bureaucracies into smaller, more fragmented agencies, encouraging competition between different public agencies, and encouraging competition between public agencies and private firms and using economic incentives lines (e.g., performance pay for senior executives or user-pay models).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup> NPM treats individuals as "customers" or "clients" (in the private sector sense), rather than as citizens.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Some critics argue that the New Public Management concept of treating people as "customers" rather than "citizens" is an inappropriate borrowing from the private sector model, because businesses see customers are a means to an end (profit), rather than as the proprietors of government (the owners), opposed to merely the customers of a business (the patrons). In New Public Management, people are viewed as economic units not democratic participants. Nevertheless, the model is still widely accepted at all levels of government and in many OECD nations.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Late 1990s–2000">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Late_1990s.E2.80.932000" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Late 1990s–2000</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the late 1990s, Janet and Robert Denhardt proposed a new public service model in response to the dominance of NPM.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup> A successor to NPM is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_era_governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital era governance">digital era governance</a>, focusing on themes of reintegrating government responsibilities, needs-based holism (executing duties in cursive ways), and digitalization (exploiting the transformational capabilities of modern IT and digital storage).One example of this is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Forum_(Australia)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Open Forum (Australia)">openforum.com.au</a>, an Australian non-for-profit eDemocracy project which invites politicians, senior public servants, academics, business people and other key stakeholders to engage in high-level policy debate.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Another new public service model is what has been called New Public Governance, an approach which includes a centralization of power; an increased number, role and influence of partisan-political staff; personal-politicization of appointments to the senior public service; and, the assumption that the public service is promiscuously partisan for the government of the day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Approaches to the study of Public Administration">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Approaches_to_the_study_of_Public_Administration" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Approaches to the study of Public Administration</span></h2>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behavioural_Approach&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Behavioural Approach (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Behavioural Approach</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=System%27s_Approach&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="System's Approach (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">System's Approach</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecological_Approach&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Ecological Approach (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ecological Approach</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Structural_Functional_Approach&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Structural Functional Approach (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Structural Functional Approach</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Choice_Approach&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Public Choice Approach (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public Choice Approach</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contingency_Approach&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Contingency Approach (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Contingency Approach</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=9" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Core branches">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Core_branches" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Core branches</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In academia, the field of public administration consists of a number of sub-fields. Scholars have proposed a number of different sets of sub-fields. One of the proposed models uses five "pillars":<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Shafritz_8-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-Shafritz-8" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Resource_Management_in_Public_Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human Resource Management in Public Administration">Human resource management</a> is an in-house structure that ensures that public service staffing is done in an unbiased, ethical and values-based manner. The basic functions of the HR system are employee benefits, employee health care, compensation, etc.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organizational_Theory_in_Public_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Organizational Theory in Public Administration (page does not exist)">Organizational Theory in Public Administration</a> is the study of the structure of governmental entities and the many particulars inculcated in them.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector_ethics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public sector ethics">Ethics in public administration</a> serves as a normative approach to decision making.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_analysis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy analysis">Policy analysis</a> serves as an empirical approach to decision making.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_budgeting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public budgeting">Public budgeting</a> is the activity within a government that seeks to allocate scarce resources among unlimited demands.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Decision-making models">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Decision-making_models" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Decision-making models</span></h2>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; color: black; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 1em 4px 0px; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Question book-new.svg" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="50" /></span></a></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 162px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This unreferenced section requires <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to ensure<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiability</a>.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Given the array of duties public administrators find themselves performing, the professional administrator might refer to a theoretical framework from which he or she might work. Indeed, many public and private administrative scholars have devised and modified decision-making models.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Niskanen's budget-maximizing">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Niskanen.27s_budget-maximizing" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Niskanen's budget-maximizing</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In 1971, Professor <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Niskanen" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="William Niskanen">William Niskanen</a> proposed a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_choice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rational choice">rational choice</a> variation which he called the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget-maximizing_model" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Budget-maximizing model">budget-maximizing model</a>". He claimed that rational bureaucrats will universally seek to increase the budgets of their units (to enhance their stature), thereby contributing to state growth and increased public expenditure. Niskanen served on President Reagan's Council of Economic Advisors; his model underpinned what has been touted as curtailed public spending and increased privatization. However, budgeted expenditures and the growing deficit during the Reagan administration is evidence of a different reality. A range of pluralist authors have critiqued Niskanen's universalist approach. These scholars have argued that officials tend also to be motivated by considerations of the public interest.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Dunleavy's bureau-shaping">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Dunleavy.27s_bureau-shaping" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dunleavy's bureau-shaping</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau-shaping" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bureau-shaping">bureau-shaping</a> model, a modification of Niskanen, holds that rational bureaucrats only maximize the part of their budget that they spend on their own agency's operations or give to contractors and interest groups. Groups that are able to organize a "flowback" of benefits to senior officials would, according to this theory, receive increased budgetary attention. For instance, rational officials will get no benefit from paying out larger welfare checks to millions of low-income citizens because this does not serve a bureaucrats' goals. Accordingly, one might instead expect a jurisdiction to seek budget increases for defense and security purposes in place programming. If we refer back to Reagan once again, Dunleavy's bureau shaping model accounts for the alleged decrease in the "size" of government while spending did not, in fact, decrease. Domestic entitlement programming was financially de-emphasized for military research and personnel.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: As an academic field">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="As_an_academic_field" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As an academic field</span></h2>
<div class="rellink boilerplate seealso" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Public_Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Master of Public Administration">Master of Public Administration</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Public_Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Doctor of Public Administration">Doctor of Public Administration</a></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a>, the academic field of public administration draws heavily on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political science">political science</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Administrative law">administrative law</a>. Some MPA programs include economics courses to give students a background in microeconomic issues (markets, rationing mechanisms, etc.) and macroeconomic issues (e.g., national debt). Scholars such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Rohr" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John A. Rohr">John A. Rohr</a> write of a long history behind the constitutional <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_(political_science)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legitimacy (political science)">legitimacy</a> of government <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>. In Europe (notably in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Germany">Germany</a>), the divergence of the field from other disciplines can be traced to the 1720s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Continental Europe">continental</a> university curriculum. Formally, official academic distinctions were made in the 1910s and 1890s, respectively.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The goals of the field of public administration are related to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democracy">democratic</a> values of improving <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianism" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Egalitarianism">equality</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Justice">justice</a>, security, efficiency, effectiveness of public services usually in a non-profit, non-taxable venue; <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Business administration">business administration</a>, on the other hand, is primarily concerned with taxable <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Profit (accounting)">profit</a>. For a field built on concepts (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountability" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Accountability">accountability</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Governance">governance</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralization" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Decentralization">decentralization</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clientele" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Clientele">clientele</a>), these concepts are often ill-defined and typologies often ignore certain aspects of these concepts (Dubois & Fattore 2009).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">One minor tradition that the more specific term "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_management" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public management">public management</a>" refers to ordinary, routine or typical management concerns, in the context of achieving <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_good" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public good">public good</a>. Others argue that "public management" refers to a newer, market-driven perspective on the operation of government. This latter view is often called "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Public_Management" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Public Management">new public management</a>" by its advocates. New Public Management represents a reform attempt, aimed at reemphasizing the professional nature of the field<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. This will replace the academic, moral or disciplinary emphasis. Some theorists advocate a bright line differentiation of the professional field from related academic disciplines like political science and sociology; it remains interdisciplinary in nature.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">One public administration scholar, Donald Kettl, argues that "...public administration sits in a disciplinary backwater", because "...[f]or the last generation, scholars have sought to save or replace it with fields of study like implementation, public management, and formal bureaucratic theory".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-h-net_10-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-h-net-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> Kettl states that "public administration, as a subfield within political science...is struggling to define its role within the discipline".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-h-net_10-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-h-net-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> He notes two problems with public administration: it "has seemed methodologically to lag behind" and "the field’s theoretical work too often seems not to define it"-indeed, "some of the most interesting recent ideas in public administration have come from outside the field".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-h-net_10-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-h-net-10" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public administration theory">Public administration theory</a> is the domain in which discussions of the meaning and purpose of government, the role of bureaucracy in supporting democratic governments, budgets, governance, and public affairs takes place. In recent years, public administration theory has periodically connoted a heavy orientation toward critical theory and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Postmodern">postmodern</a> philosophical notions of government, governance, and power. However, many public administration scholars support a classic definition of the term emphasizing constitutionality, public service, bureaucratic forms of organization, and hierarchical government.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Comparative public administration">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Comparative_public_administration" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Comparative public administration</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Comparative public administration is defined as the study of administrative systems in a comparative fashion or the study of public administration in other countries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Khan_p33_26-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-Khan_p33-26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup> Another definition for "comparative public administration" is the "quest for patterns and regularities in administrative action and behavior".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Khan_p33_26-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-Khan_p33-26" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup> There have been several issues which have hampered the development of comparative public administration, including: the major differences between Western countries and developing countries; the lack of curriculum on this subfield in public administration programs; and the lack of success in developing theoretical models which can be scientifically tested.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-27" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Comparative public administration studies can compare different types of states at the same time, such as religious states vs. secular states or authoritarian states vs. democratic states. Even though public administration systems vary a great deal, there are some common elements which they all share which can be compared, such as the recruitment of bureaucrats and common programs which all governments have (e.g., a taxation regime) and common roles (e.g., rule-making).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Master's degrees">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Master.27s_degrees" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Master's degrees</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 202px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:School_of_Government.JPG" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="133" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/School_of_Government.JPG/200px-School_of_Government.JPG" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; float: right;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:School_of_Government.JPG" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.20wmf3/skins/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-image: none !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border: none !important; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Knapp-Sanders Building, the home of the School of Government at the University of North Carolina.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">As a field, public administration can be compared to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Business administration">business administration</a>, and the master of public administration (MPA) viewed as similar to a master of business administration (MBA) for those wishing to pursue governmental or non-profit careers<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. An MPA often emphasizes substantially different ethical and sociological criteria that are traditionally secondary to that of profit for business administrators. The MPA is related to similar graduate level government studies including MA programs in public affairs,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public policy">public policy</a>, and political science. Differences often include program emphases on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_analysis" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy analysis">policy analysis</a>techniques or other topical focuses such as the study of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International relations">international affairs</a> as opposed to focuses on constitutional issues such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Administrative law">administrative law</a>, problems of governance and power, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_democracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Participatory democracy">participatory democracy</a>.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=16" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Doctoral degrees">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Doctoral_degrees" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Doctoral degrees</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are two types of doctoral degrees in public administration: the Doctor of Public Administration and the Ph.D. in Public Administration. The Doctor of Public Administration (DPA) is an applied-research doctoral degree in the field of public administration, focusing on practice. The DPA requires a dissertation and significant coursework beyond the Masters level. Upon successful completion of the doctoral requirements, the title of "Doctor" is awarded and the post-nominals of D.P.A. are often added. Some universities use the Ph.D. as their doctoral degree in public administration (e.g., Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada).</span></div>
<h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Notable scholars">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_scholars" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Notable scholars</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Notable scholars of public administration have come from a range of fields. In the period before public administration existed as its own independent discipline, scholars contributing to the field came from economics, sociology, management, political science, administrative law, and, other related fields. More recently, scholars from public administration and public policy have contributed important studies and theories. For a longer list of academics and theorists, see the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_notable_public_administration_scholars" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of notable public administration scholars">List of notable public administration scholars</a> article.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: International public administration">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="International_public_administration" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">International public administration</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">There are several organizations that are active. The oldest is the International Association of Schools and Institutes of Administration (IASIA). Based in Brussels, Belgium, IASIA is an association of organizations and individuals whose activities and interests focus on public administration and management. The activities of its members include education and training of administrators and managers. It is the only worldwide scholarly association in the field of public management.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup> Also the International Committee of the US-based National Association of School of Public Affairs and Administration (<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASPAA" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="NASPAA">NASPAA</a>) has developed a number of relationships around the world. They include sub regional and National forums like CLAD, INPAE and NISPAcee, APSA, ASPA.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Center for Latin American Administration for Development (CLAD), based in Caracas, Venezuela, this regional network of schools of public administration set up by the governments in Latin America is the oldest in the region.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-31" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup> The Institute is a founding member and played a central role in organizing the Inter-American Network of Public Administration Education (INPAE). Created in 2000, this regional network of schools is unique in that it is the only organization to be composed of institutions from North and Latin America and the Caribbean working in public administration and policy analysis. It has more than 49 members from top research schools in various countries throughout the hemisphere.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-32" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">NISPAcee is a network of experts, scholars and practitioners who work in the field of public administration in Central and Eastern Europe, including the Russian Federation and the Caucasus and Central Asia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-33" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a></sup> The US public administration and political science associations like NASPA, American Political Science Association (APSA)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-34" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup> and American Society of Public Administration (ASPA).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-35" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a></sup> These organizations have helped to create the fundamental establishment of modern public administration.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">See also</span></h2>
<table class="metadata mbox-small" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Book icon" height="30" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="30" /></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 171px;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Public_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Book:Public administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Book: Public administration</span></a></b></i></td></tr>
<tr><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.9em; width: 213px;"><small><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Books" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Books">Wikipedia books</a> are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.</span></small></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_(government)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Administration (government)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Administration (government)</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_law" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Administrative law"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Administrative law</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgeting" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Budgeting"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Budgeting</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bureaucracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bureaucracy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil society"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Civil society</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Public_Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Doctor of Public Administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Doctor of Public Administration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Municipal government"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Municipal government</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Politics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Professional administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Professional administration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_management" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public management">Public management</a> – focusing on the efficiency and effectiveness of a government</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration_theory" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public administration theory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public administration theory</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_schools" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public policy schools"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public policy schools</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Theories of administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Theories of administration</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Max Weber"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Max Weber</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Societies for public administration">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Societies_for_public_administration" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Societies for public administration</span></h3>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Public_Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="American Society for Public Administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">American Society for Public Administration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Public_Administration_Society" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chinese Public Administration Society"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Chinese Public Administration Society</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ipac.ca/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Institute for Public Administration in Canada</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Association_for_Public_Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dutch Association for Public Administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dutch Association for Public Administration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Institute_for_Public_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Institute for Public Administration (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Royal Institute for Public Administration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Institute_of_Public_Administration" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Korea Institute of Public Administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Korea Institute of Public Administration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Administration_Association_of_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Public Administration Association of Nepal (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public Administration Association of Nepal</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="References" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="background-color: white; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
<ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://dictionary.infoplease.com/public-administration" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Random House Unabridged Dictionary</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Handbook of Public Administration</i>. Eds Jack Rabin, W. Bartley Hildreth, and Gerard J. Miller. 1989: Marcel Dekker, NY. p. iii</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert and Janet Denhardt. <i>Public Administration: An Action Orientation</i>. 6th Ed. 2009: Thomson Wadsworth, Belmont CA.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-KettlDonald-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-KettlDonald_3-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-KettlDonald_3-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-KettlDonald_3-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kettl, Donald and James Fessler. 2009. <i>The Politics of the Administrative Process</i>. Washington D.C.: CQ Press.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-4" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome B. McKinney and Lawrence C. Howard. Public Administration: Balancing Power and Accountability. 2nd Ed. 1998: Praeger Publishing, Westport, CT. p. 62</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-5" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UN Economic and Social Council. Committee of Experts on Public Administration. Definition of basic concepts and terminologies in governance and public administration. 2006</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Wilson-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-Wilson_6-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-Wilson_6-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Woodrow. June, 1887. The Study of Administration, Political Science Quarterly 2.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-7" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Public administration. (2010) In <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. Retrieved August 18, 2010, from Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Shafritz-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-Shafritz_8-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-Shafritz_8-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shafritz, J.M., A.C. Hyde. 2007. Classics of Public Administration. Wadsworth: Boston.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-thecanadianencyclopedia-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-thecanadianencyclopedia_9-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-thecanadianencyclopedia_9-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kernaghan, Kenneth. "Public administration" in <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>. Available online at: <a class="external free" href="http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0006540Accessed" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0006540Accessed</a> August 20, 2010.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-h-net-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-h-net_10-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-h-net_10-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-h-net_10-2" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-h-net_10-3" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">THE FUTURE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION by Donald F. Kettl. Available online at: <a class="external free" href="http://www.h-net.org/~pubadmin/tfreport/kettl.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.h-net.org/~pubadmin/tfreport/kettl.pdf</a> Accessed on October 25, 2010.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-11" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Definition Public Administration (NAICS 91). Available online at: <a class="external free" href="http://www.ic.gc.ca/cis-sic/cis-sic.nsf/IDE/cis-sic91defe.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.ic.gc.ca/cis-sic/cis-sic.nsf/IDE/cis-sic91defe.html</a> Accessed October 25, 2010</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-12" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=88560" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/cipcode/cipdetail.aspx?y=55&cipid=88560</a> accessed 09.03.2011</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-13" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Second Treatise on Government</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-14" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Declaration of Independence</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-15" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryan, M., Mejia, B., and Georgiev, M. (Ed). 2010. AM Gov 2010. McGraw Hill: New York.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-JeongChun-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-JeongChun_16-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-JeongChun_16-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeong Chun Hai @Ibrahim, & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. (2007). <i>Principles of Public Administration: An Introduction.</i> Kuala Lumpur: Karisma Publications. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789831952532" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 978-983-195-253-2</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-17" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick W. Taylor. (1856-1915). 'Principles of Scientific Management.' New York & London: Harper Brothers; Also see, Jeong Chun Hai @Ibrahim, & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. (2007). <i>Principles of Public Administration: An Introduction.</i> Kuala Lumpur: Karisma Publications. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789831952532" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 978-983-195-253-2</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-18" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.aspanet.org/scriptcontent/ASPAgeneral.cfm" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.aspanet.org/scriptcontent/ASPAgeneral.cfm</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-19" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fry, Brian R. 1989. Mastering Public Administration; from Max Weber to Dwight Waldo. Chatham, New Jersey: Chatham House Publishers, Inc. page 80</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-20" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Public Administration Review, Vol. 56, No. 3 (May – Jun., 1996), pp. 247–255</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-21" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Dunleavy" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Patrick Dunleavy">Patrick Dunleavy</a>, Helen Margetts et al, 'New public management is dead: Long live digital era governance',<i><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Public_Administration_Research_and_Theory&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory (page does not exist)">Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory</a></i>, (July 2006).</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diane Stone, (2008) 'Global Public Policy, Transnational Policy Communities and their Networks,' <i>Journal of Policy Sciences</i>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denhardt , Robert B. and Janet Vinzant Denhardt (2000). "The New Public Service: Serving Rather than Steering." Public Administration Review 60(6)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-24" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aucoin, Peter (2008). <i>New Public Management and the Quality of Government: Coping with the New Political Governance in Canada</i>, Conference on "New Public Management and the Quality of Government", SOG and the Quality of Government Institute, University of Gothenburg, Sweden, 13–15 November 2008, p.14.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-25" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Dubois, Hans F. W.; Fattore, Giovanni (2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a913084156" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>International Journal of Public Administration</i></a>. <b>32</b>. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 704–727.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F01900690902908760" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1080/01900690902908760</a>. "The field of public administration knows many concepts. By focusing on one such concept, this research shows how definitions can be deceptive..."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Journal+of+Public+Administration&rft.aulast=Dubois&rft.aufirst=Hans+F.+W.&rft.au=Dubois%2C%26%2332%3BHans+F.+W.&rft.au=Fattore%2C%26%2332%3BGiovanni&rft.date=2009&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B704%E2%80%93727&rft.pub=Routledge+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080%2F01900690902908760&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informaworld.com%2Fsmpp%2Fcontent%7Edb%3Dall%7Econtent%3Da913084156&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Public_administration"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Khan_p33-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-Khan_p33_26-0" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-Khan_p33_26-1" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Haroon A. Khan. <i>Introduction to Public Administration</i>. University Press of America, 2008. P. 33</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-27" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haroon A. Khan. <i>Introduction to Public Administration</i>. University Press of America, 2008 p. 34</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-28" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">www.powershow.com/view/.../Comparative_Public_Administratio<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-29" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">www.iiasiisa.be/schools/aeacc.htm</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-30" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.globalmpa.net/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.GlobalMPA.net</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-31" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.clad.org.ve/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.clad.org.ve</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-32" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.ebape.fgv.br/inpae" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.ebape.fgv.br/inpae</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-33" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.nispa.sk/_portal/homepage.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.nispa.sk/_portal/homepage.php</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-34" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.apsanet.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.apsanet.org</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_ref-35" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.aspanet.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.aspanet.org</a></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=22" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">External links</span></h2>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.thegovmonitor.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Gov Monitor</a>: A public administration, policy and public sector website</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.patheory.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Public Administration Theory Network (PAT-Net)</a> : This is an international network of professionals concerned with the advancement of public administration theory.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.linkedin.com/groups/Global-Public-Administration-Resource-3818311" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The Global Public Administration Resource</a> : A forum where practitioners, academics and students can discuss topics in public administration.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.unpan.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-image: url(data:image/png; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">United Nations Public Administration Network (UNPAN)</a>: A body which aims to establish an Internet-based network that links regional and national institutions devoted to public administration.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<h2 style="background-color: white; background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=23" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Suggested reading">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Suggested_reading" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Suggested reading</span></h2>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dubois, H.F.W. & Fattore, G. (2009), 'Definitions and typologies in public administration research: the case of decentralization', International Journal of Public Administration, 32(8): 704–727.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Jeong Chun Hai @Ibrahim, & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. (2007). <i>Principles of Public Administration: An Introduction.</i> Kuala Lumpur: Karisma Publications. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789831952532" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 978-983-195-253-2</a></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Smith, Kevin B. and Licari, Michael J. <i>Public Administration — Power and Politics in the Fourth Branch of Government</i>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/193322004X" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 1-933220-04-X</a></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">White,Jay D. and Guy B. Adams. <i>Research in public administration: reflections on theory and practice</i>.1994.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Donald Menzel and Harvey White (eds) 2011. <i>The State of Public Administration: Issues, Challenges and Opportunity</i>. New York: M. E. Sharpe.</span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">reference : </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration</a></span></b></div>
<table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" id="collapsibleTable0" style="border-spacing: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; text-align: center; width: 825px;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col" style="background-color: #ccccff; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;"><div class="" style="font-size: 13px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Civil service">Civil service</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Government">government</a></span></div>
</th></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="background-color: #ddddff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Concepts</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 733px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government agency">Government agency</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucrat" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bureaucrat">Bureaucrat</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><strong class="selflink">Public administration</strong></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_services" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public services">Public services</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public sector">Public sector</a></li>
</span></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="background-color: #ddddff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Terminology</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 733px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Secretary" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Permanent Secretary">Permanent Secretary</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undersecretary" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Undersecretary">Undersecretary</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_commission" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil service commission">Commissioner</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_service" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Diplomatic service">Diplomatic service</a></li>
</span></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="background-color: #ddddff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Civil services</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 733px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Australian Public Service">Australia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Civil_Service" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bangladesh Civil Service">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Civil_Service" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brazilian Civil Service">Brazil</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Service_of_Canada" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public Service of Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil service of the People's Republic of China">China</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Civil_Service" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European Civil Service">European Union</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Civil_Service" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="French Civil Service">France</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beamter" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Beamter">Germany</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Civil_Service" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hong Kong Civil Service">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil Services of India">India</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil service of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Senior_Civil_Service" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Italian Senior Civil Service">Italy</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_of_Japan" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil service of Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Service_in_Malaysia" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil Service in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector_organisations_in_New_Zealand#Public_service_departments" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public sector organisations in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_Service" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nigerian Civil Service">Nigeria</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Service" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Northern Ireland Civil Service">Northern Ireland</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Superior_Services_of_Pakistan" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Central Superior Services of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Service" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Singapore Civil Service">Singapore</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Administrative_Service" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sri Lanka Administrative Service">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Civil_Service" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Her Majesty's Civil Service">United Kingdom</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_civil_service" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States civil service">United States</a></li>
</span></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="background-color: #ddddff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Categories</span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; width: 733px;"><div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:National_civil_service_commissions" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:National civil service commissions">National civil service commissions</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Government_occupations" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Government occupations">Government occupations</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Civil_service_by_country" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Category:Civil service by country">Civil service by country</a></li>
</span></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;"><td></td></tr>
<tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ddddff; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><i>See also:</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service_reform_in_developing_countries" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil service reform in developing countries">Civil service reform in developing countries</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_examination" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examination</a> (Ancient China)</li>
</span></ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-84896637990613829112012-04-12T00:48:00.002-07:002012-05-25T12:31:03.166-07:00Public Admin Theory<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #191919; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify;"> </span><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Public administration">Public administration</a> theory</b><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.5em;"> is the amalgamation of history, organizational theory, social theory, political theory and related studies</span></span><br />
<div class="article-content entry-content" itemprop="articleBody" style="background-color: white; clear: both; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 10px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<div class="article-content entry-content" itemprop="articleBody" style="background-color: white; clear: both; margin: 10px auto 5px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<div id="bodyContent" style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: -webkit-auto; width: 1075px;">
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<div style="color: #191919; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<div style="color: black; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> focused on the meanings, structures and functions of public service in all its forms.</span></div>
<div style="color: black; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A standard course of study in PhD programs dedicated to public administration, public administration theory often recounts major historical</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> foundations for the study of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> as well as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemological" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Epistemological">epistemological</a> issues associated with public service as a profession and as an academic field.</span></div>
<div style="color: black; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Important figures of study include: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Taylor" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Frederick Taylor">Frederick Taylor</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Gulick_(social_scientist)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Luther Gulick (social scientist)">Luther Gulick</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Parker_Follett" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Mary Parker Follett">Mary Parker Follett</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Barnard" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Chester Barnard">Chester Barnard</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Simon" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Herbert Simon">Herbert Simon</a>, and</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Waldo" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Dwight Waldo">Dwight Waldo</a>. In more recent times, the field has had three main branches: new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_management" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Public management">public management</a>, classic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Public administration">public administration</a> and postmodern</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> public administration theory. The last grouping is often viewed as manifest in the <a class="external text" href="http://www.patheory.org/" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">Public Administration Theory Network</a> (PAT-NET) and its</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> publication, <a class="external text" href="http://www.patheory.org/atp" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><i>Administrative Theory & Praxis</i></a>.</span></div>
</div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #191919; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 0.17em; position: relative; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration_theory&action=edit&section=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Important Works in the History of Public Administration Theory">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Important_Works_in_the_History_of_Public_Administration_Theory" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Important Works in the History of Public Administration Theory</span></h2>
<ul style="color: #191919; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northcote-Trevelyan_Report" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Northcote-Trevelyan Report">Northcote-Trevelyan Reportdef</a></span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="color: #191919; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendleton_Act" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Pendleton Act">Pendleton Act</a> of 1883</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Study_of_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="The Study of Administration (page does not exist)">The Study of Administration</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, 1887</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_as_a_Vocation" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Politics as a Vocation">Politics as a Vocation</a>, 1918</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a>, 1922, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Functions_of_the_Executive&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Functions of the Executive (page does not exist)">Functions of the Executive</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Barnard" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Chester Barnard">Chester Barnard</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Brownlow_Commission_Report&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="The Brownlow Commission Report (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Brownlow Commission Report</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lack_of_a_Budgetary_Theory&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="The Lack of a Budgetary Theory (page does not exist)">The Lack of a Budgetary Theory</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.O._Key,_Jr." style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="V.O. Key, Jr.">V.O. Key, Jr.</a>, 1940</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bureaucracy, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a>, 1944</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Administrative_State" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="The Administrative State">The Administrative State</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Waldo" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Dwight Waldo">Dwight Waldo</a>, 1948</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Administrative_Behavior&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Administrative Behavior (page does not exist)">Administrative Behavior</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a>, 1953</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TVA_and_the_Grass_Roots&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="TVA and the Grass Roots (page does not exist)">TVA and the Grass Roots</a>, Philip Selznick, 1953</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Science_of_Muddling_Through&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="The Science of Muddling Through (page does not exist)">The Science of Muddling Through</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Lindblom" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles E. Lindblom">Charles E. Lindblom</a>, 1959</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Forest_Ranger&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="The Forest Ranger (page does not exist)">The Forest Ranger</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Kaufman" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Herbert Kaufman">Herbert Kaufman</a>, 1960.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy_and_the_Public_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Democracy and the Public Service (page does not exist)">Democracy and the Public Service</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_C._Mosher" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Frederick C. Mosher">Frederick C. Mosher</a>, 1968</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servant_Leadership" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Servant Leadership">Servant Leadership</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_K._Greenleaf" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert K. Greenleaf">Robert K. Greenleaf</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organisation_theory_:_Revisiting_The_Elephant%22,_Public_Administration_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Organisation theory : Revisiting The Elephant", Public Administration Review (page does not exist)">Organisation theory : Revisiting The Elephant", Public Administration Review</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Waldo" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Dwight Waldo">Dwight Waldo</a>,1978</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_and_Private_Management:_Are_They_Alike_in_All_the_Unimportant_Respects%3F&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Public and Private Management: Are They Alike in All the Unimportant Respects? (page does not exist)">Public and Private Management: Are They Alike in All the Unimportant Respects?</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_T._Allison" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Graham T. Allison">Graham T. Allison</a>, 1980</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Economics_of_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="The New Economics of Organization (page does not exist)">The New Economics of Organization</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Political_Science" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="American Journal of Political Science">American Journal of Political Science</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_M._Moe" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Terry M. Moe">Terry M. Moe</a>, 1984</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organizational_Design_as_Policy_Analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Organizational Design as Policy Analysis (page does not exist)">Organizational Design as Policy Analysis</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Policy_Studies_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy Studies Journal (page does not exist)">Policy Studies Journal</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karen_M._Hult&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Karen M. Hult (page does not exist)">Karen M. Hult</a> and Charles Walcott 1989</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refounding_Public_Administration" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Refounding Public Administration">Refounding Public Administration</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Wamsley" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Gary Wamsley">Gary Wamsley</a> ed., 1990</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Street_Level_Bureaucracy&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Street Level Bureaucracy (page does not exist)">Street Level Bureaucracy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lipsky" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Michael Lipsky">Michael Lipsky</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Public_Administration_Theory_Primer&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="The Public Administration Theory Primer (page does not exist)">The Public Administration Theory Primer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._George_Frederickson" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="H. George Frederickson">H. George Frederickson</a> and Kevin B. Smith, 2003</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Case_for_Bureaucracy&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="The Case for Bureaucracy (page does not exist)">The Case for Bureaucracy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Goodsell" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles Goodsell">Charles Goodsell</a></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #191919; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 0.17em; position: relative; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration_theory&action=edit&section=2" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">See also</span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="color: #191919; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_Government" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Lean Government"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Lean Government</span></a></li>
<li style="color: #191919; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_service" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Civil Service</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #191919;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">United Nations General Assembly</a></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: #191919; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_notable_public_administration_scholars" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of public administration scholars</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #191919; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 0.17em; position: relative; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration_theory&action=edit&section=3" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">External links</span></h2>
<ul style="color: #191919; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.civilservant.org.uk/northcotetrevelyan.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; display: inline; outline: none; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Northcote-Trevelyan Report</span></a></li>
</ul>
<div style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span dir="auto" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Administration (government)</span></h1>
<div id="bodyContent" style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; width: 1075px;">
<div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></div>
<div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
</div>
<div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: -1.4em 0px 1.4em; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; zoom: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_(government)#mw-head" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_(government)#p-search" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"></a></span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This article is about government administration. For other usages, see <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_(disambiguation)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Administration (disambiguation)">Administration (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div>
<div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em;">
<span class="plainlinks selfreference" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.5em;">The term </span><b style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.5em;">administration</b><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.5em;">, as used in the context of government, differs according to </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.5em;">.</span>For Wikipedia's administration, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Administrators">Wikipedia:Administrators</a>.</span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-spacing: 0.4em 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 175px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-top: 0.4em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Politics" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><th class="" style="background-color: #cccccc; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0px 0.4em 0.2em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Politics</span></a></th></tr>
<tr><td class="" style="padding-bottom: 0.8em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Index of politics articles"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of political topics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Outline of political science"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Politics by country</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Politics of country subdivisions"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Politics by subdivision</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Political economy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political economy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Political history"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political history</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Political history of the world"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political history of the world</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Political philosophy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political philosophy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Political science"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political science</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_system" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Political system"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political system</span></a><div style="line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Democracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Democracy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federacy" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Federacy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Federacy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Feudalism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Feudalism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritocracy" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Meritocracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Meritocracy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Monarchy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Monarchy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Parliamentary system"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Parliamentary</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Presidential system"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Presidential</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Semi-presidential system"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Semi-presidential</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Theocracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Theocracy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Capitalism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Capitalist</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Communism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Communist</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Anarchism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Anarchist</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economy" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Mixed economy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mixed economy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="City-state"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">City-state</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Dictatorship"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dictatorship</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorial_system" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Directorial system"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Directorial</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="International relations">International relations</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations_theory" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</small></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="List of political scientists"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political scientists</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_politics" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Comparative politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Comparative politics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Public administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public administration</span></a><div style="line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Bureaucracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bureaucracy</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: disc; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Street-level bureaucracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Street-level bureaucracy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhocracy" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Adhocracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Adhocracy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <small>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Public policy doctrine">Legal doctrine</a>)</small></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_interest" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Public interest"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public interest</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Separation of powers"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Separation of powers</span></a></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
</div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Legislature"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Legislature</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Executive (government)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Executive</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Judiciary"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Judiciary</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_branch" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Electoral branch"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Electoral branch</span></a></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Sovereignty"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Sovereignty</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Theories of political behavior"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Theories of political behavior</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><th class="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #dddddd; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; padding-top: 0.2em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Subseries</span></th></tr>
<tr><td class="" style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: left;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Election"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Elections</span></a><div style="line-height: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_system" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Voting system"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Electoral systems</span></a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Voting"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Voting</span></a></div>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Federalism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Federalism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_of_government" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Form of government"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Form of government</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Ideology"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ideology</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_campaign" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Political campaign"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political campaigning</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Political party"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political parties</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td class="" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #dddddd; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0.3em; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; padding-top: 0.3em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Portal:Politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Politics portal</span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align: right;"><div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<ul style="display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
<li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Politics" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template:Politics"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;" title="View this template">v</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Politics" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template talk:Politics"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;" title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li>
<li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Politics&action=edit" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li>
</span></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 0.17em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Administration_(government)&action=edit&section=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">United States</span></h2>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Executive (government)">Executive (government)</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In United States usage, the term refers to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a> under a specific <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="President of the United States">president</a> (or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor#United_States" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Governor">governor</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor#United_States" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Mayor">mayor</a>, or other local executive), for example: the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">administration</a>." It can also mean an executive branch agency headed by an administrator: these agencies tend to have a regulatory function as well as an administrative function. On occasion, people in the US will use the term to refer to the time a given person was president, <i>e.g.</i> "they have been married since the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">administration</a>."</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 0.17em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Administration_(government)&action=edit&section=2" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Europe" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Europe</span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Usage in Europe varies by country, but most typically the term 'administration' refers to managerial functions in general, which may include local governments, or the hierarchy of national and local government, that applies to a town or district. More specifically, it may refer to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Public administration">public administration</a>, the business of administering <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy">public policy</a> as determined by government. However, outside France, this usage of the word is uncommon.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For the US sense of the word, most countries (be they <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="English language">English-speaking</a> or not) use the term <i>government</i> instead, as in the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_of_Tony_Blair" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Premiership of Tony Blair">government</a>". This is also true of the non-European members of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. Depending on the type of government, the word <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Coalition">coalition</a> may be used for a specific government. In the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, cabinet is the most used term (as in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Balkenende_cabinet" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Fourth Balkenende cabinet">fourth Balkenende cabinet</a>), although 'coalition' or 'government' are also used when one does not refer to a specific coalition (note that the two terms have slightly different meanings).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Links</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">ASPA website : <a href="http://www.aspanet.org/public/ASPA/Home/ASPA/Home.aspx?hkey=5d5de8d7-63f5-4ecd-a151-3af1541471f6" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-color: white; color: #741b47; display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">http://www.aspanet.org/public/ASPA/Home/ASPA/Home.aspx?hkey=5d5de8d7-63f5-4ecd-a151-3af1541471f6</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">APSA website : <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-color: white; color: #741b47; display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The American Political Association : <a href="http://www.apsanet.org/content_4596.cfm" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">http://www.apsanet.org/content_4596.cfm</a></span></div>
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span dir="auto">Caucus for a New Political Science : </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucus_for_a_New_Political_Science" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-color: white; color: #741b47; display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucus_for_a_New_Political_Science</a></span></h1>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></div>
<div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
</div>
<div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="height: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: -1.4em 0px 1.4em; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; zoom: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association#mw-head" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association#p-search" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"></a></span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="direction: ltr; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; outline: none; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; min-width: 100px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;">
<a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1527_New_Hampshire_Avenue,_NW.JPG" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="240" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/1527_New_Hampshire_Avenue%2C_NW.JPG/220px-1527_New_Hampshire_Avenue%2C_NW.JPG" style="-webkit-border-image: url(data:image/png; background-color: white; border-bottom-style: solid; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 10px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a><br />
<div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; line-height: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;">
<div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1527_New_Hampshire_Avenue,_NW.JPG" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none !important; border-style: none !important; color: #0b0080; display: block; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="-webkit-border-image: url(data:image/png; background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-image: initial !important; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 10px; max-width: 100%; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">American Political Science Association headquarters located in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dupont_Circle" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Dupont Circle">Dupont Circle</a>neighborhood of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <b>American Political Science Association</b> (<b>APSA</b>) is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_association" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Professional association">professional association</a>of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Political science">political science</a> students and scholars in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a>. Founded in 1903, it publishes three <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Academic journal">academic journals</a> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectives_on_Politics" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Perspectives on Politics">Perspectives on Politics</a></i>, and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS_Political_Science_%26_Politics" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="PS Political Science & Politics">PS: Political Science & Politics</a></i>). APSA Organized Sections publish or are associated with 15 <a class="external text" href="http://www.apsanet.org/content_30692.cfm" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">additional journals</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">APSA presidents serve one-year terms: the current president is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Pateman" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Carole Pateman">Carole Pateman</a> of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, who later became <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, was APSA president in 1911. APSA has its headquarters at 1527 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Avenue" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="New Hampshire Avenue">New Hampshire Avenue</a> NW in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, in a historic building that was the home of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Garfield" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Harry Garfield">Harry Garfield</a>, son of President <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="James Garfield">James Garfield</a> and president of the association from 1921 to 1922.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">APSA administers the Centennial Center for Political Science and Public Affairs, which provides conference and research space for scholars, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Sigma_Alpha" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Pi Sigma Alpha">Pi Sigma Alpha</a>, the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_society" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Honor society">honor society</a> for political science students. APSA also periodically sponsors<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminar" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Seminar">seminars</a> and other events for political scientists, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policymaker" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Policymaker">policymakers</a>, the media, and the general public.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">To recognize excellence in the profession, the Association offers annual awards for:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Dissertation Awards</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Paper and Article Awards</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Book Awards</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Career Awards</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Goodnow Award</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Teaching Award and Campus Teaching Award Recognition</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In addition to the APSA awards, the APSA organized sections also present over 100 awards at every Annual Meeting to recognize important research and contributions to the profession. These awards are presented at the Association's Annual Meeting. <a class="external text" href="http://www.apsanet.org/content_2951.cfm?navID=724" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">More on Award Descriptions and Nomination Information</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A key part of APSA's mission is to enable political scientists to connect an environment conducive to teaching, research, and practice in all fields of political science and to ensure support necessary for the discipline to thrive. APSA conducts several annual conferences, which provides this environment for scholars and other professionals to network and present their work, along with other pertinent and useful resources. The <b><a class="external text" href="http://www.apsanet.org/content_65547.cfm?navID=193" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">APSA Annual Meeting</a></b> is among the world's largest gatherings of political scientists. It occurs on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a> weekend each summer. The 2007 meeting in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> drew 6,900 participants. The 2008 annual meeting was in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Boston">Boston</a> and the 2009 meeting was in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> (September 3-6). The 2010 meeting was in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a> on September 2-5, 2010. The <a class="external text" href="http://www.apsanet.org/2011/index.cfm" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">2011 Annual Meeting</a> is in Seattle, Washington.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <b><a class="external text" href="http://www.apsanet.org/content_31632.cfm?navID=206" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">APSA Teaching and Learning Conference</a></b> is a smaller working group conference hosting cutting-edge approaches, techniques, and methodologies for the political science classroom. The conference provides a forum for scholars to share effective and innovative teaching and learning models and to discuss broad themes and values of political science education--especially the scholarship of teaching and learning.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">With funding from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon_Foundation" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Andrew W. Mellon Foundation">Andrew W. Mellon Foundation</a>, <a class="external text" href="http://www.apsanet.org/~africaworkshops/" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">APSA Africa Workshops</a> APSA has organized political science workshops in various locations in Africa. The first workshop was convened in Dakar, Senegal in partnership with the West African Research Center from July 6-27, 2008. The second workshop was convened in Accra, Ghana in partnership with the Institute of African Studies at the University of Ghana, Legon from June 21-July 10. The 2010 APSA residential workshop on Global Perspectives on Politics and Gender will be held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The annual residential workshops are led by a joint U.S. and African organizing team and aimed at mid-and junior-level scholars residing in Africa. They will enhance the capacities of political scientists and their resources in East and West Africa while also providing a forum for supporting their ongoing research. Each three week workshop brings together up to 30 scholars and cover substantive issues, methodologies, and reviews of research.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 0.17em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Political_Science_Association&action=edit&section=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Presidents of the American Political Science Association">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Presidents_of_the_American_Political_Science_Association" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Presidents of the American Political Science Association</span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_J._Goodnow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Frank J. Goodnow">Frank J. Goodnow</a>, 1904-1905</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Shaw_(journalist)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Albert Shaw (journalist)">Albert Shaw</a>, 1905-1906</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_N._Judson&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Frederick N. Judson (page does not exist)">Frederick N. Judson</a>, 1906-1907</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">James Bryce</a>, 1907-1908</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbott_Lawrence_Lowell" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Abbott Lawrence Lowell">Abbott Lawrence Lowell</a>, 1908-1909</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, 1909-1910</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_E._Baldwin" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Simeon E. Baldwin">Simeon E. Baldwin</a>, 1910-1911</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bushnell_Hart" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Albert Bushnell Hart">Albert Bushnell Hart</a>, 1911-1912</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westel_W._Willoughby" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Westel W. Willoughby">Westel W. Willoughby</a>, 1912-1913</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bassett_Moore" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="John Bassett Moore">John Bassett Moore</a>, 1913-1914</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Freund" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Ernst Freund">Ernst Freund</a>, 1914-1915</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Macy" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Jesse Macy">Jesse Macy</a>, 1915-1916</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munroe_Smith" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Munroe Smith">Munroe Smith</a>, 1916-1917</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jones_Ford" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry Jones Ford">Henry Jones Ford</a>, 1917-1918</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Samuel_Reinsch" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Paul Samuel Reinsch">Paul Samuel Reinsch</a>, 1918-1919</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_S._Rowe&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Leo S. Rowe (page does not exist)">Leo S. Rowe</a>, 1919-1920</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Dunning" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="William A. Dunning">William A. Dunning</a>, 1920-1921</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_A._Garfield" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Harry A. Garfield">Harry A. Garfield</a>, 1921-1922</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilford_Garner" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="James Wilford Garner">James Wilford Garner</a>, 1923-1924</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Merriam" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles E. Merriam">Charles E. Merriam</a>, 1924-1923</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a>, 1925-1924</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bennett_Munro" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="William Bennett Munro">William Bennett Munro</a>, 1926-1925</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_S._Reeves&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Jesse S. Reeves (page does not exist)">Jesse S. Reeves</a>, 1927-1926</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_A._Fairlie&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="John A. Fairlie (page does not exist)">John A. Fairlie</a>, 1928-1927</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_F._Shambaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Benjamin F. Shambaugh (page does not exist)">Benjamin F. Shambaugh</a>, 1929-1928</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_S._Corwin" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Edward S. Corwin">Edward S. Corwin</a>, 1930-1929</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Willoughby" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="William F. Willoughby">William F. Willoughby</a>, 1931-1932</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isidor_Loeb&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Isidor Loeb (page does not exist)">Isidor Loeb</a>, 1932-1933</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_J._Shepard&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Walter J. Shepard (page does not exist)">Walter J. Shepard</a>, 1933-1934</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_W._Coker&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Francis W. Coker (page does not exist)">Francis W. Coker</a>, 1934-1935</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_N._Holcombe" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Arthur N. Holcombe">Arthur N. Holcombe</a>, 1935-1936</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Reed_Powell&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas Reed Powell (page does not exist)">Thomas Reed Powell</a>, 1936-1937</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_A._Dykstra" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Clarence A. Dykstra">Clarence A. Dykstra</a>, 1937-1938</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Grove_Haines&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles Grove Haines (page does not exist)">Charles Grove Haines</a>, 1938-1939</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_C._Brooks&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert C. Brooks (page does not exist)">Robert C. Brooks</a>, 1939-1940</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederic_A._Ogg&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Frederic A. Ogg (page does not exist)">Frederic A. Ogg</a>, 1940-1941</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anderson_(political_scientist)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="William Anderson (political scientist)">William Anderson</a>, 1941-1942</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Cushman&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert E. Cushman (page does not exist)">Robert E. Cushman</a>, 1942-1943</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_D._White" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Leonard D. White">Leonard D. White</a>, 1943-1944</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Gaus&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="John Gaus (page does not exist)">John Gaus</a>, 1944-1945</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_F._Dodd" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Walter F. Dodd">Walter F. Dodd</a>, 1945-1946</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_W._MacMahon" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Arthur W. MacMahon">Arthur W. MacMahon</a>, 1946-1947</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_R._Spencer&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry R. Spencer (page does not exist)">Henry R. Spencer</a>, 1947-1948</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy_Wright" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Quincy Wright">Quincy Wright</a>, 1948-1949</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_K._Pollock&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="James K. Pollock (page does not exist)">James K. Pollock</a>, 1949-1950</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Odegard&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Peter H. Odegard (page does not exist)">Peter H. Odegard</a>, 1950-1951</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Gulick_(social_scientist)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Luther Gulick (social scientist)">Luther Gulick</a>, 1951-1952</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Pendleton_Herring" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="E. Pendleton Herring">E. Pendleton Herring</a>, 1952-1953</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_J._Bunche" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Ralph J. Bunche">Ralph J. Bunche</a>, 1953-1954</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_McKinley&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles McKinley (page does not exist)">Charles McKinley</a>, 1954-1955</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_D._Lasswell" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Harold D. Lasswell">Harold D. Lasswell</a>, 1955-1956</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.E._Schattschneider" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="E.E. Schattschneider">E.E. Schattschneider</a>, 1956-1957</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.O._Key,_Jr." style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="V.O. Key, Jr.">V.O. Key, Jr.</a>, 1957-1958</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._Taylor_Cole&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="R. Taylor Cole (page does not exist)">R. Taylor Cole</a>, 1958-1959</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_B._Swisher&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Carl B. Swisher (page does not exist)">Carl B. Swisher</a>, 1959-1960</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmette_S._Redford&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Emmette S. Redford (page does not exist)">Emmette S. Redford</a>, 1960-1961</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_S._Hyneman&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles S. Hyneman (page does not exist)">Charles S. Hyneman</a>, 1961-1962</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_J._Friedrich" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Carl J. Friedrich">Carl J. Friedrich</a>, 1962-1963</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._Herman_Pritchett&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="C. Herman Pritchett (page does not exist)">C. Herman Pritchett</a>, 1963-1964</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Truman" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="David B. Truman">David B. Truman</a>, 1964-1965</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_A._Almond" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Gabriel A. Almond">Gabriel A. Almond</a>, 1965-1966</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Dahl" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert A. Dahl">Robert A. Dahl</a>, 1966-1967</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Fainsod" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Merle Fainsod">Merle Fainsod</a>, 1967-1968</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Easton" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="David Easton">David Easton</a>, 1968-1969</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_W._Deutsch" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Karl W. Deutsch">Karl W. Deutsch</a>, 1969-1970</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Lane&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert E. Lane (page does not exist)">Robert E. Lane</a>, 1970-1971</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Eulau&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Heinz Eulau (page does not exist)">Heinz Eulau</a>, 1971-1972</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Ward&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert E. Ward (page does not exist)">Robert E. Ward</a>, 1972-1973</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avery_Leiserson&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Avery Leiserson (page does not exist)">Avery Leiserson</a>, 1973-1974</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austin_Ranney&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Austin Ranney (page does not exist)">Austin Ranney</a>, 1974-1975</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_MacGregor_Burns" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="James MacGregor Burns">James MacGregor Burns</a>, 1975-1976</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_H._Beer" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Samuel H. Beer">Samuel H. Beer</a>, 1976-1977</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_C._Wahlke&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="John C. Wahlke (page does not exist)">John C. Wahlke</a>, 1977-1978</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_D._Epstein&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Leon D. Epstein (page does not exist)">Leon D. Epstein</a>, 1978-1979</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_E._Miller_(Political_Scientist)" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Warren E. Miller (Political Scientist)">Warren E. Miller</a>, 1979-1980</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Lindblom" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles E. Lindblom">Charles E. Lindblom</a>, 1980-1981</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a>, 1981-1982</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Riker" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="William H. Riker">William H. Riker</a>, 1982-1983</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_E._Converse" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Philip E. Converse">Philip E. Converse</a>, 1983-1984</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Fenno" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Richard Fenno">Richard F. Fenno, Jr.</a>, 1984-1985</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_B._Wildavsky" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Aaron B. Wildavsky">Aaron B. Wildavsky</a>, 1985-1986</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a>, 1986-1987</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_N._Waltz" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Kenneth N. Waltz">Kenneth N. Waltz</a>, 1987-1988</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucian_W._Pye&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Lucian W. Pye (page does not exist)">Lucian W. Pye</a>, 1988-1989</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_N._Shklar" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Judith N. Shklar">Judith N. Shklar</a>, 1989-1990</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_J._Lowi" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Theodore J. Lowi">Theodore J. Lowi</a>, 1990-1991</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Q._Wilson" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="James Q. Wilson">James Q. Wilson</a>, 1991-1992</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucius_J._Barker&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Lucius J. Barker (page does not exist)">Lucius J. Barker</a>, 1992-1993</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_O._Jones" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles O. Jones">Charles O. Jones</a>, 1993-1994</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Verba" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Sidney Verba">Sidney Verba</a>, 1994-1995</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arend_Lijphart" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Arend Lijphart">Arend Lijphart</a>, 1995-1996</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a>, 1996-1997</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._Kent_Jennings&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="M. Kent Jennings (page does not exist)">M. Kent Jennings</a>, 1997-1998</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Holden_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Matthew Holden Jr. (page does not exist)">Matthew Holden Jr.</a>, 1998-1999</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Keohane" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Keohane">Robert O. Keohane</a>, 1999-2000</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jervis" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Jervis">Robert Jervis</a>, 2000-2001</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Putnam" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Putnam">Robert Putnam</a>, 2001-2002</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theda_Skocpol" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Theda Skocpol">Theda Skocpol</a>, 2002-2003</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susanne_Hoeber_Rudolph&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Susanne Hoeber Rudolph (page does not exist)">Susanne Hoeber Rudolph</a>, 2003-2004</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Levi" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Margaret Levi">Margaret Levi</a>, 2004-2005</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Katznelson" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Ira Katznelson">Ira Katznelson</a>, 2005-2006</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Axelrod" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Axelrod">Robert Axelrod</a>, 2006-2007</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Pinderhughes" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Dianne Pinderhughes">Dianne Pinderhughes</a>, 2007-2008</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Katzenstein" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Peter Katzenstein">Peter Katzenstein</a>, 2008-2009</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Brady&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry Brady (page does not exist)">Henry Brady</a>, 2009-2010</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Pateman" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Carole Pateman">Carole Pateman</a>, 2010-2011</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._Bingham_Powell&action=edit&redlink=1" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #a55858; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="G. Bingham Powell (page does not exist)">G. Bingham Powell</a>, 2011-2012 (president-elect)</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">View <a class="external text" href="http://www.apsanet.org/content_2936.cfm" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">Presidential Addresses, 1903-present</a></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 0.17em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Political_Science_Association&action=edit&section=2" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: APSA Organized Sections">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="APSA_Organized_Sections" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">APSA Organized Sections</span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">APSA members may also join the 38 membership organized sections focused around research themes in political science.</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">1. Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">2. Law and Courts</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">3. Legislative Studies</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">4. Public Policy</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">5. Political Organizations and Parties</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">6. Public Administration</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">7. Conflict Processes</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">8. Representation and Electoral Systems</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">9. Presidency Research</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">10. Political Methodology</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">11. Religion and Politics</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">13. Urban Politics</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">15. Science, Technology and Environmental Politics</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">16. Women and Politics Research</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">17. Foundations of Political Theory</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">18. Information Technology and Politics</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">19. International Security and Arms Control</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">20. Comparative Politics</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">21. European Politics and Society</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">22. State Politics and Policy</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">23. Political Communication</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">24. Politics and History</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">25. Political Economy</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">27. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucus_for_a_New_Political_Science" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Caucus for a New Political Science">New Political Science</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">28. Political Psychology</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">29. Political Science Education</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">30. Politics, Literature, and Film</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">31. Foreign Policy</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">32. Elections, Public Opinion, and Voting Behavior</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">33. Race, Ethnicity and Politics</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">34. International History and Politics</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">35. Comparative Democratization</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">36. Human Rights</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">37. Qualitative and Multi-method Research</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">38. Sexuality and Politics</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">39. Health Politics and Policy</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">40. Canadian Politics</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">41. Political Networks</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; outline: none; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Note: the numbers above represent the official number for the sections. The missing sections/numbers (e.g. 12) represent sections that disbanded.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0.5em 0px 0.17em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Political_Science_Association&action=edit&section=3" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; background-image: none; color: #0b0080; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">External links</span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.apsanet.org/" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Official site</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.apsanet.org/content_2389.cfm" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Current APSA Council and Governance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.apsanet.org/content_4608.cfm?navID=767" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">APSA Reports and Activities</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.apsanet.org/content_2936.cfm" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Past Presidents and Presidential Addresses, 1903-present</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.apsanet.org/content_4596.cfm" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">APSA Organized Sections</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://kdl.kyvl.org/cgi/b/bib/bib-idx?c=apsaohkuk&cc=apsaohkuk;page=simple" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">African American Political Scientists Oral History Project: Pi Sigma Alpha - American Political Science Association Oral History Project,</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><a class="external text" href="http://kdl.kyvl.org/cgi/b/bib/bib-idx?c=apsaohkuk&cc=apsaohkuk;page=simple" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-transition: color 0.3s initial initial; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History at the University of Kentucky Libraries</span></a></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">reference : </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #191919; line-height: 18px;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration_theory" style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; display: inline; line-height: 18px; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration_theory</a></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-48989412326325896922012-04-11T23:50:00.002-07:002012-05-25T09:31:11.290-07:00Separation of powers<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
</div>
<div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px; height: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#mw-head" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#p-search" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">"Balance of powers" redirects here. For other uses, see <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_(disambiguation)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Balance of power (disambiguation)">Balance of power</a>.</span></div>
<div class="dablink" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers_(disambiguation)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Separation of powers (disambiguation)">Separation of powers (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 86px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Ambox_content.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></span></div>
</td><td class="mbox-text" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.25em; width: 605px;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>This article has multiple issues</b>. Please help <b><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Separation_of_powers" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Talk:Separation of powers">talk page</a></b>.</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li id="ambox-multiple_issues-refimprove" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It <b>needs additional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>. <small>Tagged since March 2010.</small></span></li>
<li id="ambox-multiple_issues-cleanup" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It <b>may require <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a></b>. <small>Tagged since March 2010.</small></span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <b>separation of powers</b>, often imprecisely used interchangeably with the <i><b>trias politica</b></i> principle,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> is a model for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Governance">governance</a> of a state. The model was first developed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and came into widespread use by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> as part of the unmodified <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Constitution of the Roman Republic</a>. Under this model, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="State (polity)">state</a> is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that no branch has more power than the other branches. The normal division of branches is into an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>. For similar reasons, the concept of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a> has been adopted in a number of countries, to varying degrees depending on the applicable legal structures and prevalent views toward the proper role of religion in society.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 12px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
Contents</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span class="toctoggle"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#" id="togglelink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#Montesquieu.27s_tripartite_system" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Montesquieu's tripartite system</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#Comparison_between_Presidential_and_Parliamentary_systems" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Comparison between Presidential and Parliamentary systems</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#Various_models" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Various models</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#Three_branches" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Three branches</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#Australia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#France" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">France</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#Hong_Kong" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Hong Kong</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">India</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#United_Kingdom" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.6</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#Checks_and_balances" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Checks and balances</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#Other_systems" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other systems</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#Belgium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Belgium</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#Costa_Rica" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Costa Rica</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#European_Union" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">European Union</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Germany</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#Hungary" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Hungary</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#Republic_of_China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3.2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Republic of China</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#See_also" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#References" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#Further_reading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#External_links" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Montesquieu's tripartite system">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Montesquieu.27s_tripartite_system" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Montesquieu's tripartite system</span></h2>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(244, 196, 48); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 86px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></span></div>
</td><td class="mbox-text" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.25em; width: 605px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This section <b>may require <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a></b>. (Consider using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/Cleanup" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Template messages/Cleanup">more specific cleanup instructions</a>.) Please help <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">improve this section</a> if you can. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Separation_of_powers" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Talk:Separation of powers">talk page</a> may contain suggestions. <small><i>(October 2008)</i></small></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The term is ascribed to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="France">French</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosopher" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political philosopher">political philosopher</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Secondat,_baron_de_Montesquieu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu">Baron de Montesquieu</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> described division of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_power" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political power">political power</a> among an<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>. He based this model on the British constitutional system, in which he perceived a separation of powers among the monarch, Parliament, and the courts of law. Subsequent writers have noted that this was misleading<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, because the United Kingdom had a very closely connected legislature and executive, with further links to the judiciary (though combined with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_independence" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judicial independence">judicial independence</a>).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Montesquieu did specify that "the independence of the judiciary has to be real, and not apparent merely". "The judiciary was generally seen as the most important of powers, independent and unchecked", and also considered it dangerous.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Comparison between Presidential and Parliamentary systems">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Comparison_between_Presidential_and_Parliamentary_systems" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Comparison between Presidential and Parliamentary systems</span></h2>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 1em 4px 0px; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Question book-new.svg" height="39" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="50" /></span></a></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.25em; width: 162px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This unreferenced section requires <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to ensure<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiability</a>.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In democratic systems of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Governance">governance</a> based on the trias politica, a fundamental parallel and a fundamental difference exists between <i>presidential systems</i>and constitutional monarchic <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a></i> of government.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The parallel is that the three branches of government (legislative, executive, judicial) exist largely independent of each other, with their own prerogatives, domains of activity, and exercises of control over each other.</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The legislative body has control of the executive finances, and has judiciary powers, it also has control of the way the judiciary works.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The judiciary often has control of laws not being contradictory to the constitution or other laws and it has the power to correct and control the way the executive body exercises its powers (to execute the law)</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The difference between the two systems is:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In presidential systems, the incumbent of the Head-of-state is elected to office and, after transfer of power, appoints his administration (like in the United States, with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_executive" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unitary executive">unitary executive</a>) or a government headed by a prime minister is formed within the parliament, based on the elected majority (like in France). The latter might lead to a "cohabitation" where a president and his government belonging to different parties or coalitions.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In constitutional monarchic parliamentary systems, only the legislative body is elected and a government formed on the basis of majority or a coalitions of parties. Elected members of parliament have to resign from their mandate in order to accept an executive office. This is true in regional and local councils are elected and the executive nominated.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In a parliamentary system, when the term of the legislature ends, so too may the tenure of the executive selected by that legislature. However, in a presidential system, the executive's term may or may not coincide with the legislature's, as their selection is technically independent of the legislature.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Two-branch power systems may have systems in which certain branches have more than one power. Often a legislative body is elected, while the executive is nominated. The nominated executive branch also has power of presenting legislation, while the legislative body only has a controlling function. In those systems, the judiciary is subservient to the executive and has no power to control either the executive or the legality of new legislative texts.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The separation of powers is a doctrine which provides a separate authority that makes it possible for the authorities to check each other's checks and balances (Executive Authority Act 1936).</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Various models">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Various_models" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Various models</span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitution">Constitutions</a> with a high degree of separation of powers are found worldwide. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_system" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Westminster system">UK system</a> is distinguished by a particular entwining of powers. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Italy">Italy</a>the powers are completely separated, even if Council of Ministers need the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_of_confidence" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vote of confidence">vote of confidence</a> from both chambers of Parliament, that's however formed by a wide number of members (almost 1,000). A number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> countries have <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_branch" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Electoral branch">electoral branches</a> of government.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Countries with little separation of power include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politics of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Politics of Canada">Canada</a>. Canada makes limited use of separation of powers in practice, although in theory it distinguishes between branches of government. New Zealand also subscribes to the principle of 'Separation of Powers' through a series of constitutional safeguards. The Executive requires regular approval from the Legislature to carry out decisions. The Mixed Members Proportionate framework also caters for a coalition of parties to form government where a majority from a single party does not exist. The Judiciary is also free of government interference. If a series of judicial decisions result in an interpretation of the law which the Executive considers does not reflect the intention of the policy, the Executive can change the legislation. However, they can not direct or request a judicial officer to revise or reconsider a decision. These decisions are final. Should there be a dispute between the Executive and Judiciary, the Executive has no authority to direct the Judiciary, or its individual members.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Complete separation-of-powers systems are almost always <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Presidential">presidential</a>, although theoretically this need not be the case. There are a few historical exceptions, such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Directory" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> system of revolutionary France. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_politics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Swiss politics">Switzerland</a> offers an example of non-Presidential separation of powers today: It is run by a seven-member executive branch, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Swiss Federal Council">Federal Council</a>. However, some might argue that Switzerland does not have a strong separation of powers system, as the Federal Council is appointed by parliament (but not dependent on parliament), and the judiciary has no power of review.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Three branches">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Three_branches" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Three branches</span></h3>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Australia" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Australia</span></h4>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_Australia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Separation of powers in Australia">Separation of powers in Australia</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Australia">Australia</a> does not maintain a strict separation between the legislative and executive branches of government—indeed, government ministers are required to be a member of parliament—but the federal judiciary strictly guards its independence from the other two branches. However, under influence from the American constitution, the Australian constitution does define the three branches of government separately, and this has been interpreted by the judiciary to induce an implicit separation of powers. State governments have a similar level of separation of power, but this is generally on the basis of convention, rather than constitution.</span></div>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="France" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">France</span></h4>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_France" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government of France">Government of France</a></span></div>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 1em 4px 0px; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="[icon]" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /></span></a></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.25em; width: 192px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This section requires <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">expansion</a>.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The government of France is divided up into three branches:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Executive. This includes the popularly elected <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_France" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="President of France">president</a> as well as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_france" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prime minister of france">prime minister</a> and cabinet.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_France" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of France">Legislature</a>. A bicameral legislature that includes the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Senate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="French Senate">Senate</a> (upper house) and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Assembly of France">National Assembly</a> (lower house).</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary</a>. This includes the judicial and administrative orders. It also includes a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Council_of_France" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional Council of France">constitutional court</a>.</span></li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Hong Kong">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Hong_Kong" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hong Kong</span></h4>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> is a largely <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Administrative_Region_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China">self-governing Chinese territory</a> pursuant to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a>, an international treaty registered with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Currently, Hong Kong has three branches of government as codified in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Basic Law</a>, which preserves the political setup of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British Hong Kong">British colonial era</a>under the doctrine of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="One country, two systems">one country, two systems</a>:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hong Kong Government">Government</a> - <b>executive</b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a> - <b>legislature</b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Judiciary" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hong Kong Judiciary">Judiciary</a> (Court of Final Appeal and other courts and tribunals) - <b>judiciary</b></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Executive_(Hong_Kong)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chief Executive (Hong Kong)">Chief Executive</a>, elected by a 800-member <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Committee" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Election Committee">Election Committee</a>, is both head of the region and head of government, and chairs the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Council" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Executive Council">Executive Council</a>which composes of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Council#Members" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Executive Council">unofficial members</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hong Kong Government">government secretaries</a>. The law courts exercise the power of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review_in_Hong_Kong" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judicial review in Hong Kong">judicial review</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionality" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutionality">constitutionality of legislations</a>and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review#Judicial_review_of_administrative_acts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judicial review">administrative actions</a>, and emphasis the separation of powers in their rulings. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Court_of_Final_Appeal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal">Chief Justice</a> also stated this position in the ceremonial opening of the legal year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> However, politically separation of powers is usually argued against, with the leaders of the People's Republic of China and supportive politicians publicly requesting for the three branches to cooperate and emphasizing an "executive-led" system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup></span></div>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="India" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">India</span></h4>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government of India">Government of India</a></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament">Parliament</a> = <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legislative">Legislative</a></b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a>, Government Departments & Civil Service = <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> = <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judicial">Judicial</a></b></span></li>
</ul>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 1em 4px 0px; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="[icon]" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /></span></a></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.25em; width: 192px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This section requires <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">expansion</a>.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="India">India</a> follows a parliamentary system of government, which offers a clear separation of powers. The judiciary branch is fairly independent of the other two branches. Executive powers are vested with the President and Prime Minister, who are assisted by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cabinet Secretary">Cabinet Secretary</a> and other <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretaries" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Secretaries">Secretaries</a>. All three branches have "<b>checks and balances</b>" over each other to maintain the balance of power.</span></div>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="United_Kingdom" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">United Kingdom</span></h4>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Separation of powers in the United Kingdom">Separation of powers in the United Kingdom</a></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Parliament - <b>legislature</b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Prime Minister, Cabinet, Government Departments & Civil Service - <b>executive</b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Courts - <b>judiciary</b></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Although the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> of separation of power plays a role in the United Kingdom's constitutional doctrine, the UK constitution is often described as having "a weak separation of powers" <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._V._Dicey" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="A. V. Dicey">A. V. Dicey</a>, despite its constitution being the one to which Montesquieu originally referred. For example, in the United Kingdom, the executive forms a subset of the legislature, as did—to a lesser extent—the judiciary until the establishment of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a>. The Prime Minister, the Chief Executive, sits as a member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>, either as a peer in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> or as an elected member of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> (by convention, and as a result of the supremacy of the Lower House, the Prime Minister now sits in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a>) and can effectively be removed from office by a simple majority vote. Furthermore, while the courts in the United Kingdom are undoubtedly amongst the most independent in the world, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Lords" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Law Lords">Law Lords</a>, who were the final arbiters of judicial disputes in the UK sat simultaneously in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, the upper house of the legislature, although this arrangement ceased in 2009 when the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a> came into existence. Furthermore, because of the existence of Parliamentary sovereignty, while the theory of separation of powers may be studied there, a system such as that of the UK is more accurately described as a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_of_powers" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fusion of powers">fusion of powers</a>".<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from January 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The development of the British constitution, which is not a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codified" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Codified">codified</a> document, is based on this fusion in the person of the Monarch, who has a formal role to play in the legislature (Parliament, which is where legal and political sovereignty lies, is the Crown-in-Parliament, and is summoned and dissolved by the Sovereign who must give his or her Royal Assent to all Bills so that they become Acts), the executive (the Sovereign appoints all ministers of His/Her Majesty's Government, who govern in the name of the Crown) and the judiciary (the Sovereign, as the fount of justice, appoints all senior judges, and all public prosecutions are brought in his or her name).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The British legal systems are based on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Common law">common law</a> traditions, which require:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Police">Police</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_agency" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Regulatory agency">regulators</a> cannot initiate complaints under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a> but can only investigate (prosecution is mostly reserved for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prosecution_Service" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Crown Prosecution Service">Crown Prosecution Service</a>), which prevents <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_enforcement" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Selective enforcement">selective enforcement</a>, e.g. the 'fishing expedition' which is often specifically forbidden.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prosecutor">Prosecutors</a> cannot withhold evidence from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lawyer">counsel</a> for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defendant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Defendant">defendant</a>; to do so results in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial#Mistrials" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Trial">mistrial</a> or dismissal. Accordingly, their relation to police is no advantage.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defendant" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Defendant">Defendants</a> convicted can <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_(law)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Appeal (law)">appeal</a>, but only fresh and compelling evidence not available at trial can be introduced, restricting the power of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_appeal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Court of appeal">court of appeal</a> to the process of law applied.</span></li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">United States</span></h4>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">Separation of powers under the United States Constitution</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the United States Constitution, Article 1 Section I gives Congress only those "legislative powers herein granted" and proceeds to list those permissible actions in Article I Section 8, while Section 9 lists actions that are prohibited for Congress. The vesting clause in Article II places no limits on the Executive branch, simply stating that, "The Executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> The Supreme Court holds "The judicial Power" according to Article III, and it established the implication of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a> in Marbury vs Madison.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> refers to the branches as "branches of government", while some systems use "government" to describe the executive. The Executive branch has attempted to claim power arguing for separation of powers to include being the Commander in Chief of a standing army since the Civil war, executive orders, emergency powers and security classifications since WWII, national security, signing statements, and the scope of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unitary executive theory">unitary executive</a>.</span></div>
<h5 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Checks and balances">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Checks_and_balances" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Checks and balances</span></h5>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">To prevent one branch from becoming supreme, protect the "opulent minority" from the majority, and to induce the branches to cooperate, government systems that employ a separation of powers need a way to balance each of the branches. Typically this was accomplished through a system of "<b>checks and balances</b>", the origin of which, like separation of powers itself, is specifically credited to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Secondat,_Baron_de_Montesquieu" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>. Checks and balances allow for a system based regulation that allows one branch to limit another, such as the power of Congress to alter the composition and jurisdiction of the federal courts.</span></div>
<table style="font-size: 13px;"><tbody>
<tr><th width="33%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legislature">Legislative</a> (Congress)</span></th><th width="33%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a> (President)</span></th><th width="33%"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judiciary">Judicial</a> (Supreme Court)</span></th></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Passes bills; has broad <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">taxing and spending power</a>; controls the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States federal budget">federal budget</a>; has power to borrow money on the credit of the United States (may be vetoed by President, but<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto_override" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Veto override">vetoes may be overridden</a> with a two-thirds vote of both houses)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Has sole power to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Declaration of war by the United States">declare war</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Oversees, investigates, and makes the rules for the government and its officers.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Defines by law the jurisdiction of the federal judiciary in cases not specified by the Constitution</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ratification of treaties signed by the President and gives <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_and_consent" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</a> to presidential appointments to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_courts" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States federal courts">federal judiciary</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States federal executive departments">federal executive departments</a>, and other posts (Senate only)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Has sole power of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Impeachment in the United States">impeachment</a> (House of Representatives) and trial of impeachments (Senate); can remove federal executive and judicial officers from office for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_crimes_and_misdemeanors" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="High crimes and misdemeanors">high crimes and misdemeanors</a></span></li>
</ul>
</td><td valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_armed_forces" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States armed forces">armed forces</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Executes the instructions of Congress.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">May veto bills passed by Congress (but the veto may be overridden by a two-thirds majority of both houses)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Executes the spending authorized by Congress.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Declares states of emergency and publishes regulations and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Executive order (United States)">executive orders</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Makes executive agreements (does not require ratification) and signs treaties (ratification requiring by two-thirds of the Senate)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Makes appointments to the federal judiciary,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States federal executive departments">federal executive departments</a>, and other posts with the advice and consent of the Senate. Has power to make <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recess_appointment" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Recess appointment">temporary appointment during the recess of the Senate</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Has the power to grant "reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment."</span></li>
</ul>
</td><td valign="top"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Determines which laws Congress intended to apply to any given case</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Exercises <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judicial review in the United States">judicial review</a>, reviewing the constitutionality of laws</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Determines how Congress meant the law to apply to disputes</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Determines how a law acts to determine the disposition of prisoners</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Determines how a law acts to compel testimony and the production of evidence</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Determines how laws should be interpreted to assure uniform policies in a top-down fashion via the appeals process, but gives discretion in individual cases to low-level judges. The amount of discretion depends upon the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_review" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Standard of review">standard of review</a>, determined by the type of case in question.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Federal judges <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_tenure" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Life tenure">serve for life</a></span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Other systems">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_systems" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Other systems</span></h3>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Belgium" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Belgium</span></h4>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> is currently a federated state that has imposed the trias politica on different governmental levels. The constitution of 1831, considered one of the most liberal of its time for limiting the powers of its monarch and imposing a rigorous system of separation of powers, is based on three principles:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Trias Politica (horizontal separation of powers):</span></b></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The legislative power is attributed to an elected parliamentary body elected with a representative general election system (one person one vote).</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The executive power is attributed to the Council of Ministers. Ministers are appointed by the King, usually from the elected members of parliament (non-elected people can also be nominated). However, they must first resign form their elected seat.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The judicial power is in the hands of the courts. Magistrates are nominated by the minister (on proposal from a Council of the Magistrates).</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Magistrates can be nominated to become a judge (sitting magistrates) or instructing judge (investigating judge) of Procureur (public prosecutor) (the standing magistrates).</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The executive branch of the government is responsible to provide the physical means to execute its role (infrastructure, staff, financial means).</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Judges and some other people cannot run for elected office while they are nominated to certain positions (military, police-officers, clergy, notaries, bailiffs).</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Subsidiarity (vertical separation of powers):</span></b></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Supranational directives (EU legislation) and international treaties are subjected to approval of the federal level (the federal level being Belgium the nation state)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The federal level is composed of the following:</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A bicameral parliament (House of Representative and Senate) (in 2014 this will be a directly elected house and an indirectly appointed Senate of the regions)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A federal government (lead by the Prime Minister and the ministers and secretaries of state)</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Tasked with overseeing justice, defense, foreign affairs, and social security, public health</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">High Court, constitutional Court, Cassation Court</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The regional level is composed of the following:</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A monocameral parliament</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A regional government led by the minister-president (ministers and secretaries of state) is tasked with regional matters.</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Provinces also have similar structures:</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A monocameral provincial council</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A provincial governor assisted by deputies and a arrondissements commissars is tasked with provincial matters.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Appellate Court, Assisses Court</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">City and communal entities:</span><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A city or communal council composed of a mayor, assisted by aldermen, is tasked with local matters.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Magistrates Court, Correctional Court (three judges).</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Justice of the peace and Police Court judges (single judge courts)</span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<b><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Secularism (separation of state and religion):</span></b></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The king, the head of state, holds no political authority and requires executive approval by a minister for every action and statement; he nominates the ministers but he does not choose them (his executive powers); he signs and decrees the laws voted in parliament (his legislative powers);</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The head of state is commander in chief of the military (in title only), politically the military depends of the Minister of Defense and the chiefs of staff are responsible towards parliament and take their orders from the Minister of Defense and the government;</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Certain functions are deemed incompatible and people must to resign from their function if they want to assume responsibilities in another function (military commanders have never been government ministers, even during a war)</span></li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Costa Rica">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Costa_Rica" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Costa Rica</span></h4>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In the aftermath of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rican_Civil_War" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Costa Rican Civil War">44-day civil war</a> in 1948 (after former President and incumbent candidate Rafael Álgel Calderón Guardia tried to take power through fraud, by not recognising the results of the presidential election that he had lost), the question of which transformational model the Costa Rican State would follow was the main issue that confronted the victors. A Constituent Assembly was elected by popular vote to draw up a new constitution, enacted in 1949, and remains in force. This document was an edit of the constitution of 1871, as the constituent assembly rejected more radical corporatist ideas proposed by the ruling Junta Fundadora de la Segunda República (which, although having come to power by military force, abolished the armed forces). Nonetheless, the new constitution increased centralization of power at the expense of municipalities and eliminated provincial government altogether, at the time it increased the powers of congress and the judiciary.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">It established the three supreme powers as the <b>legislature</b>, <b>executive</b>, and <b>judicial</b> branches, but also created two other autonomous state organs that have equivalent power, but not equivalent rank. The first is the <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Elections_Tribunal&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Supreme Elections Tribunal (page does not exist)">Supreme Elections Tribunal</a> (<b>electoral</b> branch) which controls elections and makes unique, unappealable decisions on their outcomes.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The second is the office of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_General" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Comptroller General">Comptroller General</a> (<b>audit</b> branch), an autonomous and independent organ nominally subordinate to the unicameral legislative assembly. All budgets of ministries and municipalities must pass through this agency, including the execution of budget items such as contracting for routine operations. The Comptroller also provides financial vigilance over government offices and office holders, and routinely brings actions to remove mayors for malfeasance, firmly establishing this organization as the fifth branch of the Republic.</span></div>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: European Union">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="European_Union" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">European Union</span></h4>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">First, note that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European Union">European Union</a> is a supranational polity, and is neither a country nor a federation; but as the EU wields political power and is fully aware of its "democratic deficit", it attempts to comply with the principle of separation of powers. There are seven <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Institutions of the European Union">institutions of the European Union</a>. In intergovernmental matters, most power is concentrated in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> – giving it the characteristics of a normal <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organization" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International organization">international organization</a>. Here, all power at the EU level is in one branch. In the latter there are four main actors. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> acts as an independent executive which is appointed by the Council in conjunction with the European Parliament; but the Commission also has a legislative role as the sole initiator of EU legislation. An early maxim was: "The Commission proposes and the Council disposes"; and although the EU's lawmaking procedure is now much more complicated, this simple maxim still holds some truth. As well as both executive and legislative functions, the Commission arguably exercises a third, quasi-judicial, function under Articles 101 & 102 TFEU (competition law ); although the ECJ remains the final arbiter. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> is one half of the legislative branch and is directly elected. The Council itself acts both as the second half of the legislative branch and also holds some executive functions (some of which are exercised by the related <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European Council">European Council</a> in practice). The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> acts as the independent judicial branch, interpreting EU law and treaties. The remaining institution, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a>, is an independent audit authority (due to the sensitive nature of fraud in the EU).</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> – <b>legislative and executive</b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> – <b>executive, legislative and quasi-judicial</b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European Council">European Council</a> – <b>executive</b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a> – <b>audit</b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> – <b>judicial</b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> – <b>legislative</b></span></li>
</ul>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Germany" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Germany</span></h4>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The three branches in German government are further divided into six main bodies enshrined in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</a>:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Federal <b>President</b> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="President of Germany">Bundespräsident</a></i>) - <b>executive</b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Federal Cabinet (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesregierung" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bundesregierung">Bundesregierung</a></i>) - <b>executive</b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Federal Diet (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></i>) & Federal Council (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a></i>) - <b>legislative</b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Federal Assembly (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesversammlung_(Germany)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bundesversammlung (Germany)">Bundesversammlung</a></i>) - <b>presidential electoral college</b> (consisting of the members of the Bundestag and electors from the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="States of Germany">constituent states</a>)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Federal <b>Constitutional Court</b> (<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverfassungsgericht" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bundesverfassungsgericht">Bundesverfassungsgericht</a></i>) - <b>judiciary</b></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Besides the constitutional court the <b>judicial</b> branch at the federal level is made up of five supreme courts — one for civil and criminal cases (<i>Bundesgerichtshof</i>), and one each for administrative, tax, labour, and social security issues. There are also state (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="States of Germany">Länder / Bundesländer</a></i>) based courts beneath them, and a rarely used senate of the supreme courts.</span></div>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Hungary" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Hungary</span></h4>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The four independent branches of power in Hungary (the parliament, the government, the court system, and the office of the public accuser) are divided into six bodies:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Parliament (<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magyar_Orsz%C3%A1ggy%C5%B1l%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Magyar Országgyűlés (page does not exist)">Magyar Országgyűlés</a>): elected every 4 years by the people in a highly complex, two-round voting system</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Government (Magyar Kormány): installed and removed by 50%+1 basic majority vote of the parliament, 4 year terms</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Supreme Court (Legfelsőbb Bíróság): Chief justice elected by qualified (2/3) majority of the parliament, no government oversight</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constitutional court (Alkotmánybíróság): members elected by qualified majority of the parliament for 8 years, this body nullifies laws and has no government oversight.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Chief public accuser (Legfőbb ügyész): elected by qualified majority of the parliament, 6 year terms, office budget fixed, no government oversight.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The President of the Republic (Köztársasági Elnök) is elected by qualified majority of the Hungarian parliament for 5 year terms (cannot be reelected more than once). He/she has ceremonial powers only, signs laws into power and commands the military in time of peace.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The independent pillar status of the Hungarian public accuser's office is a unique construction, loosely modeled on the system Portugal introduced after the 1974 victory of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>. The public accuser (attorney general) body has became the fourth column of Hungarian democracy only in recent times: after communism fell in 1989, the office was made independent by a new clausule XI. of the Constitution. The change was meant to prevent abuse of state power, especially with regards to the use of false accusations against opposition politicians, who may be excluded from elections if locked in protracted or excessively severe court cases.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">To prevent the Hungarian accuser's office from neglecting its duties, natural human private persons can submit investigation requests, called "pótmagánvád" directly to the courts, if the accusers' office refuses to do its job. Courts will decide if the allegations have merit and order police to act in lieu of the accuser's office if warranted. In its decision No.42/2005 the Hungarian constitutional court declared that the government does not enjoy such privilege and the state is powerless to further pursue cases if the public accuser refuses to do so.</span></div>
<h4 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Republic of China">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Republic_of_China" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Republic of China</span></h4>
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government of the Republic of China</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>'s idea of "<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-Power_Constitution" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Five-Power Constitution">separation of the five powers</a>", the government of the Republic of China has five branches:</span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Yuan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Executive Yuan">Executive Yuan</a> - led by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Premier of the Republic of China">premier</a> but in actuality it is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="President of the Republic of China">president</a> who sets policy - <b>executive</b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a> - <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameral" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> - <b>legislature</b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Yuan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judicial Yuan">Judicial Yuan</a> - its Constitutional Court (highest) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Republic_of_China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Supreme Court of the Republic of China">Supreme Court</a> have different jurisdictions - <b>judiciary</b></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Yuan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Control Yuan">Control Yuan</a> - <b>audit</b> branch</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Examination_Yuan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Examination Yuan">Examination Yuan</a> - <b>civil service personnel management</b> and human resources</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The president and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Republic_of_China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vice President of the Republic of China">vice president</a> as well as the defunct <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_China" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Assembly of the Republic of China">National Assembly</a> are constitutionally not part of the above five branches. Before being abolished in 2005, the National Assembly was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_meeting)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional convention (political meeting)">constitutional convention</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_college" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Electoral college">electoral college</a> for the president and vice president. Its constitutional amending powers were passed to the legislative yuan and its electoral powers were passed to the electorate.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The relationship between the executive and legislative branches are poorly defined. An example of the problems this causes is the near complete political paralysis that results when the president, who has neither the power to veto nor the ability to dissolve the legislature and call new elections, cannot negotiate with the legislature when his party is in the minority.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup> The examination and control yuans are marginal branches; their leaders as well as the leaders of the executive and judicial yuans are appointed by the president and confirmed by the legislative yuan. The legislature is the only branch that chooses its own leadership. The vice president has practically no responsibilities.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">See also</span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Autocracy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Absolute power</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_(federalism)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Balance of power (federalism)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Balance of power (federalism)</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consociationalism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Consociationalism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Power sharing</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constitution of the Roman Republic</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionalism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutionalism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constitutionalism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_economics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional economics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constitutional economics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> - Parliamentary systems are, in general, perceived as less corrupt than other systems</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_power" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fifth power"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fifth power</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_of_powers" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Fusion of powers"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Fusion of powers</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_the_judiciary" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Independence of the judiciary"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Independence of the judiciary</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_activism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judicial activism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Judicial activism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_reform" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legal reform"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Legal reform</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_government" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mixed government"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mixed government</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Politics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">List of democracy and elections-related topics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pith_and_substance" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pith and substance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Pith and substance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_power" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Reserve power">Reserve power</a> - powers exercisable by the head of state without the approval of another branch of the government</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rule of Law"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rule of Law</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_According_to_Higher_Law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rule According to Higher Law"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Rule According to Higher Law</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_duties" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Separation of duties"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Separation of duties</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signing_statement" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Signing statement"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Signing statement</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unitary executive theory"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Unitary executive theory</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="References" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">References</span></h2>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(244, 196, 48); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 86px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></span></div>
</td><td class="mbox-text" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.25em; width: 605px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This article includes a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, related reading or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, but <b>its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>. Please <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by introducing more precise citations. <small><i>(July 2009)</i></small></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-webkit-column-width: 30em; font-size: 12px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
<ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#cite_ref-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">This latter refers specifically to the separation of powers into three branches of government: legislative, judicial and executive.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#cite_ref-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/montesquieu/#4" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Baron de Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)"</a>. Plato.stanford.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-10-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Baron+de+Montesquieu%2C+Charles-Louis+de+Secondat+%28Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%29&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Plato.stanford.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmontesquieu%2F%234&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Separation_of_powers"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#cite_ref-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.lawiki.org/lawwiki/Separation_of_powers" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"lawiki.org law — Separation of Powers: the reality"</a>. lawiki.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2010-09-16</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=lawiki.org+law%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%94+Separation+of+Powers%3A+the+reality&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=lawiki.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawiki.org%2Flawwiki%2FSeparation_of_powers&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Separation_of_powers"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#cite_ref-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201001/11/P201001110174.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Chief Justice's Speech at Ceremonial Opening of the Legal Year 2010"</a>. Hong Kong Judiciary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-03-07</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chief+Justice%27s+Speech+at+Ceremonial+Opening+of+the+Legal+Year+2010&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+Judiciary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.hk%2Fgia%2Fgeneral%2F201001%2F11%2FP201001110174.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Separation_of_powers"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#cite_ref-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://globalasia.org/pdf/issue3/v2n2sing.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"Mature Enough for Democracy, And Sensible Too"</a>. Global Asia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-03-06</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Mature+Enough+for+Democracy%2C+And+Sensible+Too&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Global+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalasia.org%2Fpdf%2Fissue3%2Fv2n2sing.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Separation_of_powers"></span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#cite_ref-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Constitution of the United States</a></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#cite_ref-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Madison, James. (8 February 1788) <a class="external text" href="http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/fed51.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments"</a> <i>The Federalist Papers No. 51</i></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers#cite_ref-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.fpri.org/enotes/asia.20020418.rigger.taiwanpoliticalparalysis.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"E-Notes: Why Taiwan's Political Paralysis Persists — FPRI"</a>. Fpri.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-10-29</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=E-Notes%3A+Why+Taiwan%27s+Political+Paralysis+Persists%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%94+FPRI&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Fpri.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpri.org%2Fenotes%2Fasia.20020418.rigger.taiwanpoliticalparalysis.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Separation_of_powers"></span></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Further reading</span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Peter Barenboim, <i>Biblical Roots of Separation of Powers</i> (2005) <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5943811230" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 5-94381-123-0</a>, Permalink: <a class="external free" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/2006400578" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://lccn.loc.gov/2006400578</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Biancamaria Fontana (ed.), <i><a class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521033764" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The Invention of the Modern Republic</a></i> (2007) <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521033763" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 9780521033763</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">W. B. Gwyn, <i>The Meaning of the Separation of Powers</i> (1965) (no ISBN)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bernard Manin, <i><a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=GhAJ2x2coEoC" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Principles of Representative Government</a></i> (1995; English version 1997) <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521452589" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0521452589</a> (hbk), <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521458919" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0521458919</a> (pbk)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">José María Maravall and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Przeworski" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Adam Przeworski">Adam Przeworski</a> (eds), <i><a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=EMB-F6Forx8C" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Democracy and the Rule of Law</a></i> (2003) <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521825598" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0521825598</a> (hbk), <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521532663" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0521532663</a> (pbk)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Paul A. Rahe, <a class="external text" href="http://www.hillsdalesites.org/personal/prahe/logicofliberty.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Montesquieu and the Logic of Liberty</i></a> (2009) <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300141252" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 9780300141252</a> (hbk), <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300168082" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 9780300168082</a> (pbk)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Iain Stewart, <a class="external text" href="http://www.law.mq.edu.au/html/MqLJ/volume4/vol4_stewarti.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"Men of Class: Aristotle, Montesquieu and Dicey on 'Separation of Powers' and 'The Rule of Law'"</a> (2004)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Iain Stewart, <a class="external text" href="http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/montesquieu.shtml" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Montesquieu in England: his 'Notes on England', with Commentary and Translation"</a> (2002).</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Stone_Sweet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alec Stone Sweet">Alec Stone Sweet</a>, <i><a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=61AzsGk7EW0C" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Governing with Judges: Constitutional Politics in Europe</a></i> (2000) <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198297307" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 978-0-19-829730-7</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">M. J. C. Vile, <i><a class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Book.php?recordID=0024" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers</a></i> (1967, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1998) Second edition. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865971749" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0865971749</a> (hbk),<a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865971757" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0865971757</a> (pbk)</span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_powers&action=edit&section=22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">External links</span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.mlloyd.org/mdl-indx/polybius/intro.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Polybius and the Founding Fathers: the separation of powers</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/43/9.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Arbitrary Government Described and the Government of the Massachusetts Vindicated from that Aspersion (1644)</span></a></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">reference : <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers" style="font-size: 12px;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers</a></span></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-51349206691069160592012-04-11T23:40:00.000-07:002012-05-25T09:32:32.871-07:00Policy<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr;">
<div class="dablink" style="font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">This article is about policies in general. For government policy, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public policy">Public policy</a>.</span></div>
<div class="dablink" style="font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">For other uses, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_(disambiguation)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy (disambiguation)">Policy (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A <b>policy</b> is typically described as a principle or rule to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. The term is not normally used to denote what is actually done, this is normally referred to as either procedure<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by the Board of or senior governance body within an organization whereas procedures or protocols would be developed and adopted by senior executive officers. Policies can assist in both<b>subjective</b> and <b>objective</b> decision making. Policies to assist in subjective decision making would usually assist senior management with decisions that must consider the relative merits of a number of factors before making decisions and as a result are often hard to objectively test e.g. work-life balance policy. In contrast policies to assist in objective decision making are usually operational in nature and can be objectively tested e.g. password policy.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A <b>Policy</b> can be considered as a "Statement of Intent" or a "Commitment". For that reason at least, the decision-makers can be held accountable for their "Policy".<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The term may apply to government, private sector organizations and groups, and individuals. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Executive order (United States)">Presidential executive orders</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Privacy policy">corporate privacy policies</a>, and parliamentary <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_order" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rules of order">rules of order</a> are all examples of policy. Policy differs from rules or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Law">law</a>. While law can compel or prohibit behaviors (e.g. a law requiring the payment of taxes on income), policy merely guides actions toward those that are most likely to achieve a desired outcome.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Policy or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_study" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy study">policy study</a> may also refer to the process of making important organizational decisions, including the identification of different alternatives such as programs or spending priorities, and choosing among them on the basis of the impact they will have. Policies can be understood as political, management, financial, and administrative mechanisms arranged to reach explicit goals.<b><sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></b></span></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
Contents</span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span class="toctoggle"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#" id="togglelink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#Impact" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Impact</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#Intended_effects" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Intended effects</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#Unintended_effects" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Unintended effects</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#Policy_cycle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Policy cycle</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#Content" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Content</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#Typologies" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Typologies</span></span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#Distributive_policies" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Distributive policies</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#Regulatory_policies" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Regulatory policies</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#Constituent_policies" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Constituent policies</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#Miscellaneous_policies" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Miscellaneous policies</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#Types" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Types</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#Other_uses_of_the_term" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Other uses of the term</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#See_also" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#References" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#External_links" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Policy&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Impact" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Impact</span></h2>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Policy&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Intended effects">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Intended_effects" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Intended effects</span></h3>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The intended effects of a policy vary widely according to the organization and the context in which they are made. Broadly, policies are typically instituted to avoid some negative effect that has been noticed in the organization, or to seek some positive benefit.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Corporate purchasing policies provide an example of how organizations attempt to avoid negative effects. Many large companies have policies that all purchases above a certain value must be performed through a purchasing process. By requiring this standard purchasing process through policy, the organization can limit waste and standardize the way purchasing is done.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The State of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="California">California</a> provides an example of benefit-seeking policy. In recent years, the numbers of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_cars" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hybrid cars">hybrid cars</a> in California has increased dramatically, in part because of policy changes in Federal law that provided USD $1,500 in tax credits (since phased out) as well as the use of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOV" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="HOV">high-occupancy vehicle</a>lanes to hybrid owners (no longer available for new hybrid vehicles). In this case, the organization (state and/or federal government) created an effect (increased ownership and use of hybrid vehicles) through policy (tax breaks, highway lanes).<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Policy&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Unintended effects">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Unintended_effects" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Unintended effects</span></h3>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Policies frequently have side effects or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unintended_consequences" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unintended consequences">unintended consequences</a>. Because the environments that policies seek to influence or manipulate are typically<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_adaptive_systems" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Complex adaptive systems">complex adaptive systems</a> (e.g. governments, societies, large companies), making a policy change can have counterintuitive results. For example, a government may make a policy decision to raise taxes, in hopes of increasing overall tax revenue. Depending on the size of the tax increase, this may have the overall effect of reducing tax revenue by causing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_flight" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Capital flight">capital flight</a> or by creating a rate so high that citizens are deterred from earning the money that is taxed. (See the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laffer_curve" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Laffer curve">Laffer curve</a>.)<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The policy formulation process typically includes an attempt to assess as many areas of potential policy impact as possible, to lessen the chances that a given policy will have unexpected or unintended consequences. Because of the nature of some complex adaptive systems such as societies and governments, it may not be possible to assess all possible impacts of a given policy.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Policy&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Policy cycle">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Policy_cycle" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Policy cycle</span></h2>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political science">political science</a> the <b>policy cycle</b> is a tool used for the analyzing of the development of a policy item. It can also be referred to as a "stagist approach". One standardized version includes the following stages:</span></div>
<ol style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_agenda" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political agenda">Agenda</a> setting (Problem identification)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Policy Formulation</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Adoption</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implementation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Implementation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Implementation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Evaluation</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An eight step policy cycle is developed in detail in <i>The Australian Policy Handbook</i> by Peter Bridgman and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyn_Davis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Glyn Davis">Glyn Davis</a>: (now with Catherine Althaus in its 4th edition)</span></div>
<ol style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Issue identification</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Policy analysis</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Policy instrument development</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Consultation (which permeates the entire process)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Coordination</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Decision</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implementation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Implementation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Implementation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Evaluation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Evaluation</span></a></li>
</ol>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Althaus, Bridgman & Davis model is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Heuristic">heuristic</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iterative" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iterative">iterative</a>. It is intentionally <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Norm (philosophy)">normative</a> and not meant to be diagnostic or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictive" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Predictive">predictive</a>. Policy cycles are typically characterized as adopting a classical approach. Accordingly some <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Postmodern">postmodern</a> academics challenge cyclical models as unresponsive and unrealistic, preferring systemic and more complex models.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> They consider a broader range of actors involved in the policy space that includes civil society organisations, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mass media">media</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectuals" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Intellectuals">intellectuals</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tanks" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Think tanks">think tanks</a> or <a class="external text" href="http://onthinktanks.wordpress.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">policy research institutes</a>, corporations, lobbyists, etc.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Policy&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Content">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Content" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Content</span></h2>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Policies are typically <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promulgation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Promulgation">promulgated</a> through official written documents. Policy documents often come with the endorsement or signature of the executive powers within an organization to legitimize the policy and demonstrate that it is considered in force. Such documents often have standard formats that are particular to the organization issuing the policy. While such formats differ in form, policy documents usually contain certain standard components including<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> :</span></div>
<ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A <b>purpose statement</b>, outlining why the organization is issuing the policy, and what its desired effect or outcome of the policy should be.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An <b>applicability and scope</b> statement, describing who the policy affects and which actions are impacted by the policy. The applicability and scope may expressly exclude certain people, organizations, or actions from the policy requirements. Applicability and scope is used to focus the policy on only the desired targets, and avoid unintended consequences where possible.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">An <b>effective date</b> which indicates when the policy comes into force. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ex post facto law">Retroactive policies</a> are rare, but can be found.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A <b>responsibilities</b> section, indicating which parties and organizations are responsible for carrying out individual policy statements. Many policies may require the establishment of some ongoing function or action. For example, a purchasing policy might specify that a purchasing office be created to process purchase requests, and that this office would be responsible for ongoing actions. Responsibilities often include identification of any relevant<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Regulation">oversight</a> and/or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Governance">governance</a> structures.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Policy statements</b> indicating the specific regulations, requirements, or modifications to organizational behavior that the policy is creating. Policy statements are extremely diverse depending on the organization and intent, and may take almost any form.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Some policies may contain additional sections, including:</span></div>
<ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Background</b>, indicating any reasons, history, and intent that led to the creation of the policy, which may be listed as <b>motivating factors</b>. This information is often quite valuable when policies must be evaluated or used in ambiguous situations, just as the intent of a law can be useful to a court when deciding a case that involves that law.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Definitions</b>, providing clear and unambiguous definitions for terms and concepts found in the policy document.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from September 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Policy&action=edit&section=6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Typologies">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Typologies" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Typologies</span></h2>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Policy addresses the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intent" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Intent">intent</a> of the organization, whether government, business, professional, or voluntary. Policy is intended to affect the 'real' world, by guiding the decisions that are made. Whether they are formally written or not, most organizations have identified policies.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Policies may be classified in many different ways. The following is a sample of several different types of policies broken down by their effect on members of the organization.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Policy&action=edit&section=7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Distributive policies">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Distributive_policies" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Distributive policies</span></h3>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Distributive policies extend goods and services to members of an organization, as well as distributing the costs of the goods/services amongst the members of the organization. Examples include government policies that impact spending for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_(financial_aid)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Welfare (financial aid)">welfare</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_education" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public education">public education</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Highways">highways</a>, and public safety, or a professional organization's benefits plan.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Policy&action=edit&section=8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Regulatory policies">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Regulatory_policies" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Regulatory policies</span></h3>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Regulatory policies, or mandates, limit the discretion of individuals and agencies, or otherwise compel certain types of behavior. These policies are generally thought to be best applied when good behavior can be easily defined and bad behavior can be easily regulated and punished through fines or sanctions. An example of a fairly successful public regulatory policy is that of a speed limit.</span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Policy&action=edit&section=9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Constituent policies">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Constituent_policies" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constituent policies</span></h3>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constituent policies create executive power entities, or deal with laws. Constituent policies also deal with Fiscal Policy in some circumstances.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
<h3 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-style: none; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.3em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Policy&action=edit&section=10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous policies">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Miscellaneous_policies" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Miscellaneous policies</span></h3>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Policies are dynamic; they are not just static lists of goals or laws. Policy blueprints have to be implemented, often with unexpected results. Social policies are what happens 'on the ground' when they are implemented, as well as what happens at the decision making or legislative stage.</span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">When the term policy is used, it may also refer to:</span></div>
<ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Official government policy (legislation or guidelines that govern how laws should be put into operation)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Broad ideas and goals in political manifestos and pamphlets</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A company or organization's policy on a particular topic. For example, the equal opportunity policy of a company shows that the company aims to treat all its staff equally.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The actions the organization actually takes may often vary significantly from stated policy. This difference is sometimes caused by political compromise over policy, while in other situations it is caused by lack of policy implementation and enforcement. Implementing policy may have unexpected results, stemming from a policy whose reach extends further than the problem it was originally crafted to address. Additionally, unpredictable results may arise from selective or idiosyncratic enforcement of policy.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2010">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Types of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_analysis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy analysis">policy analysis</a> include:</span></div>
<ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Causal (resp. non-causal)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Deterministic (resp. stochastic, randomized and sometimes non-deterministic)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Index</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Memoryless (e.g. non-stationary)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Opportunistic (resp. non-opportunistic)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Stationary (resp. non-stationary)</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">These qualifiers can be combined, so for example you could have a stationary-memoryless-index policy.</span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Policy&action=edit&section=11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Types" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Types</span></h2>
<ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Company_Policy&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Company Policy (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Company Policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communications_and_Information_Policy&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Communications and Information Policy (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Communications and Information Policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resource_policies" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human resource policies"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Human resource policies</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Privacy policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Privacy policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public policy</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Defense policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Defense policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Domestic policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Domestic policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Economic policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Economic policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Education policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Education policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Energy policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Energy policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Environmental Policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Environmental Policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Foreign policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Foreign policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Health policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Health policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Housing policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Housing policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Information policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Information policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroeconomic_policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Macroeconomic policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Macroeconomic policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monetary policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Monetary policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Population_policy&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Population policy (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Population policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_(law)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public policy (law)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public policy in law</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Science policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Science policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Security policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Security policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social policy"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Social policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transportation_policy&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Transportation policy (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Transportation policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Urban planning"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Urban policy</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_policy&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Water policy (page does not exist)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Water policy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Policy&action=edit&section=12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Other uses of the term">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_uses_of_the_term" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Other uses of the term</span></h2>
<ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Enterprise architecture">enterprise architecture</a> for systems design, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_appliances" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy appliances">policy appliances</a> are technical control and logging mechanisms to enforce or reconcile policy (systems use) rules and to ensure accountability in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_systems" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Information systems">information systems</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Insurance">insurance</a>, policies are contracts between insurer and insured used to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indemnity" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indemnity">indemnify</a> (protect) against potential loss from specified perils. While these documents are referred to as policies, they are in actuality a form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Contract">contract</a> - see <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_contract" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Insurance contract">insurance contract</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gambling">gambling</a>, policy is a form of an unsanctioned lottery, where players purport to purchase <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Insurance">insurance</a></i> against a chosen number being picked by a legitimate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottery" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lottery">lottery</a>. Or can refer to an ordinary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_game" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Numbers game">Numbers game</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> planning and <i>reinforcement learning</i>, a policy prescribes a non-empty deliberation (sequence of actions) given a non-empty sequence of states.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Debate">debate</a>, the term "policy" is slang for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_debate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy debate">policy or cross-examination</a> debate.</span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Policy&action=edit&section=13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">See also</span></h2>
<ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_(politics)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mandate (politics)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Mandate (politics)</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overton_window" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Overton window"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Overton window</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_alienation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy alienation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Policy alienation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_analysis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy analysis"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Policy analysis</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_studies" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Policy studies"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Policy studies</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political science"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Political science</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_evaluation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Program evaluation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Program evaluation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public administration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public health"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public health</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_(law)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public policy (law)"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public policy (law)</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_schools" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public policy schools"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public policy schools</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_services" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public services"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Public services</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social contract"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Social contract</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social welfare"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Social welfare</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_work" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Social work"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Social work</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Think tank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Think tank</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Policy&action=edit&section=14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="References" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">References</span></h2>
<ol class="references" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#cite_ref-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, Chris. <a class="external text" href="http://www.bizmanualz.com/information/2005/04/26/what%E2%80%99s-the-difference-between-policies-and-procedures.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">What's the Difference Between Policies and Procedures?</a>, <i>Bizmanualz</i>, April 4, 2005.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#cite_ref-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Young, John and Enrique Mendizabal. <a class="external text" href="http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1127&title=become-policy-entrepreneur-roma" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Helping researchers become policy entrepreneurs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Overseas Development Institute">Overseas Development Institute</a>, London, September 2009.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy#cite_ref-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">See Tom Medvetz on the definition of think tanks within a social space: <a class="external text" href="http://onthinktanks.wordpress.com/2010/10/18/on-the-definition-of-think-tanks" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">on the definitionl of think tanks</a>, <a class="external text" href="http://onthinktanks.wordpress.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">onthinktanks</a>/</span></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="refbegin" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Blakemore, Ken (1998). <i>Social Policy: an Introduction</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Policy%3A+an+Introduction&rft.aulast=Blakemore&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Blakemore%2C%26%2332%3BKen&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Policy"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Althaus, Catherine; Bridgman, Peter & Davis, Glyn (2007). <i>The Australian Policy Handbook</i> (4th ed.). Sydney: Allen & Unwin.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Policy+Handbook&rft.aulast=Althaus&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft.au=Althaus%2C%26%2332%3BCatherine&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=4th&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Policy"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Müller, Pierre; Surel, Yves (1998) (in French). <i>L'analyse des politiques publiques</i>. Paris: Montchrestien.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27analyse+des+politiques+publiques&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C%26%2332%3BPierre&rft.date=1998&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Montchrestien&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Policy"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Paquette, Laure (2002). <i>Analyzing National and International Policy</i>. Rowman Littlefield.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analyzing+National+and+International+Policy&rft.aulast=Paquette&rft.aufirst=Laure&rft.au=Paquette%2C%26%2332%3BLaure&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Rowman+Littlefield&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Policy"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Howard, Cosmo. "The Policy Cycle: a Model of Post-Machiavellian Policy Making?" The Australian Journal of Public Administration, September 2005.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Jenkins, William (1978). <i>Policy Analysis: A Political and Organizational Perspective</i>. London: Martin Robertson.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policy+Analysis%3A+A+Political+and+Organizational+Perspective&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Jenkins%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam&rft.date=1978&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Martin+Robertson&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Policy"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Lowi, Theodore J.; Bauer, Raymond A.; De Sola Pool, Ithiel; Dexter, Lewis A. (1964). "American Business, Public Policy, Case-Studies, and Political Theory". <i>World Politics</i>(Cambridge University Press) <b>16</b> (4): 687–713. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2009452" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.2307/2009452</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2009452" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">2009452</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=American+Business%2C+Public+Policy%2C+Case-Studies%2C+and+Political+Theory&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.aulast=Lowi&rft.aufirst=Theodore+J.&rft.au=Lowi%2C%26%2332%3BTheodore+J.&rft.au=Bauer%2C%26%2332%3BRaymond+A.&rft.au=De+Sola+Pool%2C%26%2332%3BIthiel&rft.au=Dexter%2C%26%2332%3BLewis+A.&rft.date=1964&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=687%E2%80%93713&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F2009452&rft.jstor=2009452&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Policy"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Lowi, Theodore J. (1968). "Four Systems of Policy, Politics, and Choice". <i>Public Administration Review</i> (American Society for Public Administration) <b>33</b> (3): 298–310.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F974810" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.2307/974810</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/974810" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">974810</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Four+Systems+of+Policy%2C+Politics%2C+and+Choice&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration+Review&rft.aulast=Lowi&rft.aufirst=Theodore+J.&rft.au=Lowi%2C%26%2332%3BTheodore+J.&rft.date=1968&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=298%E2%80%93310&rft.pub=American+Society+for+Public+Administration&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F974810&rft.jstor=974810&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Policy"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Feltus, Christophe (2008). <i>Preliminary Literature Review of Policy Engineering Methods - Toward Responsibility Concept</i>. Proceeding of 3rd international conference on information and communication technologies : from theory to applications (ICTTA 08), Damascus, Syria; <a class="external text" href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=4529912&language=fr" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Preliminary Literature Review of Policy Engineering Methods - Toward Responsibility Concept</i></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preliminary+Literature+Review+of+Policy+Engineering+Methods+-+Toward+Responsibility+Concept&rft.aulast=Feltus&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft.au=Feltus%2C%26%2332%3BChristophe&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=Proceeding+of+3rd+international+conference+on+information+and+communication+technologies+%3A+from+theory+to+applications+%28ICTTA+08%29%2C+Damascus%2C+Syria%3B+%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpl%2Ffreeabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D4529912%26language%3Dfr+%27%27Preliminary+Literature+Review+of+Policy+Engineering+Methods+-+Toward+Responsibility+Concept%27%27%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Policy"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Lowi, Theodore J. (1985). "The State in Politics". In Noll, Roger G. (ed.). <i>Regulatory Policy and the social Sciences</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 67–110.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+State+in+Politics&rft.atitle=Regulatory+Policy+and+the+social+Sciences&rft.aulast=Lowi&rft.aufirst=Theodore+J.&rft.au=Lowi%2C%26%2332%3BTheodore+J.&rft.date=1985&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B67%E2%80%93110&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Policy"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Spitzer, Robert J. (June 1987). "Promoting Policy Theory: Revising the Arenas of Power". <i>Policy Studies Journal</i> <b>15</b> (4): 675–689. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1541-0072.1987.tb00753.x" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1111/j.1541-0072.1987.tb00753.x</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Promoting+Policy+Theory%3A+Revising+the+Arenas+of+Power&rft.jtitle=Policy+Studies+Journal&rft.aulast=Spitzer&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Spitzer%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+J.&rft.date=June+1987&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=675%E2%80%93689&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1541-0072.1987.tb00753.x&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Policy"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Kellow, Aynsley (Summer 1988). "Promoting Elegance in Policy Theory: Simplifying Lowi's Arenas of Power". <i>Policy Studies Journal</i> <b>16</b> (4): 713–724. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1541-0072.1988.tb00680.x" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1111/j.1541-0072.1988.tb00680.x</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Promoting+Elegance+in+Policy+Theory%3A+Simplifying+Lowi%27s+Arenas+of+Power&rft.jtitle=Policy+Studies+Journal&rft.aulast=Kellow&rft.aufirst=Aynsley&rft.au=Kellow%2C%26%2332%3BAynsley&rft.date=Summer+1988&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=713%E2%80%93724&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1541-0072.1988.tb00680.x&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Policy"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Heckathorn, Douglas D.; Maser, Steven M. (1990). "The Contractual Architecture of Public Policy: A Critical Reconstruction of Lowi's Typology". <i>The Journal of Politics</i>(Cambridge University Press) <b>52</b> (4): 1101–1123. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2131684" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.2307/2131684</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2131684" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">2131684</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Contractual+Architecture+of+Public+Policy%3A+A+Critical+Reconstruction+of+Lowi%27s+Typology&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.aulast=Heckathorn&rft.aufirst=Douglas+D.&rft.au=Heckathorn%2C%26%2332%3BDouglas+D.&rft.date=1990&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1101%E2%80%931123&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F2131684&rft.jstor=2131684&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Policy"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Smith, K. B. (2002). "Typologies, Taxonomies, and the Benefits of Policy Classification". <i>Policy Studies Journal</i> <b>30</b> (3): 379–395. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1541-0072.2002.tb02153.x" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1111/j.1541-0072.2002.tb02153.x</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Typologies%2C+Taxonomies%2C+and+the+Benefits+of+Policy+Classification&rft.jtitle=Policy+Studies+Journal&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=K.+B.&rft.au=Smith%2C%26%2332%3BK.+B.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=379%E2%80%93395&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1541-0072.2002.tb02153.x&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Policy"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Greenberg, George D. <i>et al.</i> (December 1977). "Developing Public Policy Theory: Perspectives from Empirical Research". <i>American Political Science Review</i> (American Political Science Association) <b>71</b> (4): 1532–1543. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1961494" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.2307/1961494</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1961494" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">1961494</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Developing+Public+Policy+Theory%3A+Perspectives+from+Empirical+Research&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.aulast=Greenberg%2C+George+D.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+George+D.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=December+1977&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1532%E2%80%931543&rft.pub=American+Political+Science+Association&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F1961494&rft.jstor=1961494&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Policy"></span></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Dye, Thomas R. (1976). <i>Policy Analysis</i>. University of Alabama Press.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policy+Analysis&rft.aulast=Dye&rft.aufirst=Thomas+R.&rft.au=Dye%2C%26%2332%3BThomas+R.&rft.date=1976&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Policy"></span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Stone, Diane."Global Public Policy, Transnational Policy Communities and their Networks", <i>Journal of Policy Sciences</i>, 2008</span></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Policy&action=edit&section=15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">External links</span></h2>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0.9em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Wikiquote-logo-en.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo-en.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.9em; padding-right: 0.9em; padding-top: 0.25em; width: 161px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: <i><b><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Policy</a></b></i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0.9em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="" height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="37" /></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.9em; padding-right: 0.9em; padding-top: 0.25em; width: 164px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Look up <i><b><a class="external text" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/policy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">policy</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.dmoz.org/Society/Issues/Policy_Institutes/" rel="nofollow">Policy institutes</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Directory_Project" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Open Directory Project">Open Directory Project</a></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">reference : <span style="background-color: white; color: #0000ee; font-size: small; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy</span></span></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3759235170228644252.post-76334364227980681642012-04-11T23:37:00.001-07:002012-05-25T12:31:50.293-07:00Budget theory<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #191919; line-height: 1.5em; text-align: justify;">gross domestic : </span><a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8_(%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94)" style="background-color: white; color: #741b47; display: inline; outline: none; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 2.5em;">Global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) </a></span><br />
<div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #7d7d7d; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 1.4em 1em; width: auto;">
</div>
<div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav" style="background-color: white; height: 0px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-top: -1.4em; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_theory#mw-head" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_theory#p-search" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></span></div>
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; direction: ltr; line-height: 19px;">
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; margin: 0px 86px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 2px; text-align: center;"><div style="width: 52px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img alt="Globe icon." height="40" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="48" /></span></div>
</td><td class="mbox-text" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.25em; width: 605px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>. Please <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Budget_theory&action=edit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">improve this article</a> and discuss the issue on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Budget_theory" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0b0080; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Talk:Budget theory">talk page</a>.<small><i>(December 2010)</i></small></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>Budget theory</b> is the academic study of political and social motivations behind government and civil society <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgeting" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Budgeting">budgeting</a>. Classic theorists in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Budgeting" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public Budgeting">Public Budgeting</a> include <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Brooks_Adams" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry Brooks Adams">Henry Adams</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Willoughby" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="William F. Willoughby">William F. Willoughby</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._O._Key,_Jr." style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="V. O. Key, Jr.">V. O. Key, Jr.</a>, and, more recently, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Wildavsky" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aaron Wildavsky">Aaron Wildavsky</a>. Notable recent theorists include <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baumgartner_and_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Baumgartner and Jones (page does not exist)">Baumgartner and Jones</a>--<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_R._Baumgartner&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Frank R. Baumgartner (page does not exist)">Frank R. Baumgartner</a> and <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bryan_D._Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Bryan D. Jones (page does not exist)">Bryan D. Jones</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Fenno" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Richard Fenno">Richard Fenno</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Schick" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Allen Schick">Allen Schick</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ippolito" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dennis Ippolito">Dennis Ippolito</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naomi_Caiden&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Naomi Caiden (page does not exist)">Naomi Caiden</a>, <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irene_Rubin&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Irene Rubin (page does not exist)">Irene Rubin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_D._Savage" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="James D. Savage">James D. Savage</a>,<a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Greitens&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas Greitens (page does not exist)">Thomas Greitens</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Wamsley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gary Wamsley">Gary Wamsley</a>. Budget theory was a central topic during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Era" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> and was much discussed in <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Municipal_bureaus&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Municipal bureaus (page does not exist)">municipal bureaus</a> and other academic and quasi-academic facilities of that time such as the nascent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_budget" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Executive budget">executive budget</a> in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USA">USA</a> was a financial innovation designed to empower city mayors and city managers with the capacity to implement needed policy reforms in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Era" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>. Since that time, the executive budget has become a tool by which the president of the United States has been able to substantively shape policy and draw power to the president from Congress, which was originally charged with "holding the purse"(and still is constitutionally, as there is no federal-legislative authority to change the constitution outside the amendment process or for congress to legislate away their authority). This has resulted in an ever increasing role and power base for what is now called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a>.</span></div>
<table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-style: none; display: inline; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">
Contents</span></span></h2>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"> <span class="toctoggle"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_theory#" id="togglelink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_theory#Budget.2C_Civil_society_and_Constitutional_economics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Budget, Civil society and Constitutional economics</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_theory#See_also" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_theory#Notes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_theory#References" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Budget_theory&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Budget, Civil society and Constitutional economics">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Budget.2C_Civil_society_and_Constitutional_economics" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Budget, Civil society and Constitutional economics</span></h2>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_economics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional economics">Constitutional economics</a> is a field of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Economics">economics</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionalism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a> which describes and analyzes the specific interrelationships between constitutional issues and functioning of the economy including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_process" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Budget process">budget process</a>. The standards of constitutional economics when used during annual <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Budget">budget</a> planning, as well as the latter's transparency to the society, are of the primary guiding importance to the implementation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>. Also, the availability of an effective court system, to be used by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil society">civil society</a> in situations of unfair <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government">government</a> spending and executive <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impoundment" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Impoundment">impoundment</a> of any previously authorized appropriations, becomes a key element for the success of any influential civil society.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The term “constitutional economics” was used by American economist – <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a> – as a name for a new academic sub-discipline that in 1986 brought him the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences</a> for his “development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making.” Buchanan rejects “any organic conception of the state as superior in wisdom, to the individuals who are its members.” This philosophical position is, in fact, the very subject matter of constitutional economics. Buchanan believes that a constitution, intended for use by at least several generations of citizens, must be able to adjust itself for pragmatic economic decisions and to balance interests of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(polity)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="State (polity)">state</a> and society against those of individuals and their constitutional rights to personal freedom and private happiness.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_theory#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The Russian school of constitutional economics was created in the early 21st century with the idea that CE allows for a combined economic and constitutional analysis in the legislative, first of all, budget process, thus helping to overcome arbitrariness in the economic and financial decision-making and to open entrance to civil society into budget process. This model of CE is based on the understanding that it is necessary to narrow the gap between practical enforcement of the economic, social and political rights granted by the constitution and the annual (or mid-term) economic policy, budget legislation and administrative policies conducted by the government. In 2006, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> has officially recognized constitutional economics as a separate academic sub-discipline.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_theory#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constitutional economics studies such issues as the proper national <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealth" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wealth">wealth</a> distribution including the government spending on the judiciary, which in many transitional and developing countries is completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the principle of powers' “<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checks_and_balances" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Checks and balances">checks and balances</a>”, as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary. It is important to distinguish between the two methods of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Political corruption">corruption</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>: the state (through budget planning and various privileges – being the most dangerous), and the private. The state corruption of the judiciary makes it almost impossible for any business to optimally facilitate the growth and development of national <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Market economy">market economy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_theory#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[3]</a></sup></span></div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Budget_theory&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">See also</span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_budgeting" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public budgeting"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">public budgeting</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_deficit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Budget deficit"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">budget deficit</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_surplus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Budget surplus"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">budget surplus</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_crisis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Budget crisis"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">budget crisis</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_federal_budget" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Canadian federal budget"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Canadian federal budget</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_income" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Comprehensive income"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Comprehensive income</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_economics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Constitutional economics"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Constitutional economics</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_finance" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corporate finance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Corporate finance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crony_capitalism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Crony capitalism"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Crony capitalism</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_10-K" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Form 10-K"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Form 10-K</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Accountability_Act" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Federal Accountability Act">Federal Accountability Act</a> (Canada)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government Accountability Office"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Government Accountability Office</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office_investigations_of_the_Department_of_Defense" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government Accountability Office investigations of the Department of Defense"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Government Accountability Office investigations of the Department of Defense</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Government-owned corporation"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Government-owned corporation</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public administration"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">public administration</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_finance" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Public finance"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">public finance</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_budget_process" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States budget process"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">United States budget process</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil society"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Civil society</span></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Budget_theory&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Notes</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
<ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_theory#cite_ref-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1986/buchanan.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1986/buchanan.html</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_theory#cite_ref-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Peter Barenboim, Natalya Merkulova, The 25th Anniversary of Constitutional Economics: The Russian Model and Legal Reform in Russia in The World Rule of Law Movement and Russian Legal Reform, edited by Francis Neate and Holly Nielsen, Justitsinform, Moscow, 2007</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_theory#cite_ref-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Peter Barenboim, Defining the rules, The European Lawyer, Issue 90, October 2009</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<h2 style="background-image: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;">
<span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Budget_theory&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span></span><span class="mw-headline" id="References" style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: small;">References</span></h2>
<ul style="line-height: 1.5em;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Henry C. Adams. The Theory of Public Expenditures (1985), American Economic Association.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">John R. Bartle. Evolving Theories of Public Budgeting (2001), JAI Press.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Aman Khan, W. Bartley Hildreth. Budget Theory in the Public Sector (2002), Quorum BooksAman Khan, W. Bartley Hildreth.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Frank R. Baumgartner, Bryan D. Jones, A Model of Choice for Public Policy (2005)</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Bartle, John R. and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_M._Shields" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Patricia M. Shields">Patricia M. Shields</a>., "Applying Pragmatism to Public Budgeting and Financial Management" (2008). Faculty Publications-Political Science. Texas State University. Paper 48. <a class="external free" href="http://ecommons.txstate.edu/polsfacp/48" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://ecommons.txstate.edu/polsfacp/48</a></span></li>
</ul>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">reference : <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_theory" style="line-height: normal;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_theory</a></span></div>
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com